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Validation of a mathematical model for determining the air permeability of buildings
No full textPotreba za održivošću i manjim karbonskim otiskom potiče izgradnju kvalitetnijih ovojnica zgrada s boljom toplinskom izolacijom kako bi se smanjilo onečišćenje i povećala energetska učinkovitost zgrada sukladno Direktivi o energetskim svojstvima zgrada (EPBD). U ovom radu naglasak je na utjecaju zrakopropusnosti ovojnice zgrada na energetsku učinkovitosti zgrada i načine određivanja zrakopropusnosti zgrada. Za definiranje točne količine propuštenog zraka kroz ovojnicu zgrade potrebno je ovojnicu podvrgnuti tlačnom ispitivanju. Provođenje ispitivanja je skupo, a za nove građevine nije ni moguće do završne faze izgradnje. Upravo zbog toga razvijeni su matematički modeli za procjenu zrakopropusnosti. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je usporedba izmjerenih
vrijednosti zrakopropusnosti s modeliranim vrijednostima dobivenim pomoću tri različita matematička modela. Na primjeru tri stambene jedinice izvršena je validacija tri matematička modela. Definirani su ulazni parametri potrebni za predviđanje zrakopropusnosti, ograničenja i točnosti modela predviđanja.The need for sustainability and a smaller carbon footprint is driving the construction of higher quality building envelopes with better thermal insulation to reduce pollution and increase energy efficiency in accordance with the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) . This paper emphasizes the importance of the air permeability of the building envelope and influence on the building energy efficiency. To define the exact amount of air leakage, the building envelope must undergo pressure testing. Conducting these tests is expensive, and for new buildings, it is not possible until the final stages of construction. This is why mathematical models have been developed to estimate air permeability. The aim of this thesis is to compare measured values from pressure tests with modelled values obtained using three different mathematical models.
Validation of the three mathematical models, along with their input parameters, limitations, and prediction accuracy, was performed using three residential units as examples
Calculation of velocities using projections of displacements and rigid body dynamics
No full textOvaj završni rad istražuje ključne aspekte kinematike i dinamike, dva osnovna područja u okviru mehanike. Kinematika se bavi proučavanjem gibanja tijela bez razmatranja sila koje to gibanje uzrokuju, dok se dinamika fokusira na sile i njihovo djelovanje na gibanje tijela.U prvom dijelu završnog rada treba odrediti kutne brzine tijela te brzine točaka na nosaču. Zadatak je potrebno riješiti pomoću plana pomaka, a rješenja je potrebno kontrolirati vektorski.
Drugi dio rada bavi se dinamikom, gdje su objašnjeni Newtonovi zakoni gibanja koji čine temelj klasične mehanike. U zadatku je potrebno odrediti reakcije u prikazanom trenutku te u trenutku najveće kutne brzine. Uz smanjenje kinetičke brzine potrebno je odrediti koliko je njihaja potrebno kako bi se tijelo zaustavilo. Također, zadatak je potrebno provjeriti jednim od računalnih programa.
Kroz rad su korišteni brojni primjeri i zadaci koji ilustriraju teorijske koncepte i njihovu praktičnu primjenu. Matematičke metode korištene u analizi uključuju diferencijalne jednadžbe i integralni račun, omogućujući precizno modeliranje i rješavanje problema vezanih uz kinematiku i dinamiku.This thesis explores key aspects of kinematics and dynamics, two fundamental areas within mechanics. Kinematics deals with the study of the motion of objects without considering the forces causing that motion, while dynamics focuses on the forces and their effects on the motion of objects. In the first part of the thesis, the angular velocities of the bodies and the velocities of points on the beam need to be determined. The task must be solved using a displacement plan, and the solutions must be verified vectorially.The second part of the thesis addresses dynamics, explaining Newton's laws of motion which form the foundation of classical mechanics. The task requires determining the reactions at the given moment and at the moment of maximum angular velocity. With the reduction of kinetic velocity, it is necessary to determine how many oscillations are needed to bring the body to a stop. Additionally, the task needs to be verified using one of the computational programs.
