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EDXRF Analysis of Lithics from Lapakahi State Historical Park, Kohala District, Hawai‘i Island
Get PDFWe used energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) to geochemically characterize legacy lithic collections from William Bonk’s 1969 Lapakahi excavations in the southern portions of Koai‘e Village, including volcanic glass, basalt debitage, abraders, and stone sinkers. A contemporary collection of a volcanic glass surface scatter in Lapakahi also improved our sample size, and expands on the lithic sourcing work for leeward Kohala regions immediately to the south. Significant findings include the abundance of volcanic glass from Pu‘uwa‘awa‘a in excess of previously published predictive models, and the absence of any adze material from the nearby Pololū adze quarry. Furthermore, lead (Pb) residue on abraders imported from a Mauna Loa source confirms the use of scoria abraders in the historical era
The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh is Thanking our Reviewers
No full textSome might feel that reviewing a manuscript for a journal is a thankless chore. Nonetheless, we must consider the importance of high-quality, thoughtful peer review. Although time-consuming, a detailed review helps everyone. It elevates the article's attributes and citations and lifts the journal's importance to a higher level of respect. A comprehensive review educates those writing the review and those receiving it at both the author and editorial levels. Dr. Amit Kumar Sinah way of manuscript analysis and productive comments helped mentoring the authors and added to their benefit. Our warmest thanks to all our reviewers and especially to Dr. Amit Kumar Sinah. Reviewing manuscripts is a demanding undertaking. However, it is one of the most crucial stages in the editorial process before publishing. The review report is vital to the quality of the scientific expression. The reviewers are the hidden guardian angels of our journal. Although the authors take credit for publishing the articles, we want to recognize the reviewers for their vital work. Therefore, the Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bmidgeh publishes the reviewers who engage in the editorial processes
Characteristics of the interferon regulatory factor IRF5 and its stimulation expression by <em>Elizabethkingia miricola</em> Infection in black-spotted frog (<em>Pelophylax nigromaculatus</em>)
Get PDFInterferon regulatory factors (IRFs) have been confirmed as vital transcription factors for the immune system, which play a certain role in anti-infection defense, immune regulation, hematopoietic cell development, and maturation of the immune system. In this study, the cDNA of Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) was cloned from black-spotted frog, Pelophylax nigromaculatus, and termed PnIRF5. The results indicated, the full-length cDNA of PnIRF5 was 2090 bp, and a putative protein of 504 amino acids was encoded. The results of protein domain prediction suggested that PnIRF5 exhibited a DNA-binding domain (DBD), a middle region (MR), an IRF association domain (IAD), a virus activated domain (VAD), as well as two nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Phylogenetic analysis clustered PnIRF5 into the amphibian IRF5 subgroup in vertebrate IRF5 group. The results of qPCR show that PnIRF5 mRNA was expressed in all examined tissues, with higher levels were identified in the kidney, intestine, and lung. The gene expression of PnIRF5 was analyzed in kidney, spleen, and liver of black-spotted frog after challenged with Elizabethkingia miricola, and the maximum expression level of PnIRF5 in liver, spleen, and kidney were 1.80, 2.33 and 2.88 times that at 0 days post challenged, respectively. As indicated by the results, the PnIRF5 protein may take on critical significance in protecting black-spotted frog from E. miricola infection, and they may play a certain role in the immune response of black-spotted frog against bacteria
Research Progress in Molecular Biology of Fish Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Get PDFImmunoglobulin (Ig) is a type of globulin produced by B lymphocytes during pathogenic infection of vertebrates. It has immune functions and can realize specific recognition and neutralization of corresponding antigens. As IgM is reported first in fish, IgM is the first antibody produced during immune responses and plays a vital role in systemic and mucosal immune tissues. IgM molecules have two forms: membrane-bound IgM (mIgM) and secreted IgM (sIgM). The latter is produced by plasmacytes and secreted into body fluid, existing as immunological effect molecules. The former embeds into B cytomembrane and exists as an antigen receptor. It binds with assistant molecules to form cell receptor compounds. This study reviews research progress on the structures and production processes of IgM genes in different fish species and the distribution characteristics of IgM on B cells, mediated signal pathways, and functions. It aims to enrich basic theoretical knowledge of fish immunology and provide some scientific references for disease control in fishes
Will ocean acidification affect the digestive physiology and gut microbiota of whelk *Brunneifusus ternatanus*?
Get PDFTo understand the physiological responses of the Brunneifusus ternatanus to future ocean acidification (OA), histology, enzyme activity and gut bacterial composition at different pH levels (Control : C group, pH 8.1; Exposure period : EP group, pH 7.3) for 28 days were studied under laboratory conditions. Microbiota composition was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Enzyme activities of trypsin (TRY), lipase (LPS), amylase (AMS), and lysozyme (LZM) were used as biochemical indicators, as well as weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) as growth indicators. The stress caused by OA resulted in alterations to the intestine, including partially swollen and degranulated enterocytes and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The relative abundance of the core phylum in the acidified group changed significantly, showing an increase in Tenericutes and a decrease in Proteobacteria. Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio declined from 4.38 in the control group to 1.25 in the EP group. We found that the enzymes TRY, LPS, and AMS activities were inhibited at reduced pH, which was positively correlated with the dominant genera Mycoplasma and Bacteroides; while LZM activities showed a significant increment, but showing a strong negative correlation. Furthermore, both WG and SRG values showed a depression at low pH lever. These results suggest that if anthropogenic CO2 emissions continue to accelerate, OA could lead to a negative impact on the whelk health, also compromising their growth performance and even survival. These findings will benefit the future risk assessments of OA or other related emerging environmental issue
Effect of different light intensities on prolactin and cortisol plasma concentration in farming African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in RAS with low-water exchange
Get PDFIn the Bulgarian aquaculture sector, focusing research efforts on the technical specifications of the cultivation of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) is important due to the need for more information. We aimed to assess the impact of light intensities on prolactin and cortisol levels as stress markers in African catfish. Fish were acclimated over an appropriate period to the short photoperiod (16D and 8L) and then distributed randomly to three groups, each separated by sex. Fish exposed to different light intensities (63, 51, and 40 lux, respectively) were followed for 45 days by lux meter. Blood samples were collected from the caudal vein using a 2 ml K2EDTA-coated syringe. A laser fluorescence reader assayed plasma prolactin and cortisol. The pituitary was removed from anesthetized fish and fixed for histological examinations. The results of our study suggest that increasing light intensity increases prolactin and cortisol levels in African catfish
Northern Pwo Karen Numeral Classifiers: Semantic Categories and Structures
Get PDFDescriptions of the numeral classifier systems of Karenic (Tibeto-Burman) languages are limited to Eastern Kayah (Solnit 1997), Thai Sgaw Karen (Ratanakul 2001), and Kayan (Manson 2010). Thus, this paper aims to expand knowledge about Karenic classifiers by describing the numeral classifiers in a Northern Pwo Karen 103,000-word corpus of mostly narrative texts. Northern Pwo Karen is an under-documented Karenic language that is not intelligible with other Pwo Karen language varieties. The numeral classifiers include a small inventory of sortal classifiers and a more extensive inventory of mensural classifiers. Both sortal and mensural classifiers occur in interrogative and indefinite reference expressions. They also appear in adverbial phrases that provide more information about events