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About nation theories
No full textEl estudio de las teorías de la nación acarrea considerables dificultades por la multitud de enfoques, tanto en términos conceptuales como explicativos. La inexistencia de una teoría unificada provoca que conceptos básicos como nación y gran parte de sus derivados sean términos en disputa, lo que genera serios impedimentos a la hora de fijarlos y ofrecer definiciones claras y ampliamente compartidas por la academia. En este artículo, partiendo de la definición weberiana de Estado, se efectuará una revisión y clasificación sistemática de los principales enfoques y aportaciones teóricas de la nación, proponiendo un marco a partir del cual se podrán ubicar a los autores más autorizados sobre la materia, así como a sus propuestas. Además, también se expondrán las diferentes tipologías desarrollas entorno al termino nacionalismo. Todo ello, tiene por objetivo sintetizar, ordenar y clarificar los distintos enfoques teóricos en un tema de estudio cuya relevancia y vigencia continúa estando de lo más presente en la actualidad.Studying the theories of nations entails considerable difficulties when observing the heterogeneous approaches related to its ideas and explanations. As a result of the lack of a unified theory, concepts such as nation, and a majority of its derived nouns, are what the academia consider as unsettled terms. This article, taking as the starting point the Webber definition of State, will carry out a review and systematic classification of those considered to be the main approaches and theoretical contributions about nation, suggesting a framework through which the most relevant authors on nation studies can be placed. Along with this, nationalism term typologies will be expounded with the main objective of summarizing, structure and clarify the diverse theoretical approaches of a study subject, that continues to be relevant and in effect up to this day
Predictors of Global Non-Motor Symptoms Burden Progression in Parkinson’s Disease. Results from the COPPADIS Cohort at 2-Year Follow-Up
No full textBackground and Objective: Non-motor symptoms (NMS) progress in different ways between Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. The aim of the present study was to (1) analyze the change in global NMS burden in a PD cohort after a 2-year follow-up, (2) to compare the changes with a control group, and (3) to identify predictors of global NMS burden progression in the PD group. Material and Methods: PD patients and controls, recruited from 35 centers of Spain from the COPPADIS cohort from January 2016 to November 2017, were followed-up with after 2 years. The Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) was administered at baseline (V0) and at 24 months ± 1 month (V2). Linear regression models were used for determining predictive factors of global NMS burden progression (NMSS total score change from V0 to V2 as dependent variable). Results: After the 2-year follow-up, the mean NMS burden (NMSS total score) significantly increased in PD patients by 18.8% (from 45.08 ± 37.62 to 53.55 ± 42.28; p < 0.0001; N = 501; 60.2% males, mean age 62.59 ± 8.91) compared to no change observed in controls (from 14.74 ± 18.72 to 14.65 ± 21.82; p = 0.428; N = 122; 49.5% males, mean age 60.99 ± 8.32) (p < 0.0001). NMSS total score at baseline (β = −0.52), change from V0 to V2 in PDSS (Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale) (β = −0.34), and change from V0 to V2 in NPI (Neuropsychiatric Inventory) (β = 0.25) provided the highest contributions to the model (adjusted R-squared 0.41; Durbin-Watson test = 1.865). Conclusions: Global NMS burden demonstrates short-term progression in PD patients but not in controls and identifies worsening sleep problems and neuropsychiatric symptoms as significant independent predictors of this NMS progression
High pressure CO2 solubility in food model solutions and fruit juices
Get PDFMeasurements of CO2 solubility were performed in different media, pure water, model citrate buffer solutions at different pH values and in the presence of different sugar content and in real apple and carrot juices. Solubility was determined in the pressure range from 8 to 20 MPa and in the temperature range from 308 to 318 K. CO2 solubility in citrate buffer solutions at pH = 3.8 and pH = 6.2 was slightly lower than CO2 solubility in pure water. A Chrastil-type equation according to Fornari’s approach was used to fit CO2 solubility data in pure water and model solutions. A new term was introduced in this equation to account for the decrease in solubility of CO2 in the presence of sugar in the liquid media.Spanish Government (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) for financial support of project CTQ2015-64396-
Toxicological evaluation of MnAl based permanent magnets using different in vitro models
Get PDFDue to economic, environmental and geopolitical issues, the development of permanent magnets with a composition free of rare earth elements and with acceptable magnetic properties has been considered a priority by the international community, being MnAl based alloys amongst the most promising candidates. The aim of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of powders of two forms of newly developed MnAl(C) permanent magnets through exposure experiments applying three model organisms, using as a benchmark powders of a commercial rare-earth-containing magnet (Nd2Fe14B). For this purpose, the direct exposure to the different particles suspensions as well as to magnets leachates was evaluated. Both viability and oxidative stress assays were applied in an adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cell line (A549) and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, together with the bioluminescent inhibition assay in the Gram negative bacterium Vibrio fischeri. The obtained results indicate that MnAl(C) permanent magnets, in general terms, presented similar toxicity than the Nd magnet for the selected biological models under the studied conditions. Overall, the presented data provide, for the first time, an in vitro toxicity analysis of MnAl based magnets.European Union’s Horizon 2020 NOVAMAG project (NMBP 23-2015, grant agreement N 686056) and from the Junta de Castilla y Leon and the European Social Fund-Youth European Initiative grant UBU-15-A
Partial least squares model inversion in the chromatographic determination of triazines in water
Get PDFInside the framework of Analytical Quality by Design, a model-based approach has been developed and used to identify operating conditions (control method parameters) related to the composition and flow rate of the mobile phase for a liquid chromatographic determination with preset quality characteristics.
