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Thai Passive Markers in Adversative and Non-adversative Passives in Speakers of Different Ages
Get PDFThis study investigates how Thai speakers of different ages use the passive sentences with positive and negative verbs in adversative and non-adversative situations and shows the tendency of language variation in passive markers among speakers of different ages. Online questionnaires were collected from four age groups, namely, youths, early and late middle-aged speakers, and elderly. One of the results of the study shows that thùuk is the most frequent passive marker in Thai for speakers of all ages and confirms Prasithrathsint (2001)’s claim that thùuk is the generic passive marker and that doon is the adversative passive marker in Thai. The passive marker dâyráp, on the other hand, is limited in its use to passive sentences with favorable meanings. While the elderly Thai speakers in the study tend to maintain dâyráp in positive situations, the youths prefer thùuk for positive verbs and doon for negative verbs. In negative verbs with adversative situations, speakers of all age groups in the study prefer thùuk, except for the youths. The data for this study also suggests that the degrees of positivity and adversity of verbs in passive constructions could affect the choice of passive markers. Verbs with a higher degree of positivity have a higher tendency to occur with dâyráp, while verbs with a higher degree of adversity have a higher tendency to appear with the passive marker doon. The use of dâyráp and thùuk in speakers of different ages could reflect tendencies of language change, while the use of doon could point to age-grading
Ablaut Reduplication in Javanese
No full textThis study offers new insights into ablaut reduplication in Javanese (hereafter Javanese ablaut), such as these examples: /tʃorak-tʃorek/ ‘to draw line aimlessly; doodle’, /elar-elur/ ‘to march in a long procession’, /liwaŋ-liwuŋ/ ‘extensive and dense jungle’, /gonta-ganti/ ‘to take turns, by turns; to keep changing back and forth’, (Robson and Wibisono 2002). Using an expanded data set of over 600 examples of ablaut reduplication, the largest dataset of Javanese ablaut to date, this study broadens our understanding of both its semantic meanings and its phonological patterns. It expands the list of semantic categories of Javanese ablaut, which prior to the present work was defined as only ‘habitual repetitive’ (Dudas 1976, Kenstowicz 1986, and Yip 1995) and ‘negative feelings’ (Miyake 2011). Regarding phonological patterns, this data confirms that Javanese ablaut prefers an /a/ in the reduplicant if the base includes any other vowel; however, the data points to a preference for high vowels in the reduplicant if the base contains an /a/, while previous research suggested a preference for the mid vowel /e/ (Dudas 1976, Kenstowicz 1986, and Yip 1995). Finally, it suggests a connection between this preference for high vowels and a newly identified ‘back-and-forth’ semantic category
Political Offices: U.S. House of Representatives: Federal Departments & Agencies: Dept. of Justice: Anti-trust file (Hawaiʻi)
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Political Offices: U.S. House of Representatives: Federal Departments & Agencies: General Services Administration: Federal office building (Honolulu)
Get PDFPolitical Offices: U.S. House of Representatives: Federal Departments & Agencies: Federal Communications Commission: American Islands Broadcasting Corp., Kauaʻi
Get PDFPolitical Offices: U.S. House of Representatives: Federal Departments & Agencies: Dept. of Justice: Civil rights - churches
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