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Dealing with the complexity of effective population size in conservation practice
No full textEffective population size (Ne) is one of the most important parameters in evolutionary biology, as it is linked to the long-term survival capability of species. Therefore, Ne greatly interests conservation geneticists, but it is also very relevant to policymakers, managers, and conservation practitioners. Molecular methods to estimate Ne rely on various assumptions, including no immigration, panmixia, random sampling, absence of spatial genetic structure, and/or mutation-drift equilibrium. Species are, however, often characterized by fragmented populations under changing environmental conditions and anthropogenic pressure. Therefore, the estimation methods\u27 assumptions are seldom addressed and rarely met, possibly leading to biased and inaccurate Ne estimates. To address the challenges associated with estimating Ne for conservation purposes, the COST Action 18134, Genomic Biodiversity Knowledge for Resilient Ecosystems (G-BiKE), organized an international workshop that met in August 2022 in Brașov, Romania. The overarching goal was to operationalize the current knowledge of Ne estimation methods for conservation practitioners and decision-makers. We set out to identify datasets to evaluate the sensitivity of Ne estimation methods to violations of underlying assumptions and to develop data analysis strategies that addressed pressing issues in biodiversity monitoring and conservation. Referring to a comprehensive body of scientific work on Ne, this meeting report is not intended to be exhaustive but rather to present approaches, workshop findings, and a collection of papers that serve as fruits of those efforts. We aimed to provide insights and opportunities to help bridge the gap between scientific research and conservation practice
Computational Thinking without the Use of Computers in Early Childhood Education
No full textRačunalniško mišljenje je orodje ustvarjalnega mišljenja, kritičnega mišljenja, odločanja in reševanja problemov. Poleg tega vključuje še abstrakcijo, algoritmično mišljenje, prepoznavanje vzorcev, dekompozicijo, analiziranje, avtomatizacijo itd. Poleg osnovnih učnih spretnosti pisanja, branja in računanja računalniško mišljenje postaja ena izmed ključnih spretnosti 21. stoletja. V današnjem času se otroci že zelo zgodaj srečajo z računalniki, računalništvom in informatiko, zato je pomembno, da zgodaj pridobijo tudi znanje o tem. V prispevku bomo predstavili, kako smo v skupini otrok starostnega obdobja 4–5 let v sklopu projekta RAČek vpeljali dejavnosti, ki so bile znotraj kurikula načrtovane z namenom razvijanja računalniškega mišljenja brez uporabe računalnika pri predšolskih otrocih. V skupini je bila na začetku načrtovanja in izvedbe dejavnosti izvedena analiza začetnega stanja. Nato smo pričeli z raziskovanjem tematike, s skrbnim in dobro premišljenim načrtovanjem ter izvedbo dejavnosti za razvijanje računalniškega mišljenja. Pri otrocih smo opazili napredek pri iskanju različnih poti in rešitev, na področju sodelovanja z vrstniki ter v znanju o računalništvu.Computational thinking serves as a tool for creative and critical thinking, decision-making, and problem-solving. It encompasses abstraction, algorithmic thinking, pattern recognition, decomposition, analysis, automation, and more. In addition to the fundamental educational skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic, computational thinking is increasingly recognized as one of the essential competencies of the 21st century. As children today are exposed to computers, computer science, and information technology at an early age, it is important that they also begin acquiring knowledge in this field early on. This work presents how we implemented an activity designed to develop computational thinking without the use of computers in a group of preschool children aged 4 to 5, as part of the RAČek project. The activity was integrated into the curriculum with the aim of fostering computational thinking in early childhood education. An initial analysis of the group’s prior knowledge and competencies was conducted at the beginning of the planning and implementation process. We then engaged in thorough research, careful planning, and execution of the activity. Progress was observed in the children’s ability to explore different approaches and solutions, collaborate with peers, and expand their understanding of computer science concepts