Throughout the thesis, numerous examples and problems are used to illustrate theoretical concepts and their practical application. The mathematical methods used in the analysis include differential equations and integral calculus, enabling precise modeling and solving of problems related to kinematics and dynamic
Determination of the mechanical properties of recycled brick aggregate concrete by multivariate regression analysis
No full textThis study presents regression models for prediction of compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, applying variables such as the percentage of recycled brick aggregate replacement, cement content, and water-cement ratio. A comprehensive database was constructed, comprising data from 180 experimental tests conducted on recycled brick aggregate concrete. The database includes the findings of compressive strength and modulus of elasticity testing. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed on the data and prediction models were created. During the review of the existing literature, a research gap was observed, where the modulus of elasticity was always expressed with dependence on compressive strength. The modulus of elasticity and compressive strength are modelled separately using the values of the contents of the concrete mixture. From the derived equations, the relationship that the modulus of elasticity is the second root of the compressive strength is recognized, which is in accordance with the functional relationships of the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength determined by previous authors. These models were then evaluated and confirmed using a subset of 20 samples for compressive strength and 13 samples for modulus of elasticity, which were excluded from the main database. The main results confirmed the applicability of the proposed equations with acceptable accuracy for initial concrete mixtures and thus, can be used as guidelines by future researchers
Planning the construction of a reinforced concrete multi - story building focusing on definition of the technological processes
No full textTema diplomskog rada bavi se sveobuhvatnom analizom tehnologija proizvodnje, transporta i ugradnje betona u visokogradnji, s posebnim fokusom na planiranje i organizaciju tih procesa. U teorijskom dijelu rada, obuhvaćen je pregled različitih tehnologija koje se koriste u fazama proizvodnje, transporta i ugradnje betona. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na karakteristične oplatne sisteme koji se primjenjuju u visokogradnji, uključujući detaljan opis modularnih oplatnih sistema svjetski poznatih proizvođača kao što su Peri, Doka, Faresin, Meva i Noe Schalung. Praktični dio rada uključuje detaljnu studiju slučaja izgradnje stambeno-poslovne građevine u Virovitici, gdje su analizirani tehnički - tehnološki, resursni i organizacijski uvjeti planiranja proizvodnje, transporta i ugradnje betona u konkretnom projektu. U ovoj studiji posebna pažnja posvećena je aspektima vezanim uz proizvodnju betona, odabir i primjenu oplatnih sustava, kao i organizaciji procesa ugradnje betona. Analiza obuhvaća razmatranje svih ključnih faktora koji utječu na uspješnost realizacije projekta, uključujući tehničke specifikacije, resurse potrebne za provedbu radova te organizacijske strategije koje su primijenjene kako bi se osigurao kontinuitet i efikasnost gradnje.The topic of the thesis involves a comprehensive analysis of technologies used in the production, transportation, and installation of concrete in high-rise construction, with a particular focus on the planning and organization of these processes. The theoretical part of the thesis provides an overview of different technologies utilized in the stages of concrete production, transportation, and installation. Special emphasis is placed on the characteristic formwork systems applied in highrise
construction, including a detailed description of modular formwork systems from globally renowned manufacturers such as Peri, Doka, Faresin, Meva, and Noe Schalung. The practical part of the thesis includes a detailed case study of the construction of a residential-commercial building in Virovitica, where the technical-technological, resource, and organizational conditions for planning the production, transportation, and installation of concrete in the specific project are
analysed. This study pays special attention to aspects related to concrete production, the selection and application of formwork systems, as well as the organization of the concrete installation process. The analysis covers all key factors that influence the success of project implementation, including technical specifications, resources required for the execution of works, and organizational strategies employed to ensure continuity and efficiency in construction
Methods for testing the mechanical properties of concrete and their applicability to rammed earth
