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Psihoza kot preobrazba mesa
No full textPsychosis is often understood in one of two ways: as a breakdown of cognitive circuitry, which has nothing to teach us as far as phenomenology is concerned and that can be treated only by focusing on the underlying causal processes that bring it about (reductionism and the ‘madness-as-nonsense’ view), or, alternatively, as a different interpretation of reality, one with nothing distinctly pathological about it (relativism). In this paper, I outline a different approach, drawing largely on Merleau-Ponty’s work, which aims to encompass both the properly unintelligible (pathological) and intelligible (expressive, phenomenologically informative) aspects of psychosis. By applying Merleau-Ponty’s analysis of expression to the problem of psychosis and psychotic language, the latter can be understood as an attempt at expression – a kind of speech without language that is most often incomplete, but that can under specific circumstances be made intelligible to others, often to significant therapeutic benefit. The present paper thus aims to complement and conceptually elucidate recent work in phenomenological psychiatry, which has demonstrated the clinical significance of enabling patients to express various aspects of their psychotic episodes.Psihozo se pogosto razume na dva načina: bodisi kot kognitivno »okvaro«, ki ni dovzetna za fenomenološko analizo in ki jo lahko obravnavamo samo na ravni kavzalnih procesov, ki jo povzročajo (redukcionizem, »norost kot nesmisel«), ali pa zgolj kot drugačno interpretacijo realnosti, v kateri ni ničesar patološkega (relativizem). V tem prispevku predstavim drugačen pristop k psihozi, ki se povečini opira na Merleau-Pontyjevo fenomenologijo in si prizadeva upoštevati tako dejansko neinteligibilne (patološke) kot inteligibilne (ekspresivne, fenomenološko informativne) vidike psihoze. Skozi prizmo MerleauPontyjeve analize izražanja predstavim problem psihotičnega izražanja kot neke vrste »govor brez jezika«, ki je najpogosteje zelo pomanjkljiv, a ga je mogoče v določenih okoliščinah narediti razumljivega za druge, kar pogosto prinaša pomembne terapevtske učinke. Namen pričujočega prispevka je tako razširiti in konceptualno podpreti novejše raziskave na področju fenomenološke psihiatrije, ki so pokazale klinični pomen omogočanja bolnikom s psihozo, da izrazijo in osmislijo različne vidike svojih izkustev
High prevalence of probable sarcopenia and its associations with nutrition, cognitive, and physical function in hospitalized patients with Alzheimer’s clinical syndrome
No full textBackground: Probable sarcopenia, indicated by low handgrip strength, is a prevalent condition among hospitalized older adults and may reflect broader functional and nutritional decline. Methods: We examined differences in nutritional, functional, and cognitive status between Alzheimer’s clinical syndrome (ACS) patients with probable sarcopenia and those without sarcopenia. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 194 hospitalized older adults with ACS. Probable sarcopenia was defined using European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) handgrip strength thresholds. Results: Patients with probable sarcopenia (n = 137) had significantly lower Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), albumin, hemoglobin, and gait speed compared to those without. After age and sex adjustment, MMSE (p = 0.023), GNRI (p = 0.002), hemoglobin (p = 0.022), albumin (p = 0.003), and gait speed (p < 0.001) remained significantly different. In the sex- and age-adjusted multivariable model (adjusted R2 = 0.442), higher nutritional risk (β = 0.26, p = < 0.001), lower MMSE scores (β = 0.17, p = 0.029), polypharmacy (β = −4.20, p = 0.002), and slower gait speed (β = 4.12, p = 0.010) were associated with reduced handgrip strength. In the multivariable binary logistic regression model (adjusted for age and sex), moderate or high nutritional risk and slow gait speed emerged as independent predictors of probable sarcopenia, with OR 5.14 (95% CI 1.34–19.75p = 0.017) and OR 3.13 (95% CI 1.30–7.52p = 0.011), respectively. Conclusions: Probable sarcopenia in hospitalized older adults with ACS is highly prevalent and is associated with higher nutritional risk, poorer cognitive and physical function, and polypharmacyits early recognition may help to guide more targeted nutritional and functional interventions
The Impact of Lifelong Learning on Reducing Social Exclusion in the European Union
No full textPo podatkih Eurostata se je v letu 2020 približno petina (21,5 ) prebivalcev Evropske unije soočala s tveganjem socialne izključenosti. Na izrazito povečanje tveganja s socialno izključenostjo so vplivale nestabilne gospodarske razmere in povečanje brezposelnosti v času epidemije covida-19. Kljub temu da so se po epidemiji covida-19 gospodarske razmere in brezposelnost umirile, pa slednje ni bistveno vplivalo na delež tveganja socialne izključenosti. Celo več, v letu 2024 je bilo moč zaznati povečanje deleža prebivalcev, ki so bili izpostavljeni tveganju socialne izključenosti, in sicer na kar 21,6 %. Resnost problema socialne izključenosti v Evropski uniji se odraža tudi v njenih razvojnih dokumentih, kot sta npr. Evropski steber socialnih pravic in Akcijski načrt za izvajanje evropskega stebra socialnih pravic ter posebni finančni instrument, Evropski socialni sklad + (ESS+). Ker se v teh strateških dokumentih izpostavlja vseživljenjsko učenje kot pomemben dejavnik pri zmanjševanju socialne izključenosti, smo v prispevku analizirali podatke o socialni izključenosti med letoma 2015 in 2023 v Evropski uniji in vlogi vseživljenjskega učenja pri zmanjševanju le-te. Analiza vloge vseživljenjskega učenja pri zmanjševanju socialne izključenosti je pokazala, da vseživljenjsko učenje ni ključen dejavnik zmanjševanja socialne izključenosti, ampak ima bistveno močnejši neposreden vpliv skupina ekonomskih dejavnikov. Vseživljenjsko učenje pa ima posreden vpliv.According to Eurostat, in 2020, approximately one fifth (21.5) of the population of the European Union faced the risk of social exclusion. The significant increase in the risk of social exclusion was influenced by the unstable economic situation and the increase in unemployment during COVID-19. Despite the fact that the economic situation and unemployment calmed down after COVID-19, this did not have a significant impact on the share of the risk of social exclusion. Moreover, in 2024, an increase in the share of the population exposed to the risk of social exclusion was observed, namely to 21.6. The seriousness of the problem in the European Union is also reflected in its development documents, such as the European Pillar of Social Rights and the Action Plan for the Implementation of the European Pillar of Social Rights, as well as the special fnancial instrument, the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+). Since the aforementioned strategic documents highlight lifelong learning as an important factor in reducing social exclusion, in this paper we have analysed data on social exclusion between 2015 and 2023 in the European Union and the role of lifelong learning in reducing it. The analysis showed that lifelong learning is not a key factor in reducing social exclusion, but that a group of economic factors has a significantly stronger direct influence. Lifelong learning, however, has an indirect impact
