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Reliability Assessment of Masonry Infilled RC Frame Building’s Earthquake Performance through Accidental Torsion Consideration
No full textAccidental torsional behaviour induced by horizontal loading is difficult to predict, being a complex phenomenon governed by many variables. This problem gains an additional dimension of complexity when nonlinear responses with imperfections need to be considered. Therefore, evaluation and understanding the influence of accidental torsion are fundamental in seismic reliability estimation. This study offers vital insights based on the results of a 1/2.5 scale three-story masonry infilled reinforced concrete frame building’s test on a shaking table. The building was tested under ten consecutive ground motions with increasing ag/g, recorded at Herzeg Novi station during the 1979-M6.9 Montenegro earthquake. The accidental eccentricity, considered a random variable, resulted from unsymmetrical masonry infill wall damage in an otherwise regular building. Its effect, in relation to that of other random (design) variables, was evaluated utilising weight factors and, in addition, assessed through various building code provisions and state-of-the-art research findings. The analysis revealed that the accidental eccentricity, as compared to other random variables considered, could, under certain conditions, reach values higher than those prescribed by the building codes. This unacceptable seismic reliability clearly warns that accidental torsion of masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frames in in-situ conditions must be considered even in regular buildings
Optimisation of Mechanical Characteristics of Alkali-Resistant Glass Fibre Concrete towards Sustainable Construction
No full textConcrete is a worldwide construction material, but it has inherent faults, such as a low tensile strength, when not reinforced with steel or other forms of reinforcement. Various innovative materials are being incorporated into concrete to minimise its drawbacks while concurrently improving its dependability and sustainability. This study addresses the research gap by exploring and enhancing the utilisation of glass fibre (GF) concerning its mechanical properties and reduction of embodied carbon. The most significant advantage of incorporating GF into concrete is its capacity to reduce the obstruction ratio, forming clusters, and subsequent material solidification. The study involved experiments wherein GF was incorporated into concrete in varying proportions of 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.50%, 1.75%, and 2% by weight. Mechanical tests and tests for durability were conducted, and Embodied carbon (EC) with eco-strength efficiency was also evaluated to assess the material’s sustainability. The investigation found that the optimal percentage of GF to be used in concrete is 1.25% by weight, which gives the optimum results for concrete’s mechanical strength and UPV. Adding 1.25% GF to the material results in increases of 11.76%, 17.63%, 17.73%, 5.72%, and 62.5% in C.S, STS, F.S, MoE, and impact energy, respectively. Concrete blended with 1.25% of GF has the optimum value of UPV. The carbon footprint associated with concrete positively correlates with the proportion of GF in its composition. The optimisation of GF in concrete is carried out by utilising the response surface methodology (RSM); equations generated through RSM enable the computation of the effects of incorporating GF in concrete
Application of Machine Learning in Modeling the Relationship between Catchment Attributes and Instream Water Quality in Data-Scarce Regions
No full textThis research delves into the efficacy of machine learning models in predicting water quality parameters within a catchment area, focusing on unraveling the significance of individual input variables. In order to manage water quality, it is necessary to determine the relationship between the physical attributes of the catchment, such as geological permeability and hydrologic soil groups, and in-stream water quality parameters. Water quality data were acquired from the Iran Water Resource Management Company (WRMC) through monthly sampling. For statistical analysis, the study utilized 5-year means (1998–2002) of water quality data. A total of 88 final stations were included in the analysis. Using machine learning methods, the paper gives relations for 11 in-stream water quality parameters: Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42−, Cl−, HCO3−, K+, pH, conductivity (EC), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). To comprehensively evaluate model performance, the study employs diverse metrics, including Pearson’s Linear Correlation Coefficient (R) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Notably, the Random Forest (RF) model emerges as the standout model across various water parameters. Integrating research outcomes enables targeted strategies for fostering environmental sustainability, contributing to the broader goal of cultivating resilient water ecosystems. As a practical pathway toward achieving a delicate balance between human activities and environmental preservation, this research actively contributes to sustainable water ecosystems
Calculation of inner forces for a three-hinged frame and projections of displacements
No full textZavršni rad je formiran u obliku dva zadatka. Za prvi zadatak je potrebno proračunati unutarnje sile, za trozglobni okvir, u zadanom presjeku n-n pomoću dvije metode. Prva metoda je određivanje unutarnjih sila iz uvjeta ravnoteže te njima dobivamo vrijedosti momenta, poprečne i uzdužne sile. Druga metoda je metoda virtualnog rada te u plan pomaka odredimo vrijedosti traženih parametara. Nakon toga potrebno je dobivene vrijednosti kontrolirati pomoću programa Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis.
