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Effects of forest fragmentation on the vertical stratification of neotropical bats
Get PDFVertical stratification is a key component of the biological complexity of rainforests. Understanding community-and species-level responses to disturbance across forest strata is paramount for evidence-based conservation and management. However, even for bats, known to extensively explore multiple layers of the complex three-dimensional forest space, studies are biased towards understory-based surveys and only few assessments of vertical stratification were done in fragmented landscapes. Using both ground and canopy mist-nets, we investigated how the vertical structure of bat assemblages is influenced by forest fragmentation in the experimentally fragmented landscape of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Central Amazon, Brazil. Over a three year-period, we captured 3077 individuals of 46 species in continuous forest (CF) and in 1,10 and 100 ha forest fragments. In both CF and forest fragments, the upper forest strata sustained more diverse bat assemblages than the equivalent understory layer, and the midstory layers had significantly higher bat abundance in fragments than in CF. Artibeus lituratus and Rhinophylla pumilio exhibited significant shifts in their vertical stratification patterns between CF and fragments (e.g. R. pumilio was more associated with the upper strata in fragments than in CF). Altogether, our study suggests that fragmentation modulates the vertical stratification of bat assemblages. © 2020 by the authors
Pathways to positive scenarios for the Amazon forest in Pará state, Brazil [Caminhos de cenários positivos para a floresta Amazônica no estado do Pará, Brasil]
No full textInfrastructure projects and agriculture expansion are increasingly threatening forest conservation in Pará state (Brazil). It becomes necessary to address the implications of these activities on the Amazon complex socio-ecological system, considering both material and non-material aspects of Nature´s Contributions to People (NCP). Multiple studies developed future scenarios for the Amazon, but only a few have focused on discussing positive futures derived from policies and interventions based on conservation and human well-being. Here, we aim at understanding the drivers of forest cover change to produce positive scenarios for the future of the Amazon forest in Pará state. By using the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) conceptual framework, we identified as direct drivers of forest cover change: (i) roads construction; (ii) forest degradation; (iii) hydropower projects; (iv) urban expansion; (v) agriculture and pasture expansion; (vi) rural land occupation; (vii) mining; (viii) climate change. As indirect drivers we identified: (i) energy demand; (ii) population growth; (iii) land prices; (iv) commodity demand; (v) consumption behavior. The development of conservation strategies in the borders of deforested areas is needed given the high demand for Nature´s Contributions to People supply. We also propose policies to address the main drivers of forest cover change, influencing land management and consumption behavior in the state. At last, we envision future positive scenarios that would emerge from policy applications and sustainable actions. Based on our study, we discuss the importance of social learning for developing pathways leading to positive futures that consider the integrity and development of both ecological and social systems. © 2020, Universidade Estadual de Campinas UNICAMP. All rights reserved
Historical distribution and current drivers of guppy occurrence in Brazil
No full textHumans introduce non-native species by means such as the deliberate release of fish into fresh waters and through commercial trade. The guppy Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859, is commonly kept in aquaria and controls disease vectors, and now it occurs in many areas outside its natural distribution. Its initial habitat in Brazil was identified, and a study was performed to determine whether the density of guppies can be explained by the density of human population, per-capita gross domestic product, level of human impact on the areas where guppies have been found and fish-sampling effort. A total of 1402 guppy records were found; the southeastern region had the oldest records; and the southeastern, northeastern and central-western regions had the maximum records. Low tolerance to the colder climate may be the reason for the lack of guppy records in the southernmost states. It was also observed that the occurrence of this fish is positively, yet weakly, related to the density of human population, indicating that improved regulations regarding its use in controlling disease vectors, the aquarium trade and education of aquarium hobbyists could help prevent the spread of this species and its potential impacts in Brazil. © 2020 The Fisheries Society of the British Isle
