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Kukuipahu: A Unique Hawaiian Monumental Structure Utilizing Cut-and-Dressed Stone Masonry
Get PDFAlthough common in other islands of Eastern Polynesia, cut-and-dressed masonry is
exceedingly rare in Hawai‘i. This article describes a significant exception, Kukuipahu
Heiau, a monumental structure in the Kohala district, Hawai‘i Island, which incorporates
more than one hundred cut-and-dressed basalt slabs, as well as worked red scoria blocks.
There appear to have been at least two construction phases, with an earlier phase utilizing
the worked stone, followed by a destructive interval, and then a later phase characterized
by more typical Hawaiian stacked stone construction. A precise survey of the structure
shows that it deviates only slightly from cardinality, but when the altitude of the Kohala
ridgeline is taken into account, the site was oriented within 1–2° of the equinoctial rising of
the sun. Hawaiian oral traditions associate the hewing of temple stones with the famed
Hawai‘i Island king ‘Umi-a-Līloa; we suggest that Kukuipahu Heiau may have been built
during his reign, a hypothesis that deserves further research
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Bacillus spp. on Growth Performance, and Resistance of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease
Get PDFThis study was conducted to investigate effect of dietary supplementation of three Bacillus spp. on disease resistance of L. vannamei against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a main causative pathogen for acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), and growth performance and feed efficiency. Four diets were prepared by supplementing powder forms of Bacillus spp. (1 × 1010 CFU/g) with a combination at 0.2% (BS, B. subtilis only), 0.4% (BS/BP, a mixture of B. subtilis and B. pumilus), and 0.6% (BS/BP/BL, a mixture of B. subtilis, B. pumilus and B. licheniformis) into a control diet (no supplement). Quadruplicate groups of shrimp (average body weight, 0.51 g) per each diet were hand-fed the diets for 33 days. Shrimp fed the BS diet had significantly higher growth performance than those fed the control diet or other diets (BS/BP and BS/BP/BL) (P<0.05). After the feeding trial, the shrimp were challenged with V. parahaemolyticus through an immersion method at a concentration of 2 × 105 CFU/ml water for 193 h. The shrimp groups fed the Bacillus supplemented diets showed significantly increased (P<0.05) cumulative survival rates compared to the control diet group. At the last sampling (193h), AHPND toxin was not detected in shrimp fed BS diet while no hepatopancreas was sampled due to 100% mortality in the control group. The findings indicate that growth performance and disease resistance of L. vannamei against AHPND could be improved when shrimp are fed the tested Bacillus spp
Vietnamese Initial Consonant Clusters in Quốc Ngữ Documents from the 17th to Early 19th Centuries
Get PDFThis paper presents a few claims based on documents written in the Vietnamese Quốc Ngữ Roman orthography. The fact that Vietnamese once had initial consonant clusters bl, ml, mnh (/mɲ/) and tl is well known. Early Vietnamese Quốc Ngữ spellings indicate that the change of mnh (/mɲ/) to nh (/ɲ/) was complete by the end of the 17th century and that the change from tl to tr (/ʈ/) was complete by the end of the 18th. However, some words show variant spellings with m or b (e.g. mồ hôi ~ bồ hôi ‘sweat’) and with ml or bl (e.g. mlớn ~ blớn ‘big’). These alternate spellings m ~ b and ml ~ bl suggest that the correspondences upon which proto-Vietic */ɓ/ is based need to be modified: rather than Vietnamese /m/ from Vietic *b and *p, the correspondence should be Vietnamese /m/ and /b/ and Vietic *b and *p. Early documents show the following: first, alternations between m and b and ml and bl recorded in early Quốc Ngữ writing provide additional evidence for the reconstruction of a proto-Vietic voiced implosive bilabial oral stop */ɓ/ rather than a prenasalized stop */mb/ or glottalized stop */ʔb/; second, spellings from 18th and 19th century documents show ml in seven words and bl in fifteen, indicating an incomplete change of ml to either nh or l, depending on dialect, and either bl to gi (/ʐ/) in Northern dialects or bl to tr (/ʈ/) elsewhere. The implication is that some features of early Austroasiatic initials persisted in Vietnamese up to 250 to 300 years ago
