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Overview of the use of recycled plastic, glass, wood, metal and rubber in construction in Croatia
No full textOvaj završni rad daje pregled recikliranih materijala u građevinarstvu, s posebnim osvrtom na plastiku, staklo, drvo, metal i gumu kao jedne od ključnih u procesu reciklaže u Hrvatskoj. U radu se detaljno opisuje način njihove primjene, kao i svojstva koja su od iznimnog značaja za održivost pri odvijanju građevinskih procesa. Cilj ovoga rada je, kroz analizu dostupnih podataka i primjera iz prakse, utvrditi primjenjivost recikliranih materijala u kontekstu održivog razvoja i ekonomske isplativosti građevinskih rješenja u Hrvatskoj.This thesis defines various construction materials, with a particular emphasis on plastic, glass, wood, metal, and rubber as key components in the recycling process in Croatia. It provides a detailed overview of their applications and the recycling-related properties that are crucial for ensuring sustainability in construction practices. The objective of this paper is to assess the applicability of recycled materials within the framework of sustainable development and the economic feasibility of construction solutions in Croatia, based on an analysis of available data and real-world examples
A Theoretical Model for Optimizing Signalized Intersection and Roundabout Distance Using Microsimulations
No full textTraffic congestion in urban areas is a pressing challenge, with roundabouts and signalized intersections offering different operational benefits. This study explores the integration of these two intersection types, focusing on the optimal distance between them to ensure efficient traffic flow. Using traffic microsimulations in VISSIM, the research examines multiple scenarios involving isolated roundabouts and those adjacent to signalized intersections, considering variables such as peak-hour traffic volume, flow distribution, and intersection spacing. Results indicate that shorter distances (<50 m) between roundabouts and signalized intersections lead to increased traffic indicators due to congestion spillback. In contrast, distances exceeding 100 m mitigate these inefficiencies, approaching the performance of isolated roundabouts. Balanced traffic distribution between approaches (50:50) enhance system performance at lower volumes but exacerbate congestion at higher volumes. A novel aspect of this study is the development of a regression model that integrates microsimulation outputs to predict travel time based on peak-hour traffic volume, flow ratios, and intersection distance, demonstrating a 90.9% explanatory power. These findings emphasize the need for strategic planning in integrating roundabouts and signalized intersections to balance operational efficiency
Testing of asphalt mixture using samples from the Cestorad d.d. Vinkovci asphalt plant
No full textU ovom završnom radu prikazana je proizvodnja i kontrola asfaltne mješavine na asfaltnoj bazi „Cestorad Vinkovci“. Proizvodnja na asfaltnoj bazi „Cestorad“ je diskontinuiranog tipa te se proizvodi asfalt po vrućem postupku. Kontrola kvalitete je važna od samog procesa proizvodnje asfaltne mješavine pa sve do njegove upotrebe. Laboratorijske provjere kontrole kvalitete materijala, postupci uzorkovanja materijala, priprema uzoraka asfaltne mješavine, provjera topljivog uzorka veziva, određivanje granulometrijskog sastava, određivanje gustoće asfaltne mješavine, određivanje gustoće asfaltnog uzorka, određivanje šupljina asfaltnog uzorka i provjera dimenzija asfaltnog uzorka. U građevinarstvu je obavezno primjenjivati propise, pravilnike i pridržavati se normi standarda za materijala koji se određuje u pomoćnom laboratoriju koji je smješten neposredno uz sam pogon asfaltne baze.This final paper examines the production and quality control of asphalt mixtures at the "Cestorad Vinkovci" asphalt plant. Production at the asphalt plant "Cestorad" is of a discontinuous type, utilizing a hot-mix process for asphalt production. Quality control plays a crucial role throughout the entire process, from the initial production of the asphalt mixture to its final application. Laboratory quality control encompasses several key procedures, including material testing, material sampling procedures, preparation of asphalt mixture samples, checking of soluble binder samples, determination of granulometric composition, determination of asphalt mixture density, determination of asphalt sample density, determination of asphalt sample voids and checking of asphalt sample dimensions. In construction practice, strict adherence to established regulations and standards is mendatory. These standards, particularly those concerning materials, are verified in an auxiliary laboratory located next to the asphalt plant
Using artificial intelligence in road maintenance
