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Correlation Between the Load-Bearing Capacity, Fire Resistance, and the Price of Glued Laminated Timber
No full textIn this study, a continuation of the research on the influence of the bearing capacity proof on the fire resistance of an element’s cross-section is presented; however, in this particular case, we focus on elements made of homogeneous glued laminated timber. This influence is assessed by considering the variations in the cross-section’s area and the strength class, which are at the end of this paper, expressed through the actual material price. In order to obtain numerical results, similarly to the case of softwood, the limit states method and reduced cross-section method were used. The main aim of this research was to determine the actual price of homogeneous glued laminated timber if the limit state of load-bearing capacity is met and a certain fire resistance is required. By reviewing the available literature, a certain lack of practical solutions that might provide an appropriate answer to this question is evident. Namely, it is a common practice in the engineering community that when a certain limit state of load-bearing capacity is met in the case of homogeneous glued laminated timber material, an acceptable assumption of 30 min (R30) fire resistance class is automatically fulfilled when fire acts on three sides of the cross-section. However, it was shown that this is not entirely correct and always applicable. The main results of this study are precisely related to the above notion and clearly indicate the importance of the bearing capacity proofing procedure in the determination of the GLT fire resistance. Following the numerical results makes it possible to make decisions about the optimal selection of the element’s cross-section and its influence on the required fire resistance, even in the early design phase. The correlation of the load limit state capacity proof with the corresponding fire resistance functions makes it possible, for any stress state case, to obtain the optimal price for timber material as their intersection point
Time and cost analysis of the production of different types of facade systems
No full textU ovom radu opisane su i uspoređene tri vrste fasadnih sustava: klasična žbukana fasada, kontaktna fasada i ventilirana fasada. Opisane su njihove tehničke karakteristike, način izvedbe, te prednosti i nedostatci. U drugom dijelu rada provedena je vremenska i troškovna analiza. Vremenska analiza obuhvatila je izračun trajanja pojedinih aktivnosti i ukupno vrijeme potrebno za izvedbu svakog sustava. Troškovnom analizom je utvrđen iznos direktnih i indirektnih troškova izrade fasade. Za proračun su korišteni dostupni normativi i cijene iz stručnih izvora.This work describes and compares three types of facade systems: classic plaster facade, contact facade and ventilated facade. Their technical characteristic, method of implementation and advantages and disadvantages. In the second part of the work time and cost analysis are conducted. The time analysis included the calculation of the duration of individual activities and the total time required for the implemetation of each system. The cost analysis determined the amount of direct and indirect costs of creating the facade. Avaliable standards and prices from professional sources are used in this calculation
Coefficient of contraction in the sluice gate flow
No full textGlavna tema ovog rada je određivanje koeficijenta kontrakcije mlaza za istjecanje ispod zapornice. Za početak je dan uvod u hidromehaniku, hidrodinamiku i strujanje otvorenim vodotocima obzirom da su to područja koja se bave ovim problemom. Ukratko su opisane glavne funkcije i podjele zapornica. Glavni dio rada sadrži objašnjenje što je koeficijent kontrakcije, zašto se javlja i različite interpretacije sadržaja pojma. Osim toga opisan je i sam fenomen istjecanja ispod zapornice pri čemu su zasebno opisani potopljen i nepotopljen slučaj istjecanja. U sklopu izrade rada organiziran je odlazak u laboratorij fakulteta kako bi se obavila mjerenja. U zadnjem dijelu rada opisan je tijek eksperimenta, što se mjerilo i kako su dobivene vrijednosti potrebne za izračun mjerenog koeficijenta kontrakcije. Osim toga izračunate su i vrijednosti za teorijski koeficijent kontrakcije. Iznesene su spoznaje o kretanju vrijednosti koeficijenta s obzirom na nekoliko parametara. Na kraju su uspoređene mjerene i teorijski dobivene vrijednosti koeficijenta i dane su grafičke interpretacije te finalni zaključak i diskusija.The main theme of this thesis is the jet discharge cofficient under sluice gates. An introduction to hydromechanics, hydrodynamics and open channel flow is given at the beggining since these are the fields that cover this problem. The main types of sluice gates and their functions are briefly described too. The