Music Interventions in Paediatric Settings
No full textV tem poglavju je predstavljen sistematičen pregled empiričnih raziskav o učinkih glasbenih intervencij v pediatričnem bolnišničnem okolju. Glasbena terapija in glasbena medicina sta se v analiziranih raziskavah izkazali kot učinkoviti alternativni metodi za zmanjševanje anksioznosti, bolečine, stresa in izboljšanje čustvene regulacije ter kakovosti življenja hospitaliziranih otrok in njihovih staršev. Pregledno analizo smo izvedli s pomočjo metode PRISMA. V podrobnejšo analizo je bilo vključenih 15 empiričnih znanstveno-raziskovalnih člankov. Na podlagi analize izbranih člankov smo želeli ugotoviti, v kolikšni meri so glasbene intervencije v pediatričnem okolju že uporabljene in v kakšni obliki, na katerih področjih se kažejo terapevtski učinki glasbenih intervencij in ali sta glasbena terapija ter glasbena medicina enako učinkoviti in uporabljeni v enaki meri. Ugotovili smo, da na področju glasbenih intervencij prevladujejo eksperimentalne raziskave in da so v ospredje postavljeni psihološki učinki. Največ koristi so imele personalizirane, veččutne oblike terapije, kot je metoda Euterpe. Kljub pozitivnim izsledkom so raziskave metodološko heterogene, z omejeno velikostjo vzorcev. Rezultati prispevajo k razumevanju pomena glasbenih intervencij kot dopolnilne oblike podpore otrokom v času bolezni in hospitalizacije ter nakazujejo potrebo po nadaljnjih raziskavah.This chapter presents a systematic review of empirical studies on the effects of music interventions in paediatric hospital settings. Music therapy and music medicine have proven to be effective alternative methods in the analysed studies for reducing anxiety, pain, and stress, as well as for improving emotional regulation and quality of life for hospitalized children and their parents. The review analysis was conducted using the PRISMA method. Fifteen empirical research articles were included in the in-depth analysis. Based on the analysis of the selected articles, we aimed to determine the extent to which music interventions are already being used in paediatric settings and in what forms, the therapeutic areas where the effects of music interventions are evident, and whether music therapy and music medicine are equally effective and equally applied. We found that experimental studies dominate the field of music interventions, with a strong emphasis on psychological effects. The greatest benefits were observed in personalized, multisensory forms of therapy, such as the Euterpe method. Despite the positive findings, the studies are methodologically heterogeneous and have limited sample sizes. The results contribute to a better understanding of the importance of music interventions as a complementary form of support for children during illness and hospitalization, and they indicate the need for further research
Evaluation of the Effects of Music Therapy on Children, Parents, and Healthcare Staff at the Paediatric Clinic of the University Medical Centre Ljubljana
No full textV poglavju predstavljamo izsledke evalvacije glasbene terapije na oddelkih za hematologijo in onkologijo ter nevrologijo Pediatrične klinike Univerzitetnega kliničnega centra Ljubljana, izvedene s strani študentk Akademije za glasbo, ki so v okviru predmeta Glasbena terapija hospitirale pri izvedbi glasbenoterapevtskih seans. Kvalitativna raziskava je bila izvedena s pomočjo induktivne tematske analize njihovih evalvacijskih opazovalnih listov in poglobljenih intervjujev. Evalvacija je pokazala, da so študentke ocenile, da je glasbena terapija pozitivno vplivala na obrazno mimiko, izražanje čustev, razpoloženje, fizično aktivnost in sproščenost otrok, pri čemer so se odzivi razlikovali glede na spol in starost. Tudi starši so zaznali izboljšave, predvsem kadar so aktivno sodelovali. Zdravstveno osebje je večinoma izražalo pozitiven odnos do terapij, čeprav so bili opaženi tudi izzivi, povezani z bolnišničnim okoljem in rutino. Študentke so poudarile pomembnost glasbe kot sredstva za povezovanje in sprostitev ter so skozi hospitacije pridobile globlji vpogled v glasbenoterapevtski proces in njegovo čustveno kompleksnost. Raziskava izpostavlja dragocenost vključevanja celotne bolnišnične