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Methods for solving statically indeterminate beams
No full textU ovom radu analizirane su metode rješavanja statički neodređenih nosača naučene u otpornosti materijala, metoda sila, jednadžba triju momenata i princip minimalne potencijalne energije deformacije. Proračun je proveden i u računalnom programu robot. U uvodnom dijelu opisan je problem te ukratko izložene metode koje će biti obrađene. U teoretskom dijelu su detaljnije analizirane i objašnjene, dok su u praktičnom dijelu primijenjene na zadacima.This paper analyzes three examples of statically indeterminate beams using the force method, the three-moment equation, and the principle of minimum potential energy of deformation, with verification carried out using the computer program robot. The introductory section outlines the problem and briefly presents the methods to be addressed. The theoretical section provides a more detailed analysis and explanation of the methods, while the practical section demonstrates their application to specific problems. Finally, conclusions are drown regarding the effectiveness of the applied methods
Seismic design of confined masonry
No full textU završnom radu za zadatak imamo stambenu zgradu na području grada Osijeka. Stambena zgrada je konstruktivnog sustava omeđeno ziđe, potrebno je napraviti proračun nosivosti objekta na vertikalno opterećenje, horizontalno opterećenje i moment savijanja pri seizmičkom djelovanju. Potreban proračun vertikalne i horizontalne nosivosti ćemo provesti u skladu s normom HRN EN 1996-1-1:2012, a proračun potresnog djelovanja ćemo provesti pomoću spektralne metode u skladu s normom HRN EN 1998:1:2011. Cilj proračuna je provjeriti uvjet nosivosti na vertikalno i horizontalno opterećenje, te dobiti potrebnu količinu armature koja se mora ugraditi u vertikalne serklaže kako bi ispunili uvjet nosivosti na moment savijanja.In the final thesis, the task is to analyze a residential building in the area of the city Osijek. The residential building has a structural system consisting of masonry walls. It is necessary to perform a calculation of the loa-bearing capacity of the building for vertical loads, horizontal loads and bending moments under seismic action. The required calculations for vertical and horizontal load-bearing capacity will be carried out in accordance with the standard HRN EN 1996-1-1:2012, while the calculation for seismic action will be performed using the spectral method, in accordance with the standard HRN EN 1998-1-1:2011. The goal of the calculations is to verify the load-bearing conditions for vertical and horizontal loads and to determine the necessary amount of reinforcement to be placed in the vertical ring beams to meet the load-bearing requirements for the bending moment
Sewerage network maintenance
No full textU ovom završnom radu obrađena je važnost održavanja kanalizacijskih mreža, njihova podjela prema materijalu, vrsti i načinu izvedbe, te su obrađene metode održavanja koje se koriste u praksi. Prikazane su prednosti i nedostatci pojedinih sustava. S obzirom da bez redovitog nadzora i čišćenja može doći do dodatnih troškova i onečišćenja okoliša poseban naglasak je na održavanju. Opisane su osnove vrste održavanja: preventivno, hitno i rutinsko. Prikazane su metode mehaničkog čišćenja, bezrovovske sanacije te visokotlačno ispiranje, to su metode koje omogućuju obnovu cjevovoda. Naposljetku je prikazana kanalizacijska mreža u Republici Hrvatskoj, točnije broj priključaka na javnu odvodnju, ukupna duljina javne mreže, te ovisnost to dvoje od 2001. do 2019. godine. Vidljivo je kako se posljednjih godina ulaže u modernizaciju sustava. Može se zaključiti da je kanalizacijski sustav jedan od najvažnijih elemenata infrastrukture, iz razloga što štiti ljudsko zdravlje, okoliš te odvodi otpadne vode. Za dobro i dugoročno funkcioniranje kanalizacijske mreže ključno je pravilno i redovito održavanje.This final paper presents the importance of sewer network maintenance, including their classification by material, type and construction method, as well as maintenance practices used in operation. The advantages and disadvantages of different systems are highlighted, with special emphasis on the need for regular inspection and cleaning to prevent failures, extra costs and environmental pollution. The main types of maintenance are described: preventive, emergency and routine. Methods such as mechanical cleaning, high-pressure flushing and trenchless rehabilitation are explained as effective ways to restore pipelines. The paper also analyzes the sewer network in Croatia, focusing on the number of household connections, the total length of the public network, and its development between 2001 and 2019. The sewer system can therefore be considered one of the key parts of infrastructure, as it protects health and the environment. Proper and regular maintenance is essential for reliable and long-term operation
