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Rescue Center Neuhausen auf den Fildern – A Design for Safety and Volunteer
No full textDiese Diplomarbeit widmet sich als Entwurfsarbeit der Planung eines neuen Rettungszentrums für die Ortschaft Neuhausen auf den Fildern, einer 13.000-Einwohner-Gemeinde in der Nähe von Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg. Die örtliche Feuerwehr ist als Freiwillige Feuerwehr organisiert und nutzt zusammen mit dem Ortsverein des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes und einem Kindergarten ein Gebäude aus dem Jahr 1981. Weder in Bezug auf Lage und Größe noch unter rechtlichen Gesichtspunkten entspricht das Gebäude den heutigen Anforderungen. Daher plant die Gemeinde es mittelfristig durch einen Neubau an einem anderen Standort zu ersetzen. Die Diplomarbeit nimmt dieses Vorhaben zum Anlass, um sich mit den zentralen Fragestellungen der Standortwahl und der architektonischen Gestaltung eines modernen Rettungszentrums auseinanderzusetzen. Es soll nicht nur den operativen Anforderungen sowie funktionalen und betrieblichen Aspekten der Feuerwehr und des Roten Kreuzes gerecht werden, sondern sich auch als Begegnungsort für die Bürger ästhetisch ansprechend in das Ortsbild einfügen. Ziel ist es, einen Baukörper zu entwerfen, der sich selbstbewusst in die Gemeinde integriert und die ehrenamtlichen Tätigkeiten stärker in das öffentliche Bewusstsein rückt. Der Entwurf soll das aktive Vereinsleben in Neuhausen auf den Fildern unterstützen und die Attraktivität der Freiwilligen Feuerwehr und des Roten Kreuzes für Nachwuchskräfte steigern. Zusätzlich kann eine Erweiterung des Raumangebots, etwa um Veranstaltungs-, Schulungs- und Festbereiche, das Gemeinschaftsgefühl und den Zusammenhalt im Ort weiter fördern. Diese Diplomarbeit soll ein Vorschlag sein, ein modernes, funktionales und zugleich identitätsstiftendes Rettungszentrum zu errichten, das die gesellschaftliche Bedeutung des Ehrenamts unterstreicht und die Zukunftsfähigkeit der örtlichen Dienste sichert.This thesis is a design project for the planning of a new rescue center for the town of Neuhausen auf den Fildern, a community of 12,000 near Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg. The local fire department is organized as a volunteer fire department and shares a building dating from 1981 with the local German Red Cross association and a kindergarten. The building does not meet today‘s requirements in terms of location, size, or legal aspects. The municipality therefore plans to replace it with a new building at a different location in the medium term. This thesis takes this project as an opportunity to address the key issues of location selection and architectural design for a modern rescue center. It should not only meet the requirements and functional and operational aspects of the fire department and the Red Cross, but also blend aesthetically into the townscape as a meeting place for citizens. The aim is to design a building that integrates confidently into the community and raises public awareness of volunteer activities. The design should support active community life in Neuhausen auf den Fildern and increase the attractiveness of the volunteer fire department and the Red Cross for young recruits. In addition, expanding the space available, for example to include event, training, and celebration areas, can further promote a sense of community and cohesion in the town. This thesis is intended as a proposal for the construction of a modern, functional, and identity-building rescue center that underscores the social importance of volunteer work and ensures the future viability of local services
Evaluation of checking software for use in the openBIM building permit process
Full text linkIm Vergleich zu anderen Branchen ist die Bauwirtschaft hinsichtlich Digitalisierung noch wenig fortgeschritten. BIM gilt als ein zentraler Ansatz zur Förderung der Digitalisierung in der Bauwirtschaft und wird in den letzten Jahren verstärkt vorangetrieben. Dabei begleitet ein digitales Gebäudemodell den gesamten Lebenszyklus eines Gebäudes – von der Planung bis hin zum Rückbau. Diese digitale Arbeitsweise bietet in allen Bauwerksphasen ein Potenzial zur Steigerung von Effizienz und Qualität. Dieses Potenzial zeigt sich insbesondere in der Bewilligungsphase, in der die Baubehörde als zentrale Instanz fungiert. Während das Bewilligungsverfahren bislang überwiegend durch papiergebundene Unterlagen und zeitintensive manuelle Prüftätigkeiten geprägt ist, eröffnen Bewilligungsverfahren auf Basis von BIM-Modellen neue Möglichkeiten zur Effizienz- und Qualitätssteigerung. Der zentrale Mehrwert eines openBIM-Bewilligungsverfahrens liegt in der erstmaligen Möglichkeit, rechtliche und technische Bestimmungen automatisiert zu prüfen. Die Umsetzung eines solchen Bewilligungsverfahrens