main part of the thesis contains an explanation of what exactly the discharge coefficient is, how it occurs as well as different interpretations of the subject. Aside of that, the phenomenon of water flowing under sluice gates itself has been described and there are descriptions given for the free flow and submerged cases respectively. As part of the thesis, a visit to the faculty's laboratory has been organised to perform the measurements. The course of the experiment and all the required meassurements and calculations for the values required for obtaining the discharge coefficients have been given in the final part of the thesis. Aside of that, the calculations for obtaining the theoretical discharge coefficient have also been given. The results of how the discharge coefficient fluctuates depending on certain parameters has also been presented. At the end a comparisson of the measured and the theoretical coefficient has been given as well as graphic interpretation and a final discussion and conclusion
Analysis of roughness impact on flow velocity in open watercourses
No full textOvaj rad istražuje utjecaj hrapavosti na brzinu strujanja u otvorenim koritima kroz teorijsku analizu i laboratorijsko ispitivanje. Objašnjeni su osnovni hidraulički parametri, tipovi strujanja te matematički modeli za izračun brzine strujanja,uključujući Chezyjevu i Manningovu formulu. Posebna pažnja posvećena je koeficijentu hrapavosti, koji igra ključnu ulogu u hidrauličkim proračunima i projektiranju vodotoka. U eksperimentalnom dijelu rada provedeno je laboratorijsko ispitivanje u hidrauličkom demonstracijskom kanalu pod uvjetima jednolikog ustaljenog strujanja. Testirane su tri podloge različite hrapavosti: glatka, kamena i travnata.
Brzina strujanja mjerena je hidrometrijskim krilom na različitim dubinama, a rezultati su analizirani i uspoređeni.Rezultati pokazuju da povećana hrapavost smanjuje brzinu strujanja zbog povećanog trenja, dok glatke površine omogućuju veće brzine i manji otpor. Ovo istraživanje naglašava važnost pravilnog odabira materijala u hidrotehničkim konstrukcijama i regulaciji vodotoka. Razumijevanje utjecaja hrapavosti ključno je za optimizaciju hidrauličkih sustava, smanjenje erozije i poboljšanje učinkovitosti upravljanja vodama.This paper investigates the effect of roughness on flow velocity in open channels hrough theoretical analysis and laboratory testing. Fundamental hydraulic parameters, flow types, and mathematical models for velocity calculation, including the Chezy and Manning formulas, are explained. Special attention is given to the roughness coefficient, which plays a crucial role in hydraulic calculations and channel design. In the experimental part of the study, laboratory testing was conducted in a hydraulic demonstration channel under conditions of uniform steady flow. Three surfaces with different roughness levels were tested: smooth, rocky, and grassy. Flow velocity was measured using a hydrometric wing at different depths, and the
results were analyzed and compared. The results show that increased roughness reduces flow velocity due to higher
friction, whereas smoother surfaces allow for greater speeds and lower resistance. This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate materials in hydraulic engineering structures and watercourse regulation. Understanding the
impact of roughness is essential for optimizing hydraulic systems, reducing erosion, and improving water management efficiency
Calculation of simple wooden structures
No full textZadatak završnog rada bio je dimenzionirati elemente zadanog nosača (odrediti dimenzije poprečnih presjeka) prema trenutno važećim HRN EN normama i propisima. Pozicija 1 prosta je greda, a pozicija 2 sastavljena je od grede pod nagibom (pozicija 2.1) i stupa (pozicija 2.2) koji su međusobno povezani poluzglobom te je greda u još jednoj točki povezana na nepomični oslonac. Nakon analize opterećenja koja djeluju na nosaču i određivanja proračunskih vrijednosti unutarnjih sila, izvršeno je dimenzioniranje elemenata (grede i stupa). Dimenzije poprečnog presjeka grede POZ 1 su b/h=16/26 cm, dok su dimenzije poprečnog presjeka grede POZ 2.1 b/h=16/64 cm, a stupa POZ 2.2 b/h=16/16. Element POZ 1 izvodi se od cjelovitog crnogoričnog drva razreda čvrstoće C27, dok se elementi POZ 2 izvode od lijepljenog lameliranog drva razreda čvrstoće GL26h. Nakon provedenog dokaza graničnog stanja nosivosti, iskorištenost poprečnog presjeka elementa POZ 1 je 80,27%, a za gredu POZ 2.1 78,31% te za stup POZ 2.2 je 26,14%. Na osnovu iskorištenosti pojedinih elemenata može se reći da su zadani elementi racionalni i ekonomski isplativi, čemu svjedoči i njihova mala vlastita težina.The task of the final thesis was to dimension the elements of a specified beam (determine the
dimensions of cross-sectional profiles) according to current HRN EN standards and regulations.