Analyzing the Carbon Performance Gap and Thermal Energy Performance Gap of School Buildings in Osijek-Baranja County, Croatia
No full textThis study examines the Carbon Performance Gap (CPG) and Energy Performance Gap (EPG) of school buildings in Osijek-Baranja County in Croatia. The variance between the predicted energy efficiency of a building, as indicated by the energy performance certificate (EPC), and its actual performance in terms of energy consumption, is often referred to as the EPG while the variance between the predicted carbon emission of a building from the EPC and its actual emission is referred to as CPG. This study aims to determine the extent of CPG and EPG between actual energy consumption/carbon emission and the calculated, which is presented in EPCs of school buildings. The average EPG among the analyzed schools was found to be 71.73% while the average CPG was found to be 78.77%. The analysis also revealed a substantial average annual difference in heating costs attributable to the EPG. By addressing EPG and CPG while optimizing energy usage, educational institutions can achieve substantial cost savings and contribute significantly to sustainability goals
Fly Ash in Clay Composites for Enhanced EM Shielding and Improved Physical and Mechanical Properties-Literature Review
No full textAn overview of the research on using clay with fly ash addition for enhanced electromagnetic (EM) properties in the frequency range up to 10 GHz with application in civil engineering materials was studied. In recent years, due to the development of technology, the use of devices that emit electromagnetic radiation, such as cell phone networks (3G, 4G, 5G), microwave ovens, global positional systems (GPS), radars, etc. increased. Consequently, there is a growing concern about the harmful effects of EM radiation on human health. Fly ash has proven to have the potential for shielding against electromagnetic radiation in cementitious materials. This paper investigates the potential of fly ash in clay bricks to increase resistance to the penetration of electromagnetic waves, as well as the impact on its physical and mechanical properties
Urban drainage
No full textOvaj rad bavi se problematikom oborinske odvodnje u urbanim sredinama, s naglaskom na izazove koje uzrokuju sve izraženije klimatske promjene i ubrzana urbanizacija. Povećanje nepropusnih površina dovodi do većeg otjecanja oborinskih voda, što može uzrokovati poplave, preopterećenje kanalizacijskog sustava i degradaciju okoliša. U radu su prikazani osnovni principi funkcioniranja kanalizacijskih sustava, njihova podjela i kriteriji za dimenzioniranje, s posebnim osvrtom na projektiranje sustava za oborinsku odvodnju. Dimenzioniranje kanalizacijske mreže za zadanu površinu napravljeno je na klasičan način prema racionalnoj formuli i pomoću Prandtl – Colebrookovih tablica, a korištenjem računalnog alata EPA SWMM 5.1. provedena je provjera usvojenih dimenzija i hidraulička analiza. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na potrebu prilagodbe sustava kako bi se postigla dugoročna održivost i sigurnost u odvodnji oborinskih voda. Rad zaključuje kako je integracija suvremenih i održivih rješenja ključna za učinkovito upravljanje oborinskom vodom u urbanim prostorima
Measuring Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Transmission Parameters Through Traditionally Constructed Buildings
No full textThis paper examines the potential for shielding against electromagnetic (EM) radiation in traditional buildings. The primary objective is to evaluate how effectively these buildings can reduce the intensity of the electric field from external sources, while also identifying the factors that influence this reduction, such as geometry, structure, and the characteristics of EM waves. Measurements were conducted on the transmission parameter S21, which indicates how EM waves propagate through the walls of residential buildings constructed using traditional methods. The buildings analyzed were made from wood, rammed earth, raw bricks blended with straw (known in Croatian as ćerpič), and baked bricks, which served as the reference material. During the measurements, conditions such as the thickness, humidity, and temperature of both the walls and the surrounding environment were carefully controlled. The buildings represented traditional construction styles typical of Croatia and most of Central and Eastern Europe. The results indicate that