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Improved charge carrier mobility in a copper oxide heterostructure enhances the photocatalytic partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde
Get PDFCopper oxides have been studied over the past decade for their potential in heterogeneous photocatalysis. However, fundamental issues regarding charge carrier behavior remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate the charge carrier mobility of CuO, CuO/Cu2O, and Cu2O using time-resolved microwave conductivity in relation to their photocatalytic performance in the partial oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde under visible light at 455 nm. The photoconductivity-lifetime product shows a good correlation with the conversion of benzyl alcohol and the yield of benzaldehyde, with CuO/Cu2O exhibiting the highest performance. The favorable behavior of charge carriers in CuO/Cu2O for photocatalysis is attributed to the presence of CuO impurity, which enables more efficient separation of photoexcited electrons and holes via the S-scheme heterojunction. The charge carrier mobility and photocatalytic performance are strongly influenced by the optoelectronic properties rather than by physical properties. By introducing a small amount of CuO (5.3 mol% based on X-ray absorption near edge structure), the charge carrier mobility of Cu2O is improved, enhancing performance even when the specific surface area decreases. Based on the photoconductivity-lifetime product, we reveal how a heterostructured photocatalyst exhibits enhanced performance. This photophysical parameter is a promising indicator for evaluating and designing future photocatalysts.Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange through The Ulam Programme under Award No. BPN/ULM/2022/1/00009 and National Science Centre of Poland through OPUS 20 under Grant No. 2020/39/ B/ST5/00076
Intelligence Analysis – Prolegomena to Analytical Procedure
Get PDFThe article proposes a technique for conducting intelligence analysis aimed at developing analytical products. It consists of three stages: formulating analytical questions, stakeholder analysis, and systemic analysis using fuzzy cognitive mapping. The approach integrates theoretical concepts from political science, international relations, and security studies, operationalizing them with structured analytic techniques. The distinction between research and analysis of foreign policy is emphasized, with a focus on the latter’s practical application in decision-making. The proposed procedure aims to support the analytical process while acknowledging the importance of critical thinking and source scrutiny. The article concludes by advocating for empirical research to verify the effectiveness of structured analytical techniques and bridge the gap between academia and practical intelligence work.The publication has been supported by a grant from the Faculty of International and Political Studies under the Strategic Programme Excellence Initiative at Jagiellonian University
Uncovering Factors Controlling Reactivity of Metal-TEMPO Reaction Systems in the Solid State and Solution
Get PDFNitroxides find application in various areas of chemistry, and a more in-depth understanding of factors controlling their reactivity with metal complexes is warranted to promote further developments. Here, we report on the effect of the metal centre Lewis acidity on both the distribution of the O- and N-centered spin density in 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) and turning TEMPO from the O- to N-radical mode scavenger in metal-TEMPO systems. We use Et(Cl)Zn/TEMPO model reaction system with tuneable reactivity in the solid state and solution. Among various products, a unique Lewis acid-base adduct of Cl2Zn with the N-ethylated TEMPO was isolated and structurally characterised, and the so-called solid-state ′slow chemistry′ reaction led to a higher yield of the N-alkylated product. The revealed structure-activity/selectivity correlations are exceptional yet are entirely rationalised by the mechanistic underpinning supported by theoretical calculations of studied model systems. This work lays a foundation and mechanistic blueprint for future metal/nitroxide systems exploration
Molecular modification of spiro[fluorene-9,90- xanthene]-based dopant-free hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells
Get PDFThe molecular engineering of organic hole-transporting materials (HTMs) plays an important role in enhancing the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) as well as reducing their fabrication cost. Here, two low-cost spiro-OMeTAD analogues, namely SP-Naph and SP-SMe, featuring a spiro[fluorene-9,9-xanthene] (SFX) central core and asymmetric subunits are designed and synthesized. Specifically, the SFX core in the SP-Naph molecule is substituted with dimethoxyphenylnaphthylamine subunits to enhance conductivity and charge transport properties by expansion of the p-conjugated structure. On the other hand, in the molecular structure of SP-SMe, the methoxy groups (–OMe) from diphenylamine units were partially replaced with the methylsulfanyl groups (–SMe) to increase interaction with the perovskite surface through the “Lewis soft” S atoms. By combining various experimental and simulation methods, thestructure–property relationship of the newly synthesized HTMs was thoroughly investigated. The suitable HOMO energy level with the perovskite layer together with superior photoelectric properties and enhanced thermostability and humidity resistivity are obtained for the SP-SMe HTM. As a result, the planar n–i–p PSC with the dopant-free SP-SMe HTM yields a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.95%, which outperforms that with SP-Naph (20.51%) and doped spiro-OMeTAD (19.23%). Importantly, the device with SP-SMe also reveals enhanced operational stability under continuous 1 sun illumination and thermal stability at 65 °C. These findings provide valuable insight for the rational design of dopant-free organic HTMs based on the SFX core, which would promote the development of highly efficient and stable devices.National Science Centr