Za drugi zadatak je potrebno odrediti pomake točki C,D,E,F i G te kutove zaokreta tijela 2 i 3. drugi zadatak je, također kao i prvi, formiran kao trozglobni okvir ali kao mehanizam. Tražene parametre određujemo geometrijskim putem pomoću planova pomaka koje dobijemo određivanjem polova pomaka nakon čega slijedi konstruiranje plana pomaka. Geometrijske rezultate kontroliramo računskim putem.This undergraduate thesis is structured as a two-task written work. The purpose of the first task was to calculate the internal forces of a fixed three-jointed frame in a given cross section n-n using the two methods. The first method was to determine the internal forces using the equilibrium conditions to get the momentum values and values of the transverse and longitudinal force. The second method used in this thesis was the virtual work method to determine the values of required parameters. Next step was to control the parameter values in the Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis software.The second task in this thesis was to determine the shifts of points C, D, E, F and G and to determine the angle of rotation for bodies 2 and 3. The second task was also formed as a three- jointed frame, but this time as a mechanism. The required parameters were defined geometrically using the shift plans which were determined by specifying the pole shifts, followed by shift plan construction. The geometric results were controlled and checked by calculations
Urban analysis of the Našice city square
No full textIzgled glavnog našičkog trga mijenjao se nekoliko puta kroz povijest. Važnu ulogu u razvoju grada imali su franjevci, obitelj Aba te kasnije obitelj Pejačević. Franjevci su u središtu mjesta izgradili samostan i crkvu koji se ondje nalaze i danas, na zapadnom rubu trga. Tijekom vladavine obitelji Aba naseljavali su se ljudi iz raznih krajeva te se razvijala trgovina i obrt. Na istočnoj strani današnjeg trga tada se nalazila crkva Presvetog Trojstva i groblje na brežuljku. Dolaskom obitelji Pejačević u 19. st. Počinje značajniji razvoj grada. Uklanjanjem ostataka crkve Presvetog Trojstva i groblja otvorio se prostor na kojemu se grade stambene i javne zgrade te se tako počinje oblikovati središnji trg. Prostrani trg u središtu Našica izrazito je izduženog oblika u smjeru istok – zapad. Omeđen je važnim zgradama poput franjevačke crkve sv. Antuna Padovanskog na zapadnom dijelu, zgradom starog hotela te Dvorca Pejačević na sjevernom dijelu, kućom obitelji Goldfinger te mnogim stambenim i poslovnim zgradama uz južni rub trga. Krajem 20. st. Trg je rekonstruiran, izgrađena je fontana na istočnom dijelu, a zapadni dio služio je kao parkiralište. Današnji izgled glavni našički trg dobiva 2020. godine. U istočnom dijelu napravljen je vodoskok i paviljon, a zapadni dio trga postao je pješačka zona.The appereance of main square in Nasice has changed few times through years. Important role in city development had Franciscans, family Aba and later family Pejacevic. Franciscans built monastery and church in the city centre where they can be found still today, at west side of square. While family Aba was on reign, people started to move from other countries as trading and crafting were increasing. On the east part of todays main square there were church of Saint Trinity and cemetery on hill. In 19th century family Pejacevic came on reign and city started to develop significantly. By removing leftovers of the church and cemetery, big space was made where they built residential and public buildings which constructed shape of main square. Spacious square in city centre in Nasice is markedly elongate shaped in direction east-west. It is bounded with important buildings such as Church of Antun Padovanski on west side , old city hotel and Pejacevic Castle on northern side, family Goldfinger house and many residential and business buildings along southern side of square. At the end of 20t century square was reconstructed, fountain was built on eastern side, as western part was used as parking lot. Todays appereance main square in Nasice got in 2020. On eastern side new fountain and pavilion were built , while western part became pedestrian zone
Testing the thermal conductivity of innovative wooden wall coverings
No full textKlimatske promjene, velika potrošnja energije i zagađenje okoliša su potaknuli da se tradicionalni materijali u građevinarstvu zamijene prirodnim materijalima. Zgrade su veliki potrošači energije i odgovorne su za oko 30% emisije CO2. Istraživanja su okrenuta prema zgradama gotovo nulte energije koje će u bliskoj budućnosti karakterizirati velika energetska učinkovitost.