No full textZadatak rada bio je ispitati mehanička svojstva betona i primjenjivost ispitnih metoda za beton na nabijenu zemlju. Motivacija proizlazi iz nedostatka konsenzusa o ispitivanju nabijene zemlje i nedovoljnoj istraženosti tog materijala u Republici Hrvatskoj. Provedena su ispitivanja tlačne čvrstoće, vlačne čvrstoće i modula elastičnosti na uzorcima od betona i nabijene zemlje, različitih oblika i dimenzija, starim 28 dana. Ispitivanja su izvršena standardnim metodama ispitivanja za očvrsnuli beton, propisanih Eurokodom. Glavni rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako primjenjivost standardnih metoda ispitivanja mehaničkih svojstava betona na nabijenu zemlju varira ovisno o metodi ispitivanja, oblicima uzorka i ispitivanom svojstvu. S obzirom na to da je tlačna čvrstoća
jedno od najvažnijih svojstava ispitanih materijala u konstrukcijama, ispitana je i sklerometrom na zidovima od nabijene zemlje kako bi se prikupilo više informacija o ponašanju materijala u elementu konstrukcije. Dimenzioniranjem armiranobetonskih nadvoja pokazana je primjenjivost na nadvoje od nabijene zemlje u istim uvjetima u konstrukciji. Proračun je pokazao da je za armiranje nadvoja dovoljna minimalna potrebna uzdužna armatura koja je zadovoljila zahtjeve propisane Eurokodom.The task of this work was to examine the mechanical properties of concrete and the applicability of test methods for concrete on rammed earth. The motivation stems from the lack of consensus on the testing of rammed earth and the insufficient research of this material in the Republic of Croatia. Compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity were tested on 28-day old concrete and rammed earth specimens of various shapes and dimensions. The tests were carried out according to the standard methods for hardened concrete, prescribed in the Eurocode. The main results of the research show that the applicability of the standard methods for testing the mechanical properties of concrete on rammed earth varies depending on the test method, specimen shape, and property tested. Considering that compressive strength is one of the most important properties of the tested materials in construction, it was also tested with a sclerometer on rammed
earth walls to obtain more information about the behavior of the materials in the structural element. Dimensioning of reinforced concrete lintels shows the applicability of rammed earth lintels under the same construction conditions. The calculation showed that the minimum longitudinal reinforcement required for the reinforcement of the lintel, which corresponds to the requirements of the Eurocode, is sufficient
General description of water construction with a specific example ( Small HPP Pleternica )
No full textSažetak završnog rada obuhvaća tri ključna dijela koja se bave temom vodogradnje i malih hidroelektrana (MHE) u Požeško-slavonskoj županiji, s posebnim naglaskom na proizvodne kapacitete MHE Pleternica. U prvom dijelu rada analizirana je važnost vodogradnje kao važnog sektora u razvoju infrastrukture i održivog korištenja vodenih resursa. Drugi dio rada posvećen je detaljnom opisu malih hidroelektrana (MHE) u Požeško-slavonskoj županiji. Analizirane su postojeće hidroelektrane, s posebnim osvrtom na njihovu ulogu u lokalnoj proizvodnji energije. Opisane su karakteristike MHE Pleternica, Orljava 7 i Orljava 8, te njihov doprinos ukupnom energetskom sustavu regije, uzimajući u obzir tehničke parametre, kapacitete i ekološki utjecaj. Treći dio rada sadrži proračun proizvodnje MHE Pleternica. Prikazana je analiza godišnje proizvodnje električne energije temeljem hidrauličnih podataka, kapaciteta postrojenja i protoka rijeke Orljave.The summary of the final paper includes three key parts that deal with the topic of water engineering and small hydropower plants (MHP) in the Požega-Slavonia County, with a special emphasis on the production capacity of the Pleternica MHP. In the first part of the paper, the importance of water engineering as an important sector in the development of infrastructure and sustainable use of water resources was analyzed. The second part of the paper is devoted to a detailed description of small hydroelectric power plants (MHE) in Požega-Slavonia County. Existing hydroelectric power plants are analyzed, with special reference to their role in local energy production. The characteristics of MHE Pleternica, Orljava 7 and Orljava 8 are described, as well as their contribution to the overall energy system of the region, taking into account technical parameters, capacities and ecological impact. The third part of the paper contains the production budget of MHE Pleternica. An analysis of annual electricity production based on hydraulic data, plant capacity and flow of the Orljava River is presented
Dynamic deformation properties of lime mortar
No full textProvedena su laboratorijska ispitivanja dinamičkih deformacijskih svojstava vapnenog morta. Mort je napravljen od prirodnog hidrauličkog vapna (NHL5) te riječnog pijeska i drobljene sipine. Ispitivanja su provedena na uzorcima prizmi i valjaka. Dinamička deformacijska svojstva su određena metodom rezonantne frekvencije, prema ASTM-C-215-19, te ultrazvučna metoda,