erfordert die Entwicklung und Einführung neuer Prozesse in den Baubehörden, welche bereits in verschiedenen Forschungsprojekten eingehend untersucht wurden. In den zugehörigen Publikationen wird insbesondere die Bedeutung der BIM-Prüfapplikation hervorgehoben. Eine eindeutige Antwort auf die Frage nach der bestgeeigneten Prüfapplikation bleibt jedoch bislang offen. Die noch offene Forschungslücke, welche Prüfapplikation die Anforderungen einer Baubehörde für das openBIM-Bewilligungsverfahren zufriedenstellend erfüllt, ist Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit. Das Vorgehen zur Schließung dieser Forschungslücke kann in drei Prozesse gegliedert werden. Im ersten Schritt wurde eine umfassende Anforderungsanalyse gemeinsam mit Vertretern der Baubehörde durchgeführt. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein System zur Bewertung von Prüfapplikationen entwickelt. Im dritten Schritt wurden die verfügbaren Prüfapplikationen getestet, bewertet und miteinander verglichen hinsichtlich der Anforderungen des openBIM-Bewilligungsverfahrens. Die Anforderungsanalyse hat ergeben, dass die Baubehörde sehr vielfältige und zugleich spezifische Anforderungen an eine Prüfapplikation stellt. Weiters zeigte sich, dass die untersuchten Prüfapplikationen unterschiedliche Konzepte hinsichtlich Funktionsumfang und Nutzerinteraktion verfolgen. Dies hat zur Folge, dass sich einzelne Anforderungen mit den untersuchten Prüfapplikationen umsetzen lassen, die Gesamtheit aller identifizierten Anforderungen kann jedoch aufgrund ihrer Vielfalt und Spezifität von keiner der untersuchten Lösungen vollständig erfüllt werden. Die Evaluierung kommt daher zu dem Ergebnis, dass derzeit keine der verfügbaren Prüfapplikationen die Anforderungen der Baubehörde für ein openBIM-Bewilligungsverfahren umfassend abdeckt. Möglichkeiten, damit umzugehen, sind das Senken der Anforderungen, die Adaptierung einer bestehenden Prüfapplikation oder die Neuentwicklung einer speziell auf das openBIM-Bewilligungsverfahren zugeschnittenen Lösung.Compared to other sectors, the construction industry lags behind in terms of digitalisation. BIM is considered a key approach to promoting digitalisation in the construction industry and has been increasingly promoted in recent years. A digital building model is used throughout the entire life cycle of a building – from planning to dismantling. This digital approach offers potential for increasing efficiency and quality in every phase of a building’s life. This potential is particularly evident in the building permit process, in which the building authority acts as the central instance. While the building permission process has so far been dominated by paper-based documents and time-consuming manual checks, building permit processes based on BIM models open up new opportunities for increasing efficiency.The key advantage of an openBIM building permit process lies in the novel ability to automatically check legal and technical requirements. The implementation of such a building permit process requires the development and introduction of new processes in the building authorities, which have already been examined in various research projects. The associated publications emphasise the importance of the BIM checking application. However, there is still no clear answer to the question of which checking application is most suitable.This thesis addresses the remaining research gap regarding which checking application meets the requirements of a building authority for the openBIM building permit process. The approach to closing this research gap can be divided into three processes. In the first step, a comprehensive requirement analysis was carried out together with representatives of the building authority. Based on this, a system for evaluating checking applications was developed. In the third step, the available checking applications were evaluated and compared to each other in terms of the requirements of the openBIM building permit process.The requirement analysis revealed that the building authority has very diverse and specific requirements for a checking application. Furthermore, it became apparent that the examined checking applications pursue different concepts in terms of functional scope and user interaction. As a result, individual requirements can be implemented with the checking applications, but none of the examined solutions can fully meet all of the identified requirements due to their diversity and specificity. The evaluation therefore concludes that none of the currently available checking applications completely covers the building authority’s requirements for an openBIM building permit process. Possible ways of dealing with this are to lower the requirements, adapt an existing checking application or develop a specialized checking application for the openBIM building permit process
