83602 research outputs found
Sort by
De novo transcriptome analysis of the sandworm (Sipunculus nudus) and identification of differentially expressed genes associated with body size
Get PDFThe sandworm (Sipunculus nudus) is an aquatic species of economic importance because of its high nutritional and medicinal value. Under the same culture conditions, substantial individual growth variation is often found in populations of sandworms. However, the genetic mechanisms of individual growth variation are poorly understood. In this study, the transcriptome of the body wall muscle of the sandworm at different growth rates was analyzed by Illumina sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. A total of 185 181 unigenes were obtained after processing raw reads and about 96,824 (47.72%) of them were annotated. Among the annotated transcripts, 418 differentially expressed genes were identified, of which 207 were upregulated and 211 were downregulated in large worms relative to small worms. We identified several genes that had a possible association with individual growth variation. These results will provide insight into the growth mechanism of sandworm, and will further assist in the selective breeding of improved strains of this species
Dietary Quillaja saponin improves growth and resistance against acute hyposalinity shock in the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon post larvae
Get PDFAcute hyposalinity stress in shrimp ponds is a natural occurrence during the rainy season and the provision of functional ingredients that will elicit resistance to this stress is needed. Quillaja saponin (QS), a triterpenoid saponin derived from the bark of Quillaja saponaria, is reported to trigger innate immunity in vitro and in vivo in shrimps. The present study aims to evaluate its potential as growth-promoter and its immune-enhancement effects against salinity stress. Three separate experiments were done: (a) an attractability test; (b) a 30-day feeding trial to determine optimal inclusion of QS; and (3) an acute hyposalinity stress test following feeding the experimental diets. Attractability tests showed that all the Quillaja saponin inclusions significantly attracted more shrimps than the control diet (p<0.05). In the feeding trial, 5 experimental diets containing 0.0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 g kg-1 QS (QS 0, QS 15, QS 30, QS 45 and QS 60, respectively) were fed to groups of shrimps. Results showed that the final average body weight (FABW), feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) values of shrimps in the QS 30 and 45 groups were significantly higher than that of the control group; the values of those in QS 15 and 60 groups were not significantly different from those of the QS 0 group. The optimal inclusion level of dietary QS was estimated to be 0.36 g kg-1. In the acute hyposalinity stress test, shrimps were fed with the experimental diets for 2 weeks and then transferred from 24 PSU salinity media to 2 PSU. All QS groups showed lower cumulative mortality rate than that of the QS 0 group except for the QS 60; QS 30 groups exhibited significantly the lowest. The estimated level of QS that elicited the lowest cumulative mortality rate was 0.33 g kg-1. In conclusion, the diets containing QS enhanced the shrimp's attractability, promoted both growth and immune response against acute hyposalinity stress at the optimal level of 0.36 g kg-1 QS in the black tiger shrimp P. monodon
Effects of dietary P:E ratio and Rhizoclonium in two stocking densities on growth and profitability of Nile tilapia in intensive pond culture
Get PDFTwo onsite tests were carried out to determine the effects of varying dietary protein to energy (P:E) ratio in intensive culture of Nile tilapia in two different places at two stocking densities. In both field trials, three diets were used namely commercial (CM) diet, control (CO) diet containing no Rhizoclonium and a diet containing Rhizoclonium replacing 52% of soybean meal (RLP); the diets contained decreasing P:E ratio of 21, 16 and 12 gMJ-1, respectively. The first trial was conducted in Aklan, Philippines at a stocking density of 17 fishm-2 while the second was in Pangasinan, Philippines at 27 fishm-2. In both trials, the three diets were fed for 2 months to 3 replicate cages of Nile tilapia, all of which were randomly placed in about 1.0 ha fresh water fish pond. In the first trial in Aklan, at 17 fish m-2 stocking density, no significant differences in the parameters were observed except in the absolute growth rate (AGR) in which the RLP dietary treatment exhibited a higher value than did either the CM or the CO diet. In Pangasinan, at 27 fish m-2 stocking density, significant differences in TFI, DFI and SGR were observed, all the other parameters were statistically similar. The RLP group exhibited lower total feed intake (TFI) and daily feed intake (DFI) but higher specific growth rate (SGR) than did either the CM or CO diet. In either stocking densities, feed cost was the main determinant of profitability in which the RLP group resulted in significantly highest profitability i.e., lowest total production cost, highest gross income and highest profit and profit margin. Although profit was significantly higher in the higher stocking density, profit margin was significantly higher in the lower stocking density. There was no statistical interaction between dietary treatment and stocking density as analyzed by two-way analysis of variance