Position 1 involves a simple beam, while Position 2 consists of a configuration with an inclined
beam (Position 2.1) and a column (Position 2.2) interconnected by a semi-rigid joint, with the
beam supported at another point fixedly. Following the analysis of the loads acting on the beam
and determining the design values of internal forces, the elements (beam and column) were
dimensioned. The cross-sectional dimensions of the beam at Position 1 are b/h=16/26 cm, while
at Position 2.1 they are b/h=16/64 cm for the inclined beam and b/h=16/16 cm for the column at
Position 2.2. The element at Position 1 is made from solid softwood with a strength class of C27,
while elements at Position 2 are made from glued laminated timber with a strength class of GL26h.
After conducting the ultimate limit state verification, the utilization of the cross-sectional area for
the element at Position 1 is 80.27%, for the beam at Position 2.1 is 78.31%, and for the column at
Position 2.2 is 26.14%. Based on the utilization of individual elements, it can be concluded that
they are rational and economically viable, as evidenced by their low self-weigh
The influence of different proportions of recycled carbon microfibers in the mortar on its properties in the hardened state
No full textKarbonska mikrovlakna su izvanredni građevinski materijali, postaju sve važniji dodatak u suvremenoj građevinskoj industriji. Prepoznatljiva su po visokoj mehaničkoj čvrstoći, imaju malu specifičnu gustoću te su jako otporna na koroziju i toplinu. Kako bi se smanjili troškovi, znanstvenici i inženjeri provode istraživanja u recikliranju karbonskih mikrovlakana. Cilj ovog završnog rada jest proučiti kako različiti udjeli recikliranih karbonskih mikrovlakana u mortu utječu na njegova svojstva u očvrsnulom stanju.