Svrha ovog rada je ispitivanje toplinskih karakteristika potencijalnih uzoraka za drvne zidne obloge. U prvom dijelu rada su opisane toplinske karakteristike, kao što su toplinska vodljivost, toplinski otpor i koeficijent prolaska topline. Uz svaku karakteristiku je priložena i važeća regulativa. U drugom dijelu rada je opisano energetsko stanje u Republici Hrvatskoj te kako su se zakoni vezani uz toplinsku zaštitu mijenjali. Potom su se opisala svojstva svakog od materijala koji se koristio u ispitivanju toplinskih svojstava potencijalnih drvenih obloga. Ispitivani materijali su podijeljeni na drvene materijale, izolacijske materijale, folije i tkanine te kombinacije materijala. Vrijednosti toplinske vodljivosti su dobivene pomoću uređaja FOX 200. Na temelju rezultata toplinske vodljivosti su proračunate vrijednosti toplinskog otpora. Na kraju samog rada dane su preporuke za optimalnu kombinaciju slojeva drvnih zidnih obloga na temelju najpovoljnijih vrijednosti toplinske vodljivosti i troškova materijala.Climate change, high energy consumption, and environmental pollution have encouraged traditional materials in construction to be replaced by natural materials. Buildings are large consumers of energy and are responsible for around 30% of CO2 emissions. Research is focused on almost zero-energy buildings, which will be characterized by high energy efficiency in the near future. The aim of this work is to examine the thermal characteristics of potential samples for wooden wall coverings. In the first part of the paper, thermal characteristics are described, such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, and heat transfer coefficient. Each characteristic is accompanied by a valid regulation. The second part of the paper describes the energy situation in the Republic of Croatia and how the laws related to thermal protection have changed. Then the properties of each of the materials used in the test were described. The materials are divided into wood, insulation, foils, fabrics, and a combination of materials. The thermal conductivity values were obtained using the FOX 200 device. Based on the thermal conductivity results, the thermal resistance values were calculated. At the end of the work, recommendations were given for the optimal combination of layers of wooden wall coverings based on the most favorable values of thermal conductivity and material costs
Monitoring the causes of construction project delays
No full textOvaj završni rad bavi se uzrocima kašnjenja u realizaciji građevinskih radova, naglašavajući pritom ključne korake, ciljeve i značaj dobro vođenog vremenskog planiranja za pravovremenu izvedbu projekta. Detaljno se opisuje kako planiranje može uskladiti projektna očekivanja, ističući međusobni utjecaj ciljeva. Rizik je definiran, uz raspravu o različitim vrstama rizika i njihovim uobičajenim izvorima. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na važnost upravljanja rizicima i njihovu povezanost s vremenskim planiranjem i kašnjenjem radova. Rad pruža uvid u konkretne strategije za učinkovito upravljanje rizicima u kontekstu građevinskih projekata.
Kašnjenje u građevinarstvu je čest problem s kojim se susreću svi sudionici u realizaciji projekta, stoga se razmatraju vrste zastoja i gubitaka vremena te predlažu preventivne mjere kako bi se kašnjenje moglo smanjiti. Dodatno, razjašnjava se odgovornost za troškove koji proizlaze iz kašnjenja, uz prikazivanje rezultata istraživanja o glavnim uzrocima kašnjenja u različitim zemljama.