The approach starts by defining these desired characteristics of the intended chromatogram (proper resolution for consecutive peaks and short time of analysis) and then looking for the needed control method parameters via inversion of a Partial Least Squares (PLS) prediction model.
The procedure has been applied to the determination of eight triazines (simazine, simetryn, atrazine, ametryn, propazine, terbuthylazine, prometryn and terbutryn) in surface waters by means of SPE-HPLC-DAD. These triazines either are forbidden or have a maximum allowable limit due to their potential toxicity.
The experimental verification of the selected parameters showed that the experimental results were significantly equal to those predicted. Besides, the validation of the developed method allowed concluding that accuracy was fulfilled for the eight triazines and there was not bias. With a probability of false positive equal to 0.05, CCβ was less than 3 µg L−1 for every triazine, except for simazine and terbutryn, which was less than 6 µg L−1 being the probability of false negative less than 10-6.
No triazine was found, above their maximum allowable concentration, in any of the samples of surface water picked at fifteen different locations, mostly from streams and the Arlanzón river, near Burgos (Spain).Spanish MINECO (AEI/FEDER, UE) through project CTQ2017-88894-R, and Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León (BU052P20) both co-financed with European Regional Development Fund
Enzymatic hydrolysis of the industrial solid residue of red seaweed after agar extraction: Extracts characterization and modelling
Get PDFThe efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis for the release of different biocompounds such as total phenolic compounds (TPC), sugars and proteins from the industrial solid residue of G. sesquipedale after agar extraction has been evaluated. Cellulase (0.25–8%, w/w, enzyme: solid residue, pH = 5) has been proved to be an efficient enzyme to degrade the algae cell wall improving the release of the bound TPC with values up to 7.5 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry macroalgae residue. Monomer and oligomer carbohydrates were released to the reaction medium, namely glucose, galactose and arabinose with higher yields by increasing cellulase concentration. Enzyme combinations with other hydrolytic enzymes, such as xylanase and protease, did not bring any improvement of the TPC and sugar yields. Protein was also released to the enzymatic medium with protein extraction yields around 30%. The use of protease under basic conditions led to an increase in the release of the protein fraction and of the free amino acids content with a hydrophobic ratio higher than in the raw material. The kinetics of TPC and protein hydrolysis have been fitted to the power law and the Weibull models yielding the Weibull model the best fitting quality.Agencia Estatal de Investigación [grant number PID2019-104950RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033] and the Junta de Castilla y León (JCyL) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) [grant numbers BU301P18 and BU050P20
Analysis of educational programs on mental health literacy. Documentary review
No full textArtículo de revisiónIntroducción. Educación y salud mental están estrechamente relacionadas. Los programas educativos de alfabetización en salud mental (ASM) proporcionan conocimientos sobre los problemas de salud mental, su prevención y la búsqueda de ayuda. Además, favorecen la reducción del estigma. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar y describir los programas de ASM hallados en publicaciones científicas. Método. A través de la revisión documental en las bases de datos WOS y Scopus para el periodo 2000-2018 con el empleo de término en español e inglés, se obtienen, en un primer momento 355 artículos, tras su cribado siguiendo los criterios de inclusión y elegibilidad, se seleccionan 44 artículos que describen 38 programas educativos de ASM. Resultados. Se han descrito, según el grupo destinatario (alumnado, profesorado y otros colectivos), las principales características (nombre, edad de los receptores, idioma, duración, metodología, país) de 38 programas educativos de ASM. Discusión. Los programas son muy diversos en cuanto a tipología, duración y estrategias metodológicas. El contacto directo con personas con enfermedad mental es una estrategia clave para combatir el estigma, pese a su reducido uso. Las intervenciones se dirigen, principalmente a la población adolescente. Se puede trabajar la salud mental con estrategias variadas en los centros educativos.Introduction. Education and mental health are closely related. Mental health