skupnosti za uspešnost glasbene terapije in podpira nadaljnji razvoj tega področja v pediatrični negi.This chapter presents the findings of an evaluation of music therapy conducted in the haematology and oncology as well as neurology ward of the Paediatric Clinic at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana. The evaluation was carried out by students from the Academy of Music (AG) who, as part of their music therapy course, systematically observed music therapy sessions. A qualitative study was conducted using inductive thematic analysis of evaluation observation sheets and in-depth interviews with music students from various study programs at AG. The evaluation showed that the students assessed music therapy as having a positive impact on children’s facial expressions, emotional expression, mood, physical activity, and relaxation, with responses varying according to gender and age. Parents also reported improvements, especially when actively involved. Healthcare staff generally expressed a positive attitude toward the therapy, although challenges related to the hospital environment and routines
were noted. The students emphasized the importance of music as a means of connection and relaxation, gaining deeper insight into the music therapy process and its emotional complexity through their observations. This study highlights the value of involving the entire hospital community to enhance the effectiveness of music therapy and supports the further development of this field in paediatric care
Nut digraphs
No full textA nut graph is a simple graph whose kernel is spanned by a single full vector (i.e., the adjacency matrix has a single zero eigenvalue and all non-zero kernel eigenvectors have no zero entry). We classify generalisations of nut graphs to nut digraphs: a digraph whose kernel (resp. co-kernel) is spanned by a full vector is dextro-nut (resp. laevo-nut)a bi-nut digraph is both laevo- and dextro-nutan ambi-nut digraph is a bi-nut digraph where kernel and co-kernel are spanned by the same vectora digraph is inter-nut if the intersection of the kernel and co-kernel is spanned by a full vector. It is known that a nut graph is connected, leafless and non-bipartite. It is shown here that an ambi-nut digraph is strongly connected, non-bipartite (i.e., has a non-bipartite underlying graph) and has minimum in-degree and minimum out-degree of at least 2. Refined notions of core and core-forbidden vertices apply to singular digraphs. Infinite families of nut digraphs and systematic coalescence, crossover and multiplier constructions are introduced. Relevance of nut digraphs to topological physics is discussed
Adaptations of natural science experiments on the topic of water for children with special needs in kindergarten
No full textFenomenografija trajnostnega turizma v luksuznih hotelih
No full textContemporarily, tourism stakeholders (especially luxury hotels) are translating the sustainable tourism concept into various understandings. Hence, it is difficult to see the best ways to actualize the concept and achieve significant outcomes. Therefore, it is necessary to capture the current understanding empirically. To capture these understandings, this paper employs a phenomenographic approach, involving 17 luxury hoteliers in Indonesia. As a result, two contributions are presented in this paper. First, this study distinguishes three distinct understandings for the actualization of sustainable tourism, namely the (1) complying, (2) engaging, and (3) advocating stage. Second, a stage-gate model is proposed for the practical application of the gradual actualization of sustainable tourism in luxury hotels.Sodobno turistično okolje (zlasti luksuzni hoteli) si koncept trajnostnega turizma razlagajo na različne načine. Zato je težko določiti najboljše načine za uresničitev omenjenega koncepta in doseči pomembne rezultate. Trenutno razumevanje je torej treba zajeti empirično. Za ta namen članek uporablja fenomenografski pristop, ki vključuje 17 vodilnih od luksuznih hotelov v Indoneziji. Članek prinaša dva poudarka. Prvič, raziskava razkriva tri različna razumevanja uresničevanja trajnostnega turizma, in sicer: (1) fazo izpolnjevanja, (2) fazo vključevanja in (3) fazo zagovorništva. Drugič, predlagan je model z vstopnimi stopnjami za praktično uporabo postopnega uresničevanja trajnostnega turizma v luksuznih hotelih