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The Relationship between Elementary Chemical Composition and Extraction Method for Protium strumosum Daly species Resin
No full textVariabilidade dos casos de malária e sua relação com a precipitação e nível d’água dos rios no estado do Amazonas, Brasil]
Get PDFUnderstanding the relations between rainfall and river water levels and malaria cases can provide important clues on modulation of the disease in the context of local climatic variability. In order to demonstrate how these relations can vary in the same endemic space, a coherence and wavelet phase analysis was performed between environmental and epidemiological variables from 2003 to 2010 for 8 municipalities (counties) in the state of Amazonas, Brazil (Barcelos, Borba, Canutama, Carauari, Coari, Eirunepé, Humaitá, and São Gabriel da Cachoeira). The results suggest significant coherences, mainly on the scale of annual variability, but scales of less than 1 year and of 2 years were also found. The analyses show that malaria cases display a peak at approximately 1 and a half months before or after peak rainfall and on average 1-4 months after peak river water levels in most of the municipalities studied. Each environmental variable displayed distinct local behavior in time and in space, suggesting that other local variables (e.g. topography) may control environmental conditions, favoring different patterns in each municipality. However, when the analyses were performed jointly it was possible to show a non-random order in these relations. Although environmental and climatic factors indicate a certain influence on malaria dynamics, surveillance, prevention, and control issues should not be overlooked, meaning that government public health interventions can mask possible relations with local hydrological and climatic conditions. © 2019, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz. All rights reserved
Micropolíticas de manutenção linguística: trajetórias e experiências: o projeto 'Sou bilíngue' e o Campeonato da língua Paumari
No full textAn annotated checklist of freshwater copepoda (crustacea, hexanauplia) from continental Ecuador and the galapagos archipelago
Get PDFAn annotated checklist of the free-living freshwater Copepoda recorded in different regions in Ecuador (including the Amazon, the Andes, the coastal region, and the Galapagos Islands) is here provided. We revised all published records, critically evaluated the validity of each taxon and provided short taxonomic and biogeographical remarks for each one. A total of 27 taxa have been reported, including species and records at the generic level only. The species and taxa identified only up to the generic level belong to five families and 14 genera. The Cyclopoida is the most diverse group with 16 records belonging to species (or identified to the generic level only) and eight genera, followed by the Harpacticoida with six species, one identification to the generic level only, and four genera, and Calanoida with four species belonging to two genera. A total of 18 taxa are recorded for the Andes. Six have been recorded in the Amazon, two are recorded for the coastal region, and six for the Galapagos. One species is shared between the Amazon and the Andes. One species is shared between the coastal region and the Amazon. Seventeen are only reported from the Andes and four are only reported from the Amazon. At the current status of the knowledge, any attempt to analyze and generalize distributional patterns of copepods in Ecuador is premature due to the scarcity of available information, and evidently there is an urgent need for more extensive field collections. A few working hypothesis for future studies are identified. © P. H. C. Corgosinho et al
Antifungal and Antiplasmodial Activity of Isolated Compounds from Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl) S. Grose Sawdusts
No full textMorphological description of the immature stages of Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
No full textIn the dipteran genus Hermetia, only 6 of the 78 valid species have documented immature stages: H. albitarsis Fabricius, 1805, H. aurata Bellardi, 1859, H. concinna Williston, 1900, H. illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), H. panamensis Greene, 1940 and H. pulchra Weidemann, 1830. In particular, H. illucens stands out due to its reported applicability for forensic, medical and economic purposes. Here, we described the morphology of eggs and immature stages of this species, with a view to detecting differences between instars and in the pupal stage, which should eventually help properly identifying larval age. We utilized both optical and scanning electron microscopy tools. The eggs are elliptical and elongated, and color varies from cream white to yellowish. The larvae are apodal, hemichephalic and holopneustic, flattened dorso-ventrally and may be recognized by the head elongated, dorsal and ventral chaetotaxy of the cephalic capsule, thoracic and abdominal segments, and the morphology of the anterior and posterior spiracles. The pupae are adecticous and coarctate, tegument dark brown and pruinescence varying from brown to golden. The overall morphology across instars is similar, but marked variations were observed in the shape of the antennal articuli and the shape of the setae (first instar compared to the others). Our results supplement the biological information on Hermetia illucens and should aid the proper identification and aging of juveniles in the field, as a way to minimize errors in the calculation of the post-mortem interval. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Non-invasive genetic identification of two sympatric sister-species: ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and margay (L. wiedii) in different biomes
No full textThe method presented in here allows for the unequivocal differentiation between non-invasive samples of ocelots and margays, when used in combination with the protocol by Roques et al. (Mol Ecol Resour 11:171–175, 2011). It reduced costs and laboratory processing, decreasing the chances of contamination, and therefore facilitating the identification of large numbers of samples by simple PCR amplification, without the need for sequencing. Our protocol was tested on 371 faeces collected in the field in 25 different sites across the distribution areas of both species, and compared to the mtDNA sequencing of 23 of the samples. The concatenation of a commonly used segment of Cytochrome b with other mitochondrial markers such as ATP-8 allows the identification of these two sister-species, but there was not enough resolution when used alone. With this new method, we could identify 98% of the field faeces, obtaining a global rate of 22.3 faeces of ocelot per margay sample in roads and trails located in potential areas of coexistence, suggesting generally lower densities of margay, although margays could be underestimated due to their arboreal habits. In Serra das Almas, located in the Brazilian Caatinga, the number of faeces of ocelot detected was especially elevated. Low densities of ocelots could be favoring higher densities of margays in areas like the Sinaloan dry forests and the Chimalapas montane forests, both in Mexico. Ocelots were found from open to forested habitats, including mosaic cropland and grassland, however margays were only found in forests where average canopy height exceeded 5 m. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature
Fases de desenvolvimento da larva de mosca soldado negra: como a composição centesimal pode interferir na nutrição e digestibilidade de monogástricos?