Provedena su ispitivanja na četiri različite mješavine. Svaka mješavina za ispitivanje uz cement, vapno i vodu sadržavala je različit udjel recikliranih karbonskih mikrovlakana, 20 %, 30 %, 50 % i 70 %. Analiziran je učinak udjela različitog postotka karbonskih mikrovlakana na tlačnu čvrstoću i vlačnu čvrstoću savijanjem. Osim toga, provela su se ispitivanja elektromagnetskih svojstava. Eksperimentalni rezultati ispitivanja pokazali su da dodavanjem recikliranih karbonskih mikrovlakana dolazi do značajnog poboljšanja
mehaničkih svojstava morta. Prisutnost karbonskih mikrovlakana znatno je ojačalo mort spajanjem mikropukotina, onemogućilo je razvijanje sitnih pukotina.Carbon microfibers are exceptional construction materials and are becoming increasingly important in the modern construction industry. They are recognized for their high mechanical strength, low specific density, and strong resistance to corrosion and heat. To reduce costs, scientists and engineers are conducting research on the recycling of carbon microfibers. The aim of this thesis is to study how different proportions of recycled carbon microfibers in mortar affect its properties in the hardened state. Tests were conducted on four different mixtures. Each test mixture, containing cement, lime, and water, included varying proportions of recycled carbon microfibers: 20%, 30%, 50%, and 70%. The impact of different percentages of carbon microfibers on compressive strength and flexural
strength was analyzed. Additionally, tests of electromagnetic properties were carried out. Experimental results showed that the addition of recycled carbon microfibers led to a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the mortar. The presence of carbon microfibers greatly strengthened the mortar by bridging microcracks and preventing the development of these fine crack
The companys approach to procurement and material supply
No full textNabava i dobava materijala je jedna od osnovnih poslovnih funkcija kako u građevinskom tako i u ostalim poduzećima, te niti jedno poduzeće ne može poslovati bez funkcije nabave i dobave materijala. Nabava i opremom, uslugama i energijom koji su nužni kako bi se ostvarili ciljevi poslovanja svakog poduzeća. Predmet ovog rada je pobliže objasniti nabavu i dobavu materijala, upravljanje procesom nabave te moguće rizike na primjeru
Application of artificial intelligence for construction project planning
No full textTema diplomskog rada bavi se analizom primjene umjetne inteligencije u građevinarstvu sa posebnim fokusom na procese planiranja. U teorijskom dijelu rada obuhvaćeno je planiranje građevinskih projekata, vremensko planiranje, veze kojima se međusobno povezuju aktivnosti i metode koje se koriste kao pomoć pri planiranju projekta. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na razliku između vremenskog planiranja i planiranja općenito. Također, obrađen je razvoj umjetne inteligencije i njezina implementacija u građevinarstvu sa naglaskom na benefite koje njezina primjena donosi projektima. Praktični dio rada uključuje dvije studije slučaja gdje je ispitana mogućnost umjetne inteligencije da izračuna trajanje projekta i odredi kritični put. Također, jedna od studija slučaja proširena je ispitivanjem sposobnosti otkrivanja troškovno značajne aktivnosti i prekomjerne alokacije radnika.The topic of this thesis deals with the analysis of the application of artificial intelligence in construction, with a particular focus on planning processes. The theoretical part of the paper covers construction project planning, scheduling, the relationships that connect activities, and methods used as aids in project planning. Special emphasis is placed on the difference between scheduling and general planning. Additionally, the development of artificial intelligence and its implementation in construction is discussed, with a focus on the benefits that its application brings to projects. The practical part of the thesis includes two case studies, where the possibility of artificial intelligence calculating project duration and determining the critical path is examined. Furthermore, one of the case studies is extended by investigating the ability to identify costsignificant activities and excessive worker allocation
Architectural - urban design of Retfala - south business zone