Molerus and Wirth's heat transfer model for bubbling fluidized beds: Proposal for an extended model including immersed tube banks and particle cross-flow
Full text linkWhile there are many semi-empirical correlations for estimating the wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in a fluidized bed, most are only usable in a limited range of operating conditions. The correlation developed by Molerus and Wirth (1997) provides the most expansive and successful model; however, it does not consider the influence of the properties of an immersed tube bank or a horizontal movement of particles (cross-flow). This study expands Molerus and Wirth’s correlation to include these additional influencing factors by identifying and introducing new dimensionless factors using dimensional analysis. Collected secondary data and measurements from a test rig were used to evaluate the extended model. The model’s estimates largely align with the collected secondary data and previously published models describing the influence of tube diameter and tube packing density on the wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient. The model also provides new insight into the conditions under which a particle cross-flow contributes significantly to the wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient. Future research should use these findings to conduct targeted measurements and further improve the model’s predictions
Ground-lining interaction and longitudinal joint capacity in TBM-built segmental tunnel ring: Hybrid analysis based on strain monitoring and viscoelastic shell theory
Full text linkRing 1945 in the north tube of Koralm tunnel construction lot KAT3, situated in the south of Austria, is equipped with 38 vibrating wire strain sensors. They are mounted on the inner and outer circumferential wire mesh of the precast concrete segments making up the tunnel ring, two each along one shell generator line. Corresponding uniaxial strain histories enter viscoelasticity theory, so as to deliver the evolution of mechanical stresses in the concrete next to the sensor positions. Outside the “Saint-Venant disturbance zones” close to the longitudinal joints, circumferential stresses associated with 14 sensors follow thin shell theory. Hence, they are converted into bending moments and normal forces associated with seven shell generator line positions. Spline-based interpolation between these seven locations evidences normal forces which are uniformly distributed along the ring, while bending moments exhibit a heart-shaped distribution. Insertion of corresponding functional relationships into the equilibrium conditions of shell theory yields quasi-uniform ground pressures along the tunnel shell circumference, while the ground shear patterns vary over time. During the first year, shear forces act from the spring-line to the top of the tunnel ring; and later, they act from top and bottom, respectively, towards the spring-line. Multiaxial stress states resulting from force-moment combinations at the longitudinal joints utilize 30 to 60% of the system's load-carrying capacity
A spline-based stress function approach for the principle of minimum complementary energy
Full text linkIn computational engineering, ensuring the integrity and safety of structures in fields such as aerospace and civil engineering relies on accurate stress prediction. However, analytical methods are limited to simple test cases, and displacement-based finite element methods (FEMs), while commonly used, require a large number of unknowns to achieve high accuracy; stress-based numerical methods have so far failed to provide a simple and effective alternative. This work aims to develop a novel numerical approach that overcomes these limitations by enabling accurate stress prediction with improved flexibility for complex geometries and boundary conditions and fewer degree of freedoms (DOFs). The proposed method is based on a spline-based stress function formulation for the principle of minimum complementary energy, which we apply to plane, linear elastostatics. The method is first validated against analytical solutions and then tested on two test cases challenging for current state-of-the-art numerical schemes—a bi-layer cantilever with anisotropic material behavior and a cantilever with a non-prismatic, parabolic-shaped beam geometry. Results demonstrate that our approach, unlike analytical methods, can be easily applied to general geometries and boundary conditions, and achieves stress accuracy comparable to that reported in the literature for displacement-based FEMs, while requiring significantly fewer DOFs. This novel spline-based stress function approach thus provides an efficient and flexible tool for accurate stress prediction, with promising applications in structural analysis and numerical design