structures made from rammed earth and raw bricks with added straw significantly decrease the transmission of EM wave energy compared to those made from wood and baked bricks. It is important to note that the walls of wood buildings were considerably thinner than those made from the other materials tested. Additionally, both the moisture content and thickness of the walls contributed significantly to reducing transmission parameters. These findings support the use of these traditional materials for constructing environmentally friendly buildings, while also suggesting the need for further architectural design and testing. Since this research does not cover all types of traditionally constructed buildings—such as stone houses, wicker structures, and dugouts—future studies will aim to expand this investigation to include a broader variety of traditional building styles
Analysis and optimization of the planned deadline and costs for the implementation of a construction project
No full textTema ovog diplomskog rada je analiza i optimizacija planiranog roka i troškova za izvedbu građevinskog projekta pri čemu je potrebno opisati metodu mrežnog planiranja i optimizacije koje se provode nakon početnog plana izvedbe aktivnosti. To je prikazano na primjeru izrade planova na projektu izgradnje dječjeg vrtića s 201 aktivnosti. Projekt izgradnje dječjeg vrtića u ulici Augustina Kažotića u Slavonskom Brodu bio je građevinski projekt koji je naglasio važnost planiranja, optimizacije resursa i primjene odgovarajućih metoda mrežnog planiranja u upravljanju građevinskim projektima.Rad analizira ključne korake projekta, od definiranja aktivnosti i trajanja kroz deterministička i stohastička (na temelju iskustva) određivanja trajanja aktivnosti do optimizacije pojedinih aktivnosti i njihovog grafičkog prikaza. Kroz rad su prikazani učinci optimizacije mrežnog plana na smanjenje vremena izvedbe i troškova. Analizom i usporedbom osnovnog i optimiziranog plana identificirane su uštede od približno 1% u ukupnim troškovima i smanjenje početno određenog roka trajanja za 25%, s početnih 274 dana na 220 dana nakon optimizacije. Metodologija uključuje korištenje alata poput S-krivulja i histograma resursa, omogućujući praćenje realizacije i upravljanja projektom. Rad zaključuje da kombinacija odgovarajućih tehnologija i metoda upravljanja može doprinijeti značajnom povećanju učinkovitosti, kao i smanjenju troškova izvedbe. Ovaj rad pruža smjernice
za primjenu sličnih pristupa u budućim građevinskim projektimaThe topic of this thesis is the analysis and optimization of the planned time and costs for the execution of a construction project, where it is necessary to describe the method of network planning and optimization that is carried out after the initial activity execution plan. This is shown on the example of creating plans for a complex project with 201 activities.
The kindergarten construction project on Augustina Kažotića Street in Slavonski Brod was a construction project that emphasized the importance of planning methods, resource optimization,and the application of appropriate network planning methods in construction project management. This thesis analyzes the key steps of the project, from defining activities and duration through deterministic and stochastic (probabilistic) determination of activity duration to optimization of individual activities and their graphic representation. The thesis presents the effects of network plan optimization on reducing execution time and costs. Analysis and comparison of the baseline and optimized plans identified savings of approximately
1% in total costs and a reduction of the initially determined duration by 25%, from the initial 274 days to 220 days after optimization. The methodology includes the use of tools such as S-curves and resource histograms, enabling systematic project management. The graduation thesis concludes that the combination of appropriate technologies and management methods contributes to a significant increase in efficiency, as well as a reduction in performance costs. This thesis provides guidelines for the application of similar approaches in future construction projects
Calculation of single roof wooden structure
No full textU ovom radu bavili smo se projektiranjem jednostrešne drvene konstrukcije . Prvi dio zadatka bio je izračunati opterećenja od snijega i vjetra na podrožnicu i glavni nosač. Opterećenje snijegom računali smo prema Eurokodu EN 1991-1-3, a vjetar prema Eurokodu EN 1991-1-2. Provedenim proračunom dobili smo vrijednost opterećenja snijegom od 0,8 kN/2 , te vrijednost opterećenja vjetrom od
0,17 kN2. Stalno opterećenje ja zadano te uzeto kao takvo u proračun, a iznosi gk=0,20 kN/2.