Our Royal Guest: American Press Coverage of King Kalākaua's Visit to the United States, 1874–1875
No full text
Plasma and Tissue Depletion of Oxolinic Acid after Administration to Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides), Snubnose Pompano (Trachinotus blochii) and Giant Seaperch (Lates calcarifer)
Get PDFPharmacokinetics and residues of oxolinic acid (OXO) in serum, muscle, liver, and kidney were measured in orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides, snubnose pompano Trachinotus blochii and giant seaperch Lates calcarifer. Fish were treated with OXO after a single-dose trial (60 mg/kg) by oral gavages and repeat-doses of 60 mg/kg of body weight once daily in feed for five consecutive days. Analysis of OXO kinetic profiles, when determined by HPLC provided elimination half-life in muscle were 131, 26, and 85 h for 26-27 °C orange-spotted grouper, snubnose pompano, and giant seaperch, respectively. Depletion studies were conducted the time for OXO concentrations to fall below 0.1 μg/g (the current tolerance set by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) among fish species establishing an adequate depletion period). The mean tissue OXO concentration in the edible portion was below maximum residue level (MRL) of snubnose pompano at 6 d postdosing, for orange-spotted grouper and giant seaperch, at 10 d postdosing, respectively. When possible, depletion data were fitted to a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model. For all test species, the longest withdrawal period of 9 days in snubnose pompano and 15 days in orange-spotted grouper and giant seaperch were calculated because of a safety span (corresponds to 50% of the time point when at which residues fall below the MRL added to the depletion time). These results suggest withdrawal times with reference to human consumption of treated fish, to establish policy guidelines and basic principles regarding the use of OXO for fish-farming, and to fish-farmers for the proper handling to ensure safe fish that the consumer will not be at risk
Voiced Obstruents in Mien and Old Chinese Reconstructions
Get PDFThis paper presents additional data from Chinese loanwords into Hmong-Mien documenting the existence of prenasalization in Old Chinese, focusing on one variety: Jiangdi Mien. It additionally discusses methodological issues regarding the use of these loanwords in Old Chinese reconstruction, as well as Hmong-Mien reconstruction
Effect of feeding frequency on growth performance and immune response on Golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus
Get PDFGolden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) is a commercially important marine fish and is widely cultured in the coastal area of South China. The aims of this study are to investigate the effect of feeding frequency on growth performance, biochemical indices, muscle composition of Trachinotus ovatus, 6 groups of feeding frequency were designed (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6TD) for 10 weeks to analyze the survival rate of T. ovatus. The results showed that final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, viscerosomatic index and hepatosomatic index of the 4TD group were significantly higher than of the other groups (P 0.05). The crude fat and crude protein content were higher in the 4TD group, but there was no difference in moisture and ash among the groups (P > 0.05). Total protein, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein content was lowest in the 4TD group. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and total antioxidant capacity were significantly higher in the 3 and 4TD groups than that of the other groups (P 0.05). Malondialdehyde was significantly higher in the 4TD group than that of the 1, 2 and 5TD groups (P 0.05). Lysozyme was significantly lower in the 1 and 6TD groups than other groups (P 0.05). Feeding frequency of 4TD for the T. ovatus seems suitable since the fish of this treatment group showed a fast and a healthy growth while muscle quality was maintained
Book Notice: Austroasiatic Syntax in Areal and Diachronic Perspective
Get PDFThis is a book notice for the publication "Austroasiatic Syntax in Areal and Diachronic Perspective"