literacy (MHL) education programs provide knowledge about mental health problems, their prevention, and seeking help. They also promote stigma reduction. The objective of this paper is to identify MHL programs described in scientific publications. Methods: Through the doc-umentary review in the WOS and Scopus databases for the period 2000-2020 with use of Spanish and English terms, 355 articles are initially obtained. After screening them according to the inclusion and eligibility criteria, 44 articles are selected that describe 38 MHL educational programs. Results. According to the target group (students, teachers and other groups), the main characteristics (name, age of recipients, language, duration, methodology, country) of 38 MHL educational pro-grams have been described. Discussion. The programs are very diverse in terms of typology, duration and methodological strategies. Direct contact with people with mental illness is a key strategy to combat stigma, despite its reduced use. The interventions are directed mainly to the adolescent population. Mental health can be promoted through a variety of strategies in educational centers
Comprender las Conductas de Riesgo Sexual en Adultos Jóvenes y los Desafíos en su Educación
No full textSexual risk behaviours are considered sexual conducts that can cause biological, psychological and social damage. Therefore, sexuality education is considered the only effective way to avoid it. This project aims to understand sexual risk behaviour factors and their consequences in young adults and to explore strategies they would use to face them. To answer these questions, we conducted a qualitative study in which we interviewed 11 young adults using an asynchronous mail technique due to the Covid19 pandemic. We also carried out a thematic analysis and developed our key results: 1) Sexual attitudes and behaviours; 2) Sexual risk factors, 3) Sexual risk consequences; and 4) Educational approach and strategies. Similarities in the themes were verified with previous literature, exposing the importance of learning to identify factors and consequences to respond appropriately. Participants believe that comprehensive and egalitarian sexuality education applied at individual and community level is a solid method that can improve sexual health and well-being. To conclude, this study reveals the importance of listening to young adults’ perspectives towards these conduct variables and educational approaches in order to establish global health strategies that could be based on these results.Las conductas de riesgo sexual se consideran conductas sexuales que pueden causar daños biológicos, psicológicos y sociales. Por lo tanto, la educación sexual se considera la única forma efectiva de evitarla. El objetivo de este estudio cualitativo es comprender los factores de las conductas sexuales de riesgo y sus consecuencias en los adultos jóvenes y explorar las estrategias que utilizan para enfrentarlos. Se entrevista a 11 adultos jóvenes utilizando la técnica de correo asincrónico debido a la pandemia de la Covid19. Se desarrollan los resultados clave a través de un análisis temático: 1) Actitudes y comportamientos sexuales; 2) Factores de riesgo sexual; 3) Consecuencias de riesgo sexual; y 4) Enfoque y estrategias educativas. Las similitudes de los temas se verificaron con la literatura previa, exponiendo la importancia de aprender a identificar factores y consecuencias para responder adecuadamente. Los participantes creen que la educación sexual integral e igualitaria aplicada a nivel individual y comunitario es un método sólido que puede mejorar la salud y el bienestar sexual. Este estudio revela la importancia de escuchar las perspectivas de los adultos jóvenes sobre estas variables de conducta y enfoques educativos para establecer estrategias globales de salud que podrían basarse en estos resultados
Detection of Broken Rotor Bars in Nonlinear Startups of Inverter-Fed Induction Motors
No full textFault detection in induction motors powered by inverters operating in nonstationary regimes remains a challenge.
The trajectory in the time–frequency plane of harmonics related
to broken rotor bar develops very in proximity to the path described by the fundamental component. In addition, their energy is much lower than the amplitude of the first harmonic. These two
characteristics make it challenging to observe them. The Dragon
Transform (DT), here presented, is developed to overcome the
described problem. In this article, the DT is assessed with nonlinear
inverter-fed startups, where its high time and frequency resolutions
facilitate the monitoring of fault harmonics even with highly adjacent trajectories to the first harmonic path