Charakter prawny odpowiedzialności sprawcy wykroczenia
No full textAutor opracowania porównuje dwa reżimy odpowiedzialności za popełnienie czynu zabronionego – odpowiedzialność karną oraz odpowiedzialność sprawcy wykroczenia. Rozważania prowadzone w artykule mają stanowić podstawę do udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie – jaki właściwie charakter ma odpowiedzialność sprawcy wykroczenia, czy jest to reżim odpowiedzialności sui generis czy też stanowi on dopełnienie, oraz niejako rodzaj, odpowiedzialności karnej sensu largo. Rekonstrukcja – w pewnym zakresie – poglądów doktryny oraz judykatury pozwala na osiągnięcie wniosku, że „odpowiedzialność wykroczeniowa” jest tak w zasadzie odpowiedzialnością karną sensu largo. Pociąga za sobą doniosłe skutki, już chociażby z uwagi na objęcie prawomocnością materialną orzeczeń wydanych w sądowym postępowaniu w sprawach o wykroczenia, co powoduje do obowiązywania również w ich stosunku zakazu ne bis in idem w rozumieniu art. 17 § 1 pkt 7 kodeksu postępowania karnego
Economic impact of forest disturbances – a literature review
Get PDFWith this literature review, we aim to present and discuss the main research questions and analyses related to the economic impact of forest disturbances. To this end, we have conducted a content analysis of review papers. From an economic perspective, forest disturbance can be defined as an event that interrupts or impedes the flow of human-desired goods and services provided by forest ecosystems. Disturbances affect the dysregulation of processes not only in the forest ecosystem, but also in its social, economic and institutional environment. Our review shows that foresters’ actions should aim to monitore the nature, frequency and extent of disturbances, choose an appropriate method for analysing the economic consequences of disturbances, develop scenarios for the effective elimination of their impacts, design strategies to minimise the risk of their occurrence through a gradual implementation taking into account the urgency of adaptation measures, and innovatively eliminate risks in economic practise that can disrupt the value streams of forest management, including the flow of wood raw materials. Among the topics discussed, one issue was raised that is unique to private forests, namely the conditions for the development of the forest insurance market. Recent literature addresses the following issues related to forest disturbances: (1) the dynamics of disturbances in Europe since 1950, based on data from the EFI database; (2) the direction of economic analyses of forest disturbances; (3) the evaluation of the usefulness of four economic models used to assess the impact of disturbances; (4) the economic consequences of disturbances for forest management, illustrated by the results of empirical studies showing the increase in the cost of timber harvesting and the reduction in the quality (market value) of timber from forest areas where disturbances have occurred; (5) the complexity of the impact of disturbances on the social, economic and institutional environment of the forest sector; (6) different strategies to reduce the risk of disturbance; (7) possible directions of adaptation measures and innovations that represent ways to limit the economic consequences of disturbances in the forest; and (8) forest insurance as a possible solution for private forest owners. The results of the analysis suggest that forest insurance can be an effective tool to mitigate the economic consequences of disturbances that occur. The publication addresses the above-mentioned topics on the basis of a content analysis of nine publications
Multifaceted Functioning of Democratic Schools of Democratic Schools in Poland
Get PDFSzkoły demokratyczne zyskują w ostatnich latach na popularności jako jedna z form realizacji edukacji domowej. Są odpowiedzią na krytykę tradycyjnej edukacji i stosowanych w niej metod, uznanych za ograniczające potencjał ucznia. Idea ta ma wielu zwolenników, ale także przeciwników, którzy uznają ją za zbyt liberalistyczną. Celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie założeń koncepcji pedagogicznej tego typu szkół i zasad funkcjonowania placówek, które odróżniają je od edukacji tradycyjnej, a także czynników wspierających i ograniczających upowszechnianie tej idei w Polsce.Democratic schools have gained popularity in recent years as one of the forms of implementing homeschooling. They respond to criticism of traditional education and its methods, which are seen as limiting students’ potential. This idea has many supporters but also opponents, who view it as overly liberal. The aim of this article is to present the educational principles of this type of school and the operational rules that differentiate them from traditional education, as well as the factors that support and limit the spread of this idea in Poland
Liability for Damage Caused by a Dangerous Product With Regard to the Rome II Regulation