prema ASTM-C-597-02. Rezultati ovih ispitivanja dodatno proširuju naše znanje o deformacijskim svojstvima prirodnog hidrauličkog vapnenog morta i proširuju postojeću bazu podataka. Dobiveni rezultati su uspoređeni s postojećom literaturom, te su pokazali usklađenost, potvrđujući pouzdanost u korištenju ovih metoda. Istraživanja nam pružaju uvid u ponašanje prirodnog hidrauličkog vapnenog morta pod različitim uvjetima, što olakšava njegovu primjenu u budućim građevinskim projektima.Laboratory tests of the dynamic deformation properties of lime mortar have been conducted. The mortar was made from natural hydraulic lime (NHL5), river sand, and crushed aggregate. Tests were performed on prismatic and cylindrical samples. The dynamic deformation properties were determined using the resonant frequency method, according to ASTM-C-215-19, and the ultrasonic method, according to ASTM-C-597-02. The results of these tests further expand our knowledge of the deformation properties of natural hydraulic lime mortar and extend the existing database. The obtained results were compared with existing literature and showed consistency, confirming the reliability of these methods. The research provides insights into the behavior of natural hydraulic lime mortar under different conditions, facilitating its application in future construction projects
Water and sewage installation project for residential building
No full textPredmet završnog rada je projekt instalacija vodovoda i kanalizacije za stambenu zgradu. Stambena zgrada se sastoji od prizemlja i dva kata. U prizemlju zgrade nalaze se četiri stana, a na svakoj nadzemnoj etaži po pet stanova, što ukupno iznosi četrnaest stambenih jedinica. Na građevinskoj čestici na kojoj je planirana izgradnja, dovedena je komunalna infrastruktura uključujući vodoopskrbu, kanalizaciju, elektroenergetsku mrežu, telekomunikacije, prometnice i plinske instalacije. Zgrada će biti povezana na javnu vodoopskrbnu mrežu. Pored regulacijske linije planira se izgradnja armirano-betonskog vodomjernog okna, gdje će biti smješten glavni vodomjer za sanitarnu vodu. Vertikala vodovodne instalacije prolazi kroz hodnik zgrade sve do drugog kata. U prizemlju će biti postavljen vodomjerni ormarić s četiri vodomjera, dok će na prvom i drugom katu biti po jedan ormarić s pet vodomjera, po jedan za svaki stan posebno. Zgrada će biti priključena na mješoviti sustav odvodnje. Oborinska odvodnja s krova odvodi se u mješoviti kanalizacijski sustav
Nonstandardized tests of mechanical properties of mortar
No full textProvedena su nestandarizirana laboratorijska ispitivanja laboratorijska ispitivanja mehaničkih svojstava vapnenog morta korištenih pri gradnji zgrada kulturne baštine Petrinje oštećenih potresom. Uzorci morta prikupljeni su na terenu, na pet različitih lokacija, i pripadaju periodu gradnje od kraja 18. i početka 20. stoljeća. Prilikom ispitivanja pratio se odnos opterećenja i pomaka uzorka. Ispitivanje je provedeno prema metodi koju je predložio Drdacky-a M. Pregled literature ukazuje na ograničene spoznaje o nestandariziranim metodama tlačnog ispitivanja morta. Provedeno istraživanje predstavlja značajan doprinos postojećoj bazi rezultata.Non-standardized laboratory tests of the mechanical properties of lime mortar used in the construction of heritage buildings in Petrinja, damaged by the earthquake, were conducted. The mortar samples were collected on-site, from five different locations, and belong to the construction period from the late 18th to the early 20th century. The relationship between the load and displacement of the samples was monitored during the testing. The testing was carried out according to the method proposed by Drdacky M. A review of the literature indicates limited knowledge on non-standardized methods of compressive testing of mortar. The conducted research represents a significant contribution to the existing database of results
Architectural - urban design of Retfala - south business zone
No full textObuhvat od osam poslovnih zgrada nalazi se na jugozapadnom dijelu grada Osijeka u poslovnoj zoni Retfala - jug. Južno od obuhvata nalazi se trgovački centar Portanova, dok je sjeverno smještena napuštena zgrada Peveca od kojega obuhvat dijeli željeznička pruga. Projektirana zgrada smještena je na parceli koja se nalazi na samom zapadu obuhvata. Uz zgradu nalazi se šetnica sa raznim gospodarskim sadržajima, igralištima i prostorima urbanih vrtova. U zgradu se uvlači fluidna linija kretanja koja je usmjerena zavojitim volumenima i prazninama. Brzina kretanja određena je sustavom stubišta koja se razlikuju po formi, karakteru, visini i duljini stuba. Ideja projekta bila je kretanjem i vizurama inspirirati zaposlenike, te grupiranjem stvoriti raznolike radne prostore. Zgrada je pravilnog kvadratnog oblika, te sadrži dvije podzemne i deset nadzemnih etaža. Dva su ulaza u zgradu; glavni sa šetnice na istočnoj strani te sporedni s parkirališta na zapadu. Ulazni prostor zgrade nadovezuje se na društvene sadržaje koji mogu koristiti i vanjski korisnici. od druge etaže počinje urbanistički odjel na koji se na četvrtoj etaži nastavlja arhitektonski odjel. Šesti i sedmi kat predviđeni su za građevinu, osmi za upravu, a na devetom su apartmani.