No full textZadatak završnog rada je idejno urbanističko i arhitektonsko rješenje poslovne zone Retfala-jug koja se nalazi u jugozapadnom dijelu grada Osijeka. Zadani obuhvat smješten je između trgovačkog centra Portanova i zgrade bivšeg trgovačkog centra Pevec te u blizini južne obilaznice. Analizom okolnog prostora obuhvata osmišljeno je urbanističko rješenje kojim se u zadani obuhvat smješta 3 poslovne zgrade, jedan hotel i jedna zgrada tržnice. Analizom su predviđena dva dijagonalna puta kretanja pješaka kroz obuhvat koji se pružaju u smjeru sjever-jug. Okomito na te dvije staze, kroz cijeli obuhvat proteže se glavna šetnica okružena čeličnom konstrukcijom te su u njoj smješteni razni sadržaji poput vrtova, buvljaka, kafića, knjižnice i sl. Arhitektonsko rješenje izvedeno je za najviši toranj koji se nalazi na zapadu obuhvata između hotela i poslovne zgrade te šetnice i prometnice. Sam koncept zgrade proizašao je iz analize prostora u kojem se zgrada nalazi. S jedne strane je okružena prometnicom, parkingom i željezničkom prugom, a s druge strane nalazi se šetnica. Ta dva dominantna elementa utječu na zgradu i nameću joj neke svoje zahtjeve kojima se ona želi prilagoditi. Zbog toga se na njoj stvaraju udubljenja koja predstavljaju dvoetažne otvorene terase. Pročelje zgrade oblikovala je ovojnica koja ju štiti ne samo od vanjskih utjecaja, nego i od zahtjeva šetnice i prometnica. Tema čelične konstrukcije, tj. modula iz urbanističkog rješenja, provukla se u zgradi. Ti moduli su smješteni u prizemlju gdje služe kao prostor za izložbu i na 7. katu gdje imaju funkciju "stanica" za odmor, rad, druženje i sl.The task of the final thesis was the conceptual urban and architectural solution of the business zone Retfala-jug, which is located in the southwestern part of the city of Osijek. The default scope is located between the Portanova shopping center and the building of the former Pevec shopping center. By analyzing the surrounding area, an urban planning solution was designed, which accommodates three office buildings, one hotel, and one market building in the given scope. The analysis foresees two diagonal paths of pedestrian movement through the scope, which extend in the north-south direction. Perpendicular to those two paths, the main promenade surrounded by a steel structure extends through the entire area, and it contains various facilities such as gardens, flea markets, cafes, libraries, etc. The architectural solution was designed for the tallest tower located in the west between the hotel and the office building, as well as the promenade and road. The concept of the building came from the analysis of the area in which the building is located. On one side, it is surrounded by a road, parking lot, and railway, and on the other side, there is a promenade. These two dominant elements influence the building and impose some of their own requirements to which it wants to adapt. Because of this, depressions are created on it, which represent two-level open terraces. The facade of the building was shaped by an envelope that protects it not only from external influences but also from the requirements of the promenade and roads. The theme of the steel structure, i.e., the module from the urban planning solution, permeated the building. These modules are located on the ground floor, where they serve as an exhibition space, and on the 7th floor, where they function as "stations" for rest, work, socializing, etc
Architecture and urban design of Retfala south business zone
No full textZgrada poslovne namjene arhitektonskog ureda smještena je na istočnoj strani projektiranog urbanističkog obuhvata, svojim dimenzijama je najmanja od 8 zgrada istih omjera i karakteristika. Sastoji se od lamele ( P+1 ) i tornja ( P+3 ). Karakterizira ju konstrukcija od CLT drveta koja ju stapa u kontekst i urbanističko riješenje. Zgrada konstrukcijom određuje intimne privatne zone za koncentrirani rad u tornju i prostorne otvorene zone u lameli. Kosi zeleni krovovi još više skrivaju zgradu unutar park-šume koja ju okružuje te nedostatkom sadržaja usmjeruju posjetitelje na korištenje javnih prostora u prizemlju. Toranj je pokriven poluprozinim zelenim fotonaponskim ćelijama koji prouštaju zenitalno osvjetljenje unutar tlocrta i stvaraju osjećaj ''komerebi'' {japanska riječ za svjetlost koje prolazi kroz krošnje}The office building of the architectural firm is located on the eastern side of the planned urban area. It is the smallest of the 8 buildings with the same proportions and characteristics. The building consists of a lamella (ground floor + 1) and a tower (ground floor + 3). It is characterized by a CLT wooden construction that blends it into the context and urban solution. The building's construction defines intimate private zones for focused work in the tower and spacious open zones in the lamella. Sloped green roofs further hide the building within the surrounding park-forest and direct visitors to use the public spaces on the ground floor by the lack of content. The tower is covered with semi-transparent green photovoltaic cells that allow zenithal lighting within the floor plan and create the feeling of "komorebi" {a Japanese word for light passing through tree canopies}