No full textNiniejsza praca porusza problem odpowiedzialności za szkodzę wyrządzoną przez produkt niebezpieczny na tle Rozporządzenia PE i Rady (WE) nr 864/2007 o prawie właściwym dla zobowiązań pozaumownych (Rzym II). Z uwagi na umasowienie, upowszechnienie obrotu gospodarczego, który za swój przedmiot ma niejednokrotnie produkty uwzględniono problematykę odpowiedzialności za szkodzę wyrządzoną przez niebezpieczny produkt w kontekście prawa prywatnego międzynarodowego. W toku pracy poczyniono rozważania dotyczące zakresu definicji produktu oraz odpowiedzialności za produkt, cel wprowadzenia regulacji na płaszczyźnie kolizyjnej, odnoszące się do rodzajów oraz hierarchii łączników, kwestie wyboru prawa przez strony, kryterium wprowadzenia produktu do obrotu, nadto uwzględniono klauzulę porządku publicznego oraz rys historyczny. Praca opiera się na wykorzystaniu metod dogmatycznej, w tym historycznej oraz teoretycznoprawnej.This work addresses the issue of liability for damage caused by a dangerous product against the background of EP and Council Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations (Rome II). In view of the massification and dissemination of economic transactions, which often have products as their subject matter, the issue of liability for damage caused by a dangerous product is considered in the context of private international law. The work considers the scope of the definition of a product and product liability, the purpose of regulation at the level of conflict of laws, the types and hierarchy of connecting factors, the parties' choice of law, the criterion for placing a product on the market, the public policy clause and a historical overview. The work is based on the use of dogmatic, including historical and theoretical-legal methods
The Role of Global Value Chains for Worker Tasks and Wage Inequality
Get PDFThis paper studies the relationship between global value chain (GVC) participation, worker-level routine task intensity (RTI), and wage inequality within countries. Using survey data from 34 countries and instrumenting for GVC participation, we find that higher GVC participation contributes to higher wage inequality in high-income countries and lower wage inequality in middle- and low-income countries. We distinguish between two opposite-working channels. Firstly, participation in GVCs directly reduces wage inequality, suppressing wages in offshorable occupations that tend to earn above the country-specific median, and increasing wages of non-offshorable occupations. Secondly, it indirectly widens within-country wage inequality by increasing the gap in RTI, which is negatively associated with wages, between offshorable and non-offshorable occupations. The direct effect prevails in most low- and middle-income countries that receive offshored jobs, and the indirect effect prevails in high-income countries that offshore jobs.This paper was financially supported by the World Bank.
Karol Madoń’s contribution was financed by the National Science Centre, Poland, project no. 2021/41/N/HS4/03640, agreement no. UMO-2021/41/N/HS4/03640
Opera as an institution shaping metropolitan space
Get PDFCelem pracy jest przedstawienie rozmieszczenia instytucji teatrów operowych w Polsce oraz ukazanie ich roli w kształtowaniu procesu metropolizacji przestrzeni. Postępowanie badawcze dotyczyło genezy i rozmieszczenia teatrów operowych oraz ich związków z wyższymi uczelniami muzycznymi. Wyniki badań wskazują, że teatry operowe funkcjonują tylko w najlepiej rozwiniętych gospodarczo ośrodkach, zwłaszcza wielofunkcyjnych, z dużym udziałem funkcji uniwersyteckich oraz o największej liczbie ludności i wysokim poziomie jej wykształcenia. Ich rozmieszczenie jest nierównomierne. Są to przede wszystkim miasta o randze regionalnej o funkcji metropolitalnej i dużym znaczeniu w skali kraju. Kreowanie przestrzeni metropolitalnej następuje poprzez charakterystyczną architekturę o cechach globalnych. Wzmacnia je nowoczesna przestrzeń wewnętrzna oraz wygląd zewnętrzny budynku opery, poprzez jego majestat, kubaturę i często centralne położenie. Ośrodki operowe wymagają wszechstronnego rozwoju różnych działalności artystycznych, wykazują jednocześnie powiązania międzynarodowe. Wysoki stopień centralności powoduje, że opery mają duże oddziaływanie. Poprzez działalność artystyczną, funkcje symboliczne oraz niepowtarzalny wygląd oraz międzynarodową sieć powiązań artystycznych, teatry operowe przyczyniają się do kształtowania przestrzeni metropolitalnej i budowania nowoczesnych funkcji kulturalnej miast.This study examines the distribution of opera house institutions in Poland and their role in shaping the metropolisation process. The research concerned the genesis and distribution of opera houses, as well as their relationship with music universities. The results indicate that opera theatres function only in the most economically developed centres, especially multifunctional ones, with a significant presence of university functions, a large population and a high education level. These centres, primarily cities of regional stature with metropolitan functions and high national importance, are distributed unevenly. Metropolitan space is created by distinctive architecture with global characteristics. It is reinforced by the modern interior space and exterior appearance of the opera house, through its majesty, volume and often central location. Opera centres require the comprehensive development of various artistic activities, while also maintaining international connections. Their high degree of centrality gives opera houses significant influence. Through artistic activities, symbolic functions and a unique appearance, in addition to an international network of artistic connections, opera houses contribute to the formation of metropolitan space and the construction of modern cultural functions in cities
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