Prostor je oblikovan tako da je omogućena kružna veza oko centralno postavljene jezgre na svakom katu. Po obodu zgrade tangencijalno se postavljaju sadržaji. Zavojitim formama određeni su slobodni prostori koji služe za neformalan rad te open-space ured . Oblikovanje glavnog ulaza osmišljeno je tako da nas uvuče i predstavi karakter provučen unutar cijele zgrade. Zgrada ima dvostruku ovojnicu koja prati oblikovni karakter njene unutrašnjosti.
Jezgra je centralno postavljena unutar uvučenog armirano-betonskog okvirnog konstruktivnog rastera 8.4x8.4 m i 10.8x8.4 m. Debljine nosivih zidova jezgre iznose 30cm, a promjer nosivih stupova je 50cm. Na AB sustav nadovezuje se čelični nosivi sustav vanjske ovojnice. Od druge etaže javlja se dupla ovojnica. Unutarnju fasadu čine trostruko izo staklo, a krivolinijski tlocrt pročelja kojeg čine zatamljeni stakleni pravokutni moduli 150x200cm osmišljen je u odnosu na njegovu percepciju s ulaza u grad. Fasada poprima svoj oblik kroz raspored staklenih ploča u obliku riblje ljuske na koje je nanesena poluprozirna folija koja omogućuje infiltraciju svježeg zraka u međuprostor.The complex of eight oAice buildings is located in the southwestern part of Osijek, in the Retfala - South business zone. To the south of the complex is the Portanova shopping center, while to the north is an abandoned Pevec building, separated from the complex by a railway line. The designed building is situated on a plot at the very west of the complex. Next to the building, there is a promenade with various commercial facilities, playgrounds, and urban garden spaces.
A fluid movement line is incorporated into the building, directed by curving volumes and voids. The speed of movement is determined by a system of staircases that diAer in form, character, height, and length of the steps. The project's idea was to inspire employees through movement and views, and to create diverse workspaces through grouping. The building is of a regular square shape and contains two underground and ten above-ground floors. There are two entrances to the building: the main entrance from the promenade on the east side and a secondary entrance from the parking lot on the west. The entrance area of the building connects to social facilities that can also be used by external visitors. The urban planning department begins on the second floor, followed by the architectural department on the fourth floor. The sixth and seventh floors are designated for construction, the eighth for administration, and the ninth for apartments. The space is designed to enable a circular connection around a centrally positioned core on each floor. Tangentially, around the perimeter of the building, various facilities are positioned. Curving forms define free spaces used for informal work and open-space oAices. The design of the main entrance is conceived to draw us in and present the character embedded within the entire building. The building has a double facade that follows the design character of its interior. The core is centrally positioned within a recessed reinforced concrete frame grid of 8.4x8.4 meters and 10.8x8.4 meters. The thickness of the load-bearing walls of the core is 30 cm, and the diameter of the loadbearing columns is 50 cm. The reinforced concrete system is complemented by a steel load-bearing system of the outer envelope. From the second floor, a double envelope appears. The inner facade consists of triple insulating glass, and the curved floor plan of the facade, made of tinted glass rectangular modules measuring 150x200 cm, is designed concerning its perception from the city entrance. The facade takes its shape through the arrangement of glass panels in the form of fish scales, covered with a semi-transparent film that allows fresh air to
infiltrate the intermediate space