No full textOvaj završni rad obrađuje primjenu umjetne inteligencije (UI) u održavanju cestovne infrastrukture, s posebnim naglaskom na njezine prednosti, tehnologije koje se koriste te izazove koji prate njihovu implementaciju. Suvremene prometnice suočavaju se s nizom problema - od sve intenzivnijeg prometnog opterećenja do utjecaja klimatskih promjena i ograničenih financijskih sredstava. Upravo zato potreba za inovativnim pristupima postaje neizbježna. Umjetna inteligencija omogućuje preciznije planiranje i provedbu održavanja koristeći alate poput strojnog i dubokog učenja, računalnog vida, obrade prirodnog jezika te optimizacijskih modela. Prediktivno održavanje, primjerice, omogućuje otkrivanje oštećenja prije nego što se uopće pojave ozbiljniji problemi. Računalni vid, uz pomoć dronova, kamera i pametnih telefona, prepoznaje oštećenja automatski i bez fizičke intervencije. Zimsko održavanje postaje učinkovitije zahvaljujući kombiniranju meteoroloških i prometnih podataka, dok automatizirani sustavi za brtvljenje pukotina povećavaju sigurnost i štede vrijeme. Integracijom Interneta stvari (IoT) razvijaju se pametne ceste koje same prate svoje stanje. Primjeri iz SAD-a, Njemačke, Japana, Švedske i Hrvatske pokazuje da se ove tehnologije već koriste u praksi. Ipak, prepreke i dalje postoje - visoki troškovi, potreba za edukacijom kadra i manjak standardizacije, ali bez obzira na prepreke, umjetna inteligencija je nužnost za sigurniju, pametniju i odrrživiju cestovnu infrastrukturu.This thesis deals with the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in road infrastructure maintenance, with a special emphasis on its advantages, the technologies used and the challenges that accompany their implementation. Modern roads face a number of problems - from increasingly intense traffic loads to the impact of climate change and limited financial resources. That is why the need for innovative approaches is becoming inevitable. Artificial intelligence enables more precise planning and implementation of maintenance using tools such as machine and deep learning, computer vision, natural language processing and optimization models. Predictive maintenance, for example, allows for the detection of damage before serious problems even arise. Computer vision, with the help of drones, cameras and smartphones, recognizes damage automatically and without physical intervention. Winter maintenance becomes more efficient thanks to the combination of meteorological and traffic data, while automated crack sealing systems increase safety and save time. The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) is developing smart roads that monitor their own condition. Examples from the USA, Germany, Japan, Sweden and Croatia show that these technologies are already being used in practice. However, obstacles still exist - high costs, the need for training staff and a lack of standardization, but regardless of the obstacles, artificial intelligence is a necessity for a safer, smarter and more sustainable road infrastructure
The Cross method
No full textU radu su uspoređene dvije metode za analizu statički neodređenih sustava – Crossova metoda i postupak Wernera i Csonke. Crossova metoda, razvijena početkom 20. stoljeća, koristi se pretežno za nepomične sustave, pri čemu se primjenjuje postupak uravnoteživanja momenata upetosti. Karakterizira je jednostavna primjena i pogodna je za ručne proračune manjih sustava. S druge strane, postupak Wernera i Csonke primjenjiv je na pomične sustave. Iako je matematički složenija, često je efikasnija kod deformabilnih rešetkastih sustava. Usporedba rezultata na praktičnim primjerima pokazala je da obje metode daju približno jednake rezultate, ali se razlikuju po vremenskoj i računskog složenosti. Kombiniranjem njihovih prednosti moguće je dobiti učinkovit pristup analizi različitih konstrukcija, čime se olakšava izbor optimalne metode u skladu s inženjerskim zahtjevima i vrstom konstrukcijskog sustava.In this paper, two methods for the analysis of statically indeterminate systems are compared – the Cross method and the Werner–Csonka procedure. The Cross method, developed in the early 20th century, is used primarily for non-sway systems, applying the procedure of balancing fixed-end moments. It is characterized by simple application and is suitable for hand calculations of smaller systems. On the other hand, the WernerCsonka procedure is applicable to sway systems. Although mathematically more complex, it is often more efficient for deformable truss systems. A comparison of results on practical examples has shown that both methods yield approximately the same results, but differ in terms of time and computational complexity. By combining their advantages, it is possible to achieve an efficient approach to the analysis of different structures, thereby facilitating the choice of the optimal method in accordance with engineering requirements and the type of structural system