Investments needed for achieving climate neutrality in Austria and their economic implications
No full textAchieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions until 2040 or 2050 as envisaged in different climate agreements and targets on the national and the European levels implies the socio-ecological transformation of our socio-economic system and significant investment in the industrial production processes, housing insulation, the electrification of road transport, renewable energy sources and the electricity grid. In this paper, we present investment requirements in Austria to achieve climate neutrality by 2040 or 2050, respectively, in different climate neutrality scenarios. The energy, industry, transport and building sectors play a central role. Regarding the financing of these investments, the study looks at how the instruments and framework conditions for private and public funding should be organised. One important instrument to achieve net zero emissions is an increasing emission price, together with a stable and strict climate mitigation policy framework. These emission prices may raise the operation costs of Austrian companies. We estimate the paths of operating costs for the Austrian manufacturing sector and its sub-sectors, based on projections for the CO2 price, the prices of fossil fuels, and projections of the change in energy sources used in the different industries, e.g. the substitution of oil and gas with renewable energy sources and electricity. Then we estimate by how much the rise in energy costs impacts on the competitiveness of Austrian companies, measured via changes in exports of the manufacturing sector. The estimations and simulations until 2050 show that some energy-intensive industries come under pressure, if other important countries like the USA und China are not confronted with rising energy costs. These results are valid for the energy price paths assumed in the transition scenario towards climate neutrality. The short period of data available for the econometric estimations in combination with the long simulation horizon call for a careful interpretation of the results. Rather than stressing the quantitative results, the focus should lie on the order of magnitude and on qualitative interpretations. Particularly sudden and sharp increases of energy prices have the potential to impair on the competitiveness of the affected economies
Evaluating RayCloudTools to estimate single-tree volume
No full textAbove-Ground Forest Biomass (AGB) is vital for understanding the carbon cycle, for carbon accounting, and for climate projections. Single-tree AGB measurements or precise estimates are crucial for calibrating and validating remote sensing based AGB mapping (e.g. in the area-based approaches), but remain costly and challenging to acquire. The recently introduced open-source RayCloudTools (RCT) software includes an efficient QSM (Quantitative Structure Model) solution, RCT-QSM that uses Dijkstra’s algorithm to segment and volumetrically reconstruct trees, providing tree volume, which further requires density to obtain mass. The accuracy and practicability of RCT-QSM, however, have remained largely unassessed. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of RCT-QSM, by comparing its volume estimates against: (i) three publicly available datasets of temporally coinciding TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanning) scans and destructive measurements, (ii) four existing QSM methods (AdTree, TreeQSM, AdQSM, and SimpleForest), and (iii) allometric model outputs from two experimental plots in Austria, where point clouds were obtained with terrestrial and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based laser scanning. The comparison with destructively acquired single-tree data (n = 124) from three publicly available datasets shows an overall high correspondence between RCT-QSM derived volumes and destructively harvested volumes (CCC = 0.95) with a moderate negative bias (−7.3%) and an NRMSE of 5%. RCT-QSM outperforms other existing QSM solutions, such as AdTree, AdQSM, SimpleForest, and TreeQSM. TreeQSM metrics, however, show only small differences compared to RCT-QSM. An extensive point density sensitivity analysis featuring 1860 systematically downsampled point clouds from the same dataset demonstrates RCT-QSM’s high robustness to variations in point density. Accuracy and completeness of the results remain stable for point densities as low as one point per 10x10x10 cm voxel. Regarding the large-scale applicability, RCT-QSM provides reliable results for two experimental plots in Austria, which were scanned with TLS and UAV-LS, respectively. RCT-QSM efficiently derives single-tree volume, aligning well with allometric models, demonstrating its applicability across various data acquisition settings and forest conditions