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Criação de gado na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns, ameaça ou necessidade? Caracterização ambiental, social e financeira para subsidiar ações de gestão
Get PDFThe development of livestock activities within Extractive Reserves in the Amazon has been a source of controversy and debate in the environmental area since the establishment of the SNUC law. The history of the extractive movement had as its main fight flag, the "ties", as a strategy to combat deforestation and maintenance and right to use the territory. Regardless of the advances of the movement, it is a fact that livestock activity has developed over the last 20 years, as the predominant use in deforested areas in the Amazon, including within Conservation Units-CU. The objective of this work was to evaluate the cattle raising activity in the Tapajós Arapiuns Extractive Reserve, looking at to social and financial point of view, through the elaboration of a census diagnosis with the livestock farmers of the Conservation Unit, as well as of the environmental impacts caused by the formation of pastures based on the analysis of the data provided by INPE / Projeto TerraClass, with a view to subsidizing management actions. As main results on the environmental impacts of the activity in the CU, it is highlighted that more than 90% of the area is preserved, even in the face of intense population occupation. At present, only 0.35% of the area of the Extractive Reserve is destined to pasture, and this formation occurred mainly under already consolidated areas. The verified stocking rate, in the order of 1.15 head / ha, indicates that there is no overgrazing phenomenon. The sanitary issue has been highlighted as one of the main problems due to the modality of creation of the loose cattle, with free access to the water courses and to the urban areas of the communities. The diagnosis showed that 193 beneficiaries are responsible for the creation of 2,718 animals in the Resex, with 1/3 of them having only one animal used for transportation, and the rest of the breeders between 2 and 150 heads. The average size of the herd per breeder, rotates around 14 heads. It is worth noting the strong interest of 62% of breeders in developing other crops or farming practices, demonstrating the complementarity characteristic of the activity. Another relevant aspect is related to their economic and social economic importance, since 60% of breeders reported that their herds supply Resex communities, that is, they are marketed within the CU itself. In view of the above,
it is concluded that the cattle raising activity in the Tapajós-Arapiuns Extractive Reserve can be considered subsistence due to the size and modes of production identified. It has financial, social and cultural relevance for the creative beneficiaries or not. And finally, it is not the main vector of deforestation in UC, and its contribution is practically irrelevant. The future of the Resex Tapajós Arapiuns and other Extractive Reserves in the Amazon, should not be based on the dichotomy: livestock! Yes or no? Rather, it should be based on the sustainability of practices of use of existing environmental resourcesO desenvolvimento da atividade pecuária dentro de Reservas Extrativistas na Amazônia é motivo de polêmicas e debates na área ambiental desde o estabelecimento da Lei do SNUC. O histórico do movimento extrativista teve os “empates” como principal bandeira de luta, sendo uma estratégia de combate ao desmatamento e garantia de manutenção dos direitos ao uso do território. Independente dos avanços do movimento, é fato que a atividade pecuária se configurou ao longo dos últimos 20 anos, como o uso predominante nas áreas desmatadas na Amazônia, inclusive dentro de Unidades de Conservação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento da atividade de criação de gado na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns, nos aspectos sociais e financeiros, através da elaboração de um diagnóstico censitário junto aos criadores de gado da UC, bem como dos impactos ambientais ocasionados pela formação de pastagens a partir da análise dos dados fornecidos pelo INPE/Projeto TerraClass, com vistas a subsidiar ações de gestão. Como principais resultados sobre os impactos ambientais da atividade na UC, destaca-se que mais de 90% da área se mantem preservada, mesmo diante da intensa ocupação populacional. Na atualidade, apenas 0,35% da área da Resex é destinada a pastagem, e tal formação ocorreu majoritariamente sob áreas já consolidadas. A taxa de lotação verificada, da ordem de 1,15 cabeças/ha, indica não ocorrer o fenômeno de super-exploração de pastagem. A questão sanitária destacou-se como um dos principais problemas em virtude da modalidade de criação do gado solto, com livre acesso aos cursos d’água e às áreas urbanas das comunidades. O diagnostico demonstrou que 193 beneficiários são responsáveis pela criação de 2.718 animais na Resex, sendo que 1/3 deles possuem apenas um animal utilizado para o transporte, e o restante dos criadores entre 2 até 150 cabeças. A média de tamanho do rebanho por criador, gira em
torno de 14 cabeças. Destaca-se o forte interesse de 62% dos criadores em desenvolver outras culturas ou práticas agropecuárias, demonstrando a característica de complementariedade da atividade. Outro aspecto relevante está relacionado a sua importância financeira e social, pois 60% dos criadores informaram que seus rebanhos abastecem as comunidades da Resex, ou seja, são comercializados dentro da própria UC. Diante do exposto, conclui-se que a atividade de criação de gado na Reserva Extrativista Tapajós-Arapiuns pode ser considerada de subsistência devido ao porte e modos de produção identificados. Possui relevância financeira, social e cultural para os beneficiários criadores ou não. E finalmente não se configura como o principal vetor do desmatamento na UC, sendo praticamente irrelevante sua contribuição. O futuro da Resex Tapajós Arapiuns e de outras Reservas Extrativistas na Amazônia, não deve ser pautado na dicotomia: gado! sim ou não? Antes, deve-se pautar na sustentabilidade das práticas de uso dos recursos ambientais existentes