Macroecologia dos saguis da América do Sul (Primates, Callitrichidae)
Get PDFEsta tese apresenta a diversidade, distribuição, história evolutiva, sistemática e biogeografia dos pequenos macacos saguis da América do Sul, com ênfase nas espécies Amazônicas dos gêneros Mico e Callibella
Properties of carbon particles in archeological and natural Amazon rainforest soils
No full textDriving practices of Amazon native inhabitants are an example of positive feedback in carbon storage acting as a key element in soil fertility and stability. The anthropogenic Amazonian Terra Preta do Índio (Indian Dark Earth) soils are rich in pyrogenic black carbon and the Rio Negro (Black River) also exhibits plentiful apparently similar black-carbon particles. In this context, we characterized the structural, morphological and elemental properties of the long-lived stable carbon-based structures present in sediments of the Amazonian Rio Negro and in two Terra Preta do Índio soils from two different geographic regions. Optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques are utilized. The structural analysis displayed that these carbon structures exhibit similar nanocrystallite structures, despite their different geographic location and environment. The Terra Preta do Índio-carbons are however, more defective and the quantitative elemental analyzes indicate they have greater variety of nutrients, such as P and Ca, than Rio Negro sediment-carbons. © 2020 Elsevier B.V
Review of the genus Dinelytron Gray (Prisopodidae: Prisopodinae: Prisopodini), with a phylogenetic analysis of the genera of the Prisopodini, including the description of a new genus
No full textThe taxonomy of Dinelytron Gray (Prisopodidae: Prisopodinae) is controversially discussed in the literature, as well as the delimitation between Prisopodini genera. The phylogenetic relationships between Prisopodini genera were never studied. Attempting to resolve these problems, Dinelytron was reviewed and a phylogeny was conducted to test the monophyly of the genus and better delimitate the limits of the tribe genera. Resulting, Prisopoides gen. nov., with four species was described. In Dinelytron, one species is redescribed and five new Brazilian species are described. Dinelytron unilineatus (Redtenbacher) comb. nov. was transferred from Damasippus Stål. New diagnosis for Damasippus and Prisopus are proposed, based on external characters and of the male genitalia. The phylogeny recovered two most parsimonious trees, both supporting the taxonomic changes proposed in the present study. Prisopodini and each of its genera are shown to be monophyletic. Novelties on the male genitalia are described and discussed, as well as their impact over Phasmatodea systematics. © 2020 Elsevier Gmb
Molecular detection of Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus infecting chili pepper
No full textBegomoviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) are responsible for considerable losses in several tropical crops, more commonly in bean and tomato. Begomoviruses comprise the most numerous and economically destructive group within Geminiviridae. Characteristic symptoms of begomovirus infection in Capsicum chinense (chili pepper, Solanaceae) were observed in smallholder farms in the state of Amazonas. The molecular detection and identification of begomoviruses affecting chili pepper were conducted from symptomatic foliar samples collected at 14 farms in the municipalities of Presidente Figueiredo, Iranduba and Manaus (Amazonas state). Begomovirus was detected in five out of the 69 samples, all of the cultivar Lupita. Pairwise sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis based on the complete sequence of the DNA-A component identified the isolates as members of the species Euphorbia yellow mosaic virus (EuYMV). Comparative analysis with 36 EuYMV isolates grouped the Amazonian isolates in a single clade, indicating a low degree of genetic variability for this begomovirus. © 2020, Sociedade Brasileira de Fitopatologia
Catalogue of type specimens of Insecta (Arthropoda: Hexapoda) deposited in the entomological collection of the Museum of Zoology of Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil
No full textThis contribution is an update catalogue of the type specimens of Insecta deposited in the entomological collection Prof. Johann Becker of the Museum of Zoology of Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. A list of 206 holtypes and 1, 430 paratypes of 23 families, 73 genera, and 244 species allocated in 12 orders. Lectotype and paralectotypes of Bitoma palmarum Bondar, 1940 were designated. Diptera present the highest number of types on the collection, with 161 holotypes and 1, 324 paratypes. Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press