Razrađena je studija slučaja o uzrocima kašnjenja na određenom građevinskom projektu mješovitom opservacijskom istraživačkom metodom koja kombinira kvalitativne i kvantitativne aspekte istraživanja. Fokusirano se detektiraju ključni zastoji i gubici vremena te se uspoređuju ostvareni normativi s javno dostupnim standardima. Kategorizacija uočenih zastoja pomaže pri razumijevanju njihovog negativnog utjecaja na dinamiku radova. Nadalje, rad produbljuje analizu uvjeta rada i motivacije radnika te objašnjava faktore koji najviše utječu na opravdano i neopravdano kašnjenje. Kroz kvantitativne podatke o izvršenim radovima, utrošenim radnim satima radnika i usporedbi s normativima, donosi se zaključak o nedostatku adekvatnih normativa za pojedine aktivnosti te se ukazuje na njihovu ključnu ulogu u učinkovitom planiranju
Architecture and urban design of Gacka business zone
No full textPoslovna zgrada, podjeljena u dvije lamele povezane mostovima. Razdvajanjem zgrade dobija se podjela odjela za rad i njemu potrebnih društvenih sadržaja. Koncept se razvija iz urbanističkog plana parcele te time ostvaruje maksimalnu povezanost sa istom.Bussines building that has been split in two separate Lamells. Splitting the building you get the sepparation
of work department and all the social needs of it. Concept evolves from urbansim of plot and that makes
the building completly connected with the surrounding
Precipitation analysis at the location of Slavonski Brod
No full textRadom je obraĊena analiza oborina na postaji Slavonski Brod. Na poĉetku je predstavljena sama meteorološka postaja Slavonski Brod, zatim je opisan pojam oborina i što on predstavlja te uvjeti za postanak oborina. Zatim je navedena klasifikacija oborina prema najĉešće korištenim kriterijima. TakoĊer su opisani postupci mjerenja oborina, gdje su navedeni oni koji se koriste dugi niz godina, ali i postupci koji se još uvijek razvijaju s napretkom tehnologije. Vezano uz njih, opisane su i pogreške pri mjerenju. Na poslijetku, prikazana je analiza oborina, izvedena na temelju mjerenja dnevnih oborina na postaji Slavonski Brod u razdoblju od 2000. do 2015. godine. Dijagramima su prikazane maksimalne vrijednosti oborina za svaki mjesec za svaku godinu te sume oborina u svakom mjesecu za svaku godinu. Prikazan je i graf s maksimalnim godišnjim koliĉinama oborina za promatrano razdoblje te graf sa sumama godišnjih koliĉina oborina za svaku godinu. Na oba grafa vidljiva je i linija trenda, koja u oba sluĉaja prikazuje blagi pad. Prikazana je i analiza broja dana s kišom i bez nje te analiza broja dana s većom koliĉinom oborina.The paper deals with the analysis of precipitation at Slavonski Brod station. At the beginning, the meteorological station Slavonski Brod itself is presented, then the concept of precipitation and what it represents and the conditions for the occurrence of precipitation are described. Then, the classification of precipitation according to the most commonly used criteria is listed. Precipitation measurement procedures are also described, including those that have been used for many years, as well as procedures that are still being developed with the advancement of technology. Related to them, measurement errors are also described. At the end, the analysis of precipitation, performed on the basis of measurements of daily precipitation at Slavonski Brod station in the period from 2000 to 2015, is presented. The diagrams show the maximum values of precipitation for each month for each year and the sum of precipitation in each month for each year. A graph with the maximum annual precipitation amounts for the observed period and a graph with sums of annual precipitation amounts for each year are also shown.A trend line is also visible on both graphs, which in both cases shows a slight decline. An analysis of the number of days with and without rain and an analysis of the number of days with a higher amount of precipitation is also presented
Seismic design of confined masonry
No full textZa obiteljsku kuću u Slavonskom Brodu zadanu zadatkom proveden je proračun nosivosti prema europskom standardu i nacionalnim dodatcima, Eurokodu. Provedba proračuna se vrši na stambenom objektu omeđenog sustava ziđa. Proračun sadržava provjeru horizontalne i vertikalne nosivosti zidova uz Eurokod 6, odnosno u skladu s normom HRN EN 1996-1-1:2012. Određivanjem nosivosti horizontalnih i vertikalnih opterećenja te momenta savijanja. Potresno djelovanje je određeno u skladu s pravilima struke, normom HRN EN 1998:1:2011. Proračunom ziđa na potres se određuje potrebna količina armature za vlačne serklaže.For the family house in Slavonski Brod assigned to the task, the carrying capacity calculation was carried out according to the European standard and national addons, Eurocode. The implementation of the estimate is carried out on a residential building with a limited wall system. The calculation contains a check ofthe horizontal and vertical bearing capacity of the walls in accordance with Eurocode 6, i.e. in accordance with the HRN EN 1996-1-1:2012 standard. By determining the carrying capacity of horizontal and vertical loads and the bending moment. Seismic action is determined in accordance with the rules of the profession, the norm HRN EN 1998:1:2011. The required amount of reinforcement for tensile serclages is determined by calculating the earthquake resistance of the masonry