Prema zadanom predlošku dimenzionirani su elementi zadanih statičkih sustava glavnih - POZ 2 i sekundarnih (podrožnica) POZ 1 prema trenutno važećim HRN-EN normama i propisima. Statički sustav podrožnice je prosta greda. Nakon analize opterećenja koje djeluje na podrožnicu i dobivanja proračunskih vrijednosti unutarnjih sila, izvršeno je dimenzioniranje. Dimenzije poprečnog presjeka podrožnice su b/h=14/24 cm, a izvodi se od crnogoričnog cjelovitog drveta razreda čvrstoće C24. Nakon provedenog dokaza graničnog stanja nosivosti, iskorištenost poprečnog presjeka podrožnice je 64%. Na osnovu iskorištenosti poprečnog presjeka možemo reći da imamo racionalan i ekonomski isplativ element. Provjereno je granično stanje nosivosti, te je zaključeno kako su svi progibi unutar dozvoljenih granica. Dimenzije poprečnog presjeka grede glavnog nosača su b/h=14/46 cm, a dimenzije stupa b/h=14/14cm. Elementi su izvedeni od lijepljenog lameliranog drva, razreda čvrstoće GL24h. Nakon provedenih dokaza GSN, iskorištenost poprečnog presjeka elementa grede je 93%, dok je elementa stupa 47%.In this project, we focused on designing a wooden canopy. The first part of the task was to calculate the loads from snow and wind on the purlin and the main beam. We calculated the snow load according to Eurocode EN 1991-1-3 and the wind load according to Eurocode EN 1991-1-2. From the calculation, we obtained the snow load value of 0,8 kN/2 ,, and the wind load value of
0,17 kN/2. The permanent load is given and was taken as such in the calculation, amounting to
gk=0.20 kN/m². According to the given template, we dimensioned the elements of the defined
static systems, main – POZ 2, and secondary (purlin) POZ 1, according to the currently applicable
HRN-EN standards and regulations. The static system of the purlin is a simple beam. After analyzing the loads acting on the purlin and obtaining the calculated values of internal forces,
dimensioning was carried out. The cross-section dimensions of the purlin are b/h = 14/24 cm, and
it is made from solid softwood of strength class C24. After conducting the ultimate limit state check, the utilization of the purlin cross-section is 64 %. Based on the cross-section utilization, we can say that we have a rational and economically viable element. The ultimate limit state was checked, and it was concluded that all deflections are within the allowable limits. The cross-section dimensions of the main beam are b/h = 14/46 cm, and the column dimensions are b/h = 14/14 cm. The elements are made of glued laminated timber, strength class GL24h. After conducting the ULS checks, the utilization of the beam cross-section is 93%, while that of the column is 47%
Preparation of selected documentation for concluding a construction contract for a public building and the application of the FIDIC contract model
No full textOvaj diplomski rad analizira projekt sanacije srednjoškolske zgrade oštećene u olujnom nevremenu, u sklopu javne nabave čija je predviđena vrijednost 129.068,95 € bez PDV-a. Rad uključuje tehnički opis zahvata sanacije, prikaz troškovnika, analizu cijena te izradu same ponude i kriterija odabira ekonomski najpovoljnije ponude. Osim praktičnog dijela, rad obrađuje teorijsku osnovu građevinskih ugovora s naglaskom na usporedbu između Ugovora o građenju temeljenog na Zakonu o obveznim odnosima i FIDIC modela ugovora - Crvene knjige. Pritom se analizira struktura tih ugovora, uloge ugovornih strana, način rješavanja sporova, regulacija izmjena i uvjeti plaćanja. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na ulogu inženjera i naručitelja te mehanizme poput Dispute
adjudication board (DAB) i arbitraže. U radu su korišteni stvarni podaci i dokumentacija uz prethodnu suglasnost nadležnih tijela, a svi podaci su javno dostupni putem Elektroničkog oglasnika javne nabave Republike Hrvatske (EOJN RH). Cilj rada je kroz praktični i normativni okvir i ukazati na razlike u pristupu i organizaciji građenja prema nacionalnom i međunarodnom modelu sklapanja ugovora.This master's thesis analyses the reconstruction project of a high school building damaged in a storm, carried out within a public procurement procedure with an estimated value of €129,068.95 excluding VAT. The thesis includes a technical description of the rehabilitation works, a cost estimate, a presentation of the bill of quantities, as well as the preparation of the bid and the criteria for selecting the most economically advantageous offer. In addition to the practical part, the thesis addresses the theoretical foundations of construction contracts, with a focus on the comparison between national construction contracts based on the Civil Obligations Act and the FIDIC contract model – the Red Book. It analyses the structure of these contracts, the roles of the contracting parties, dispute resolution methods, regulation of variations, and payment terms. Special emphasis is placed on the roles of the engineer and the employer, as well as on mechanisms such as the Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB) and arbitration. The thesis uses real data and documentation with prior approval from the competent authorities, and all data is publicly available through the Electronic Public Procurement Classifieds of the Republic of Croatia (EOJN RH). The aim of the thesis is to highlight, through both practical and normative frameworks, the differences in approach and construction organization according to national and international models of contract formation