Activation of immovable cultural heritage in tourism - the case of the city of Vinkovci
No full textOvaj rad istražuje mogućnosti aktiviranja nepokretne kulturne baštine u funkciji turizma, s fokusom na primjer grada Vinkovaca. Cilj rada je analizirati kako se kulturni resursi, poput arheoloških lokaliteta, povijesne arhitekture i tradicijskih objekata, mogu integrirati u održive turističke strategije. Kroz analizu literature, terensko istraživanje i intervjue s dionicima iz područja kulture i turizma, utvrđene su postojeće prednosti, ali i izazovi u valorizaciji baštine. Posebna pažnja posvećena je primjerima poput Arheološkog parka Sopot, Rodne kuće Ivana Kozarca i Trga Vinkovačkih jeseni, koji ilustriraju potencijal za povezivanje lokalnog identiteta i suvremenog turističkog razvoja. Rezultati ukazuju na potrebu strateškog planiranja, podrške i aktivnijeg uključivanja lokalne zajednice. Zaključno, kulturna baština Vinkovaca, iako nedovoljno iskorištena, posjeduje značajan potencijal za razvoj održivog i autentičnog turizma, koji može doprinijeti jačanju kulturnog identiteta i gospodarskom razvoju lokalne zajednice.This paper explores the possibilities of activating immovable cultural heritage for tourism purposes, with a focus on the city of Vinkovci. The aim of the paper is to analyze how cultural resources, such as archaeological sites, historical architecture, and traditional buildings, can be integrated into sustainable tourism strategies. Through literature review, field research, and interviews with stakeholders from the fields of culture and tourism, the existing strengths and challenges in the valorization of heritage have been identified. Special attention is given to examples such as the Sopot Archaeological Park, the Birth House of Ivan Kozarac, and the Vinkovačke Jeseni Square, which illustrate the potential for connecting local identity with contemporary tourism development. The results highlight the need for strategic planning, support, and more active involvement of the local community. In conclusion, although currently underutilized, the cultural heritage of Vinkovci holds significant potential for the development of sustainable and authentic tourism, which can contribute to strengthening cultural identity and the economic development of the local community
Architecture and urban design of Retfala south business zone
No full textTema završnog rada je urbanističko-arhitektonsko rješenje poslovne zone Retfala-jug. Smještena je na jugozapadu grada Osijeka na samom ulazu u pojasu gospodarskih megastruktura uz glavne prometnice i željezničku prugu. Urbanističko rješenje temelji se na dvije teorije: Učenje od Las Vegasa od Roberta Venturija i projekt Parc de la Villette od Bernarda Tschumija. Teorija Venturija bavi se pitanjem simbolike i značenja u arhitekturi te kako arhitektura može postati znakovni jezik, da zgrade nisu samo funkcionalni objekti već i simboli koji nose značenja. Tschumi osmišljava prostore koji su otvoreni i fleksibilni te koji omogućavaju stvaranje novih doživljaja i iskustava. On smatra kako kontekst ne treba promatrati kao nešto statično već nešto u stalnom tijeku oblikovano događajima i aktivnostima. Zadani obuhvat smješten je na samom ulazu u grad, na pretežito neizgrađenom području velikih ravničarskih prostranstava i jednoličnih vizura te nije prilagođen čovjekovom mjerilu. Ovo urbanističko rješenje stvara novi kontekst unutar obuhvata i okreće korisnika u svoju unutrašnjost. Obuhvat je introvertiran višim poslovnim zgradama na njegovim obodima te se na taj način stvara znatiželja u korisniku pitanjem što se nalazi iza njih. Zgrade društvene i poslovne namjene postavljene su uz pješačku aveniju, a ispod nje ukopana je cesta koja opskrbljava garaže. Zgrade društvene namjene su 'decorated sheds', jednostavne zgrade čiju funkciju otkriva znak ispred njih. Zgrade poslovne namjene su 'patke', skulpturalne zgrade koje prikazuju svoju unutrašnjost. Paviljoni, upečatljive arhitektonske strukture, postavljeni u neovisnom rasteru znakovi su ispred zgrada društvenih namjena (decorated sheds) te odražavaju njihovu funkciju. Paviljoni zajedno sa šetnicom čine skulpturalnu cjelinu koja se ne prilagođava postojećem kontekstu te dobiva sadržaj onda kad ju korisnik odluči koristiti. Cilj urbanističkog rješenja bio je stvoriti prostor koji će stvarati nove doživljaje i iskustva te navoditi korisnike na razmišljanje i preispitivanje o značenjima i znakovima koji su neodvojivi dio kulture i društva. Ideja arhitektonskog rješenja poslovne zgrade bio je da ona postane mjesto u prostoru gdje objekt nije samo funkcija, već interaktivan element. Iz toga proizlazi oblik “šuma stupova”: Zgrada je podjeljena kao visoki stupovi tj. kvadrovi postavljeni u raster, a između njih su prolazi što daje mogućnost vanjskim korisnicima na interakciju sa zgradom, prolaskom kroz nju. Zgrada je sa svojim vanjskim zidovima obložena reflektirajućim pločama pod kutem (ventilirana fasada) koji reflektiraju okolinu i stvaraju izobličenu sliku obuhvata, lažnu sliku. Kontrast tome su prolazi u zgradi. Oni su statični, tamniji i atmosfera u njima je smirenija. Zidovi u tim prolazima su ravni i okrenuti jedni nasuprot drugih što daje čistu i beskonačnu sliku. Promatrač kada je ispred zgrade vidi izobličenu sliku vanjskog svijeta, a kada je unutar prolaza zgrade on vidi odraz samog sebe i svoju beskonačnu slikuThe topic of the final thesis is the urban and architectural solution of the Retfala-south business zone. It is located in the southwest of the city of Osijek at the very entrance to in area of economic megastructures along the main roads and the railway. The urban solution is based on two theories: Learning from Las Vegas by Robert Venturi and the Parc de la Villette project by Bernard Tschumi. Venturi's theory deals with the issue of symbolism and meaning in architecture and how architecture can become a sign language, that buildings are not only functional objects but also symbols that carry meanings. Tschumi designs spaces that are open and flexible and that create new experiences . He believes that the context should not be viewed as something static but something in constant flow shaped by events and activities. The given parcel is located at the very entrance to the city, in a predominantly undeveloped area of large flat expanses and uniform vistas and is not adapted to a human scale. This urban solution creates a new context within the plot and turns the user into its interior. The plot is introverted by taller commercial buildings on the edges of the plot, thus creating curiosity in the user about what is behind them. The public and commercial buildings are placed along a pedestrian avenue, and a road is directly underneath it that supplies the garages below. The public buildings are 'decorated sheds', simple buildings whose function is revealed by the sign in front of them. The commercial buildings are 'ducks', sculptural buildings that show their function. The pavilions, striking architectural structures, placed in an independent grid are signs in front of the public buildings (decorated sheds) and reflect their function. The pavilions, together with the promenade, form a sculptural whole that does not adapt to the existing context and gains function when the user decides to use it. The goal of the urban design solution was to create a space that will create new experiences and prompt users to think and question the meanings and signs that are an inseparable part of culture and society. The aim of the architectural solution of the office building was to make it a place in space where the object is not just a function, but an interactive element. This results in the form of a “forest of columns”: The building is divided into tall columns, i.e. squares placed in a grid, and between them are passages, which gives the opportunity for external users to interact with the building, passing through it. The building is covered with reflective panels at an angle (ventilated facade) with its external walls that reflect the surroundings and create a distorted image of the surroundings, an image of truth or lie. In contrast to this are the passages in the building. They are static, darker and the atmosphere in them is calmer. The walls in these passages are reflective, flat and they face each other, which gives a clean and infinite image. When the observer is in front of the building, he sees a distorted image of the outside world, and when he is inside the passage of the building, he sees a reflection of himself, his own infinite image
Application of scrapers in earthworks
No full textZavršni rad bavi se primjenom skrejpera u zemljanim radovima s naglaskom na njihovu tehničku i ekonomsku učinkovitost. U uvodu je istaknuta važnost pravilnog izvođenja zemljanih radova koji čine temeljnu fazu građevinskog procesa. Cilj rada je analizirati tehničke karakteristike i mogućnosti skrejpera te odrediti njihove učinke u konkretnim uvjetima rada. Rad se sastoji od teorijskog i praktičnog dijela. U teorijskom dijelu obrađeni su konstrukcija, vrste i radni ciklus skrejpera, uz prikaz utjecaja različitih čimbenika na njihovu učinkovitost. U praktičnom dijelu proveden je izračun planskog učinka za tri modela skrejpera – Caterpillar 631K, Terex TS14G i Komatsu WS16S-2 – u prosječnim radnim uvjetima. Rezultati su pokazali razlike u produktivnosti i isplativosti među modelima. Zaključeno je da se pravilnim odabirom mehanizacije mogu postići uštede u vremenu i troškovima te povećati učinkovitost zemljanih radova.This final thesis explores the application of scrapers in earthworks, with an emphasis on their technical and economic efficiency. The introduction highlights the importance of proper execution of earthworks, which represent a fundamental phase of the construction process. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the technical characteristics and capabilities of scrapers and to determine their performance under specific working conditions. The thesis consists of a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part covers the construction, types, and working cycle of scrapers, along with an overview of various factors that influence their efficiency. The practical part includes a calculation of planned productivity for three scraper models – Caterpillar 631K, Terex TS14G, and Komatsu WS16S-2 – under average working conditions. The results showed differences in productivity and cost-effectiveness between the models. It was concluded that the proper selection of machinery can lead to time and cost savings and increase the efficiency of earthworks
Unsymmetrical bending
No full textU ovom završnom radu obrađuje se problem kosog savijanja ravnih štapova te je u svrhu toga provedena analiza određivanja optimalnog poprečnog presjeka podrožnice krovne konstrukcije pod djelovanjem kontinuiranog opterećenja koje djeluje izvan ravnine glavnih osi inercije presjeka. Problem je razmatran kroz proučavanje presjeka kao što su pravokutni šuplji presjek, „I“ presjek te „U“ presjek. Izvedeni su matematički izrazi koji opisuju raspodjelu naprezanja u uvjetima kosog savijanja te su zatim primijenjeni na odabrane presjeke. Proračuni su pokazali da se rezultati značajno razlikuju ovisno o geometriji, što je vidljivo u različitim vrijednostima maksimalnih naprezanja. Na temelju provedene usporedbe donesen je zaključak o tome koji oblici presjeka imaju povoljnije karakteristike za prijenos složenog opterećenja savijanjem.This bachelor’s thesis deals with the problem of oblique bending of straight structural members. In this context, an analysis was carried out to determine the optimal crosssection of a roof purlin subjected to continuous load applied at an angle to the principal axes of inertia. The problem was studied using several typical cross-sections: rectangular hollow section, I-section, and U-section. Mathematical expressions for stress distribution in the case of oblique bending were derived and applied to the selected cross-sections. The obtained results show that the values of maximum stresses vary significantly depending on the geometry of the section. Based on the comparison of results, a conclusion was made on which cross-sectional shapes provide more favorable properties for carrying combined bending loads
Overview of the use of recycled materials in construction in the Republic of Croatia
No full textGrađevinski sektor jedan je od najvećih potrošača prirodnih resursa i proizvođača otpada u Republici Hrvatskoj, ali i u Europskoj uniji. Intenzivna gradnja, rekonstrukcija i rušenje objekata dovode do stalnog rasta građevinskog otpada, što uzrokuje povećane troškove, potrebu za novim odlagalištima i stvara negativan utjecaj na okoliš. U skladu s ciljevima i zahtjevima kružnog gospodarstva, nužno je poticati recikliranje građevinskih materijala i njihovu ponovnu upotrebu u budućim projektima. Primjenom recikliranih materijala može se smanjiti emisija CO2, troškovi odlaganja i potrošnja prirodnih resursa, čime se doprinosi održivom razvoju. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati pregled mogućnosti, trendova i izazova u korištenju recikliranih materijala u građevinarstvu u Republici Hrvatskoj. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na materijale kao što su reciklirani beton, drobljena opeka, drobljeni crijep i reciklirani asfalt.The construction sector is one of the largest consumers of natural resources and producers of waste in the Republic of Croatia, as well as in the European Union. Intensive construction, reconstruction, and demolition of buildings lead to a continuous increase in construction waste, resulting in higher costs, the need for new landfills, and negative impacts on the environment. In line with the goals and requirements of the circular economy, it is essential to encourage the recycling of constructio materials and their reuse in future projects. The use of recycled materials can reduce CO₂ emissions, disposal costs, and the consumption of natural resources, thereby contributing to sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the possibilities, trends, and challenges in the use of recycled materials in construction in the Republic of Croatia. Particular emphasis is placed on materials such as recycled concrete, crushed brick, crushed roof tiles, and recycled asphalt