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Subcritical Water as Pretreatment Technique for Bioethanol Production from Brewer’s Spent Grain within a Biorefinery Concept
Get PDFBioeconomy and environmental issues envisage industrial by-products such as Brewer’s
spent grain (BSG) as renewable resources for their recycling and reuse within a biorefinery concept.
This study aimed to investigate the production of bioethanol from subcritical water (subW) pretreated
BSG, following the conversion of the BSG biopolymers cellulose and hemicelluloses. The subW
pretreatment was performed in a batch reactor at 174 ◦C, during 60 min and 5% (w/v) of dry BSG
charge. The behavior of BSG biopolymers under subW pretreatment was monitored by evaluating
the chemical composition of the liquid and solid streams and the chemical and structural changes
caused in the solid residues by scanning electron microscope (SEM), CHNS elemental analysis
and water retention value (WRV). The production of bioethanol from subW-pretreated BSG was
assessed by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and also by simultaneous saccharification
and fermentation (SSF) by using the enzymatic cocktail Celluclast 1.5 L (40 FPU/gsolids) and the yeast
Ethanol Red®. The higher bioethanol productivity (1.073 g·L
−1
·h
−1
) and concentration (32.18 g/L)
were achieved by SSF with higher solids’ loading (25%) and following a fed-batch strategy. These
results suggest that subcritical water pretreatment is a promising technology for the valorization of
BSG as a feedstock for second-generation bioethanol production.This work was supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (ES) [grant numbers PID2019–104950RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, TED2021–129311B-I00 and PDC2022–133443-I00] and the Junta de Castilla y León (JCyL) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) [grant number BU050P20]. The P. Alonso-Riaño predoctoral contract was funded by JCyL and the European Social Fund (ESF) by ORDEN EDU/556/2019, de 5 de junio. This work was also developed within the scope of the project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (PT), UIDB/50011/2020, UIDP/50011/2020 & LA/P/0006/2020, financed by national funds through the FCT/MEC (PIDDAC)
Modul VII.2. Rana skrb i primjena pametnih izvora: Pametni osobni pomoćnici
Get PDFEste módulo plantea los elementos básicos para entender en qué consisten y cómo funcionan a un nivel abstracto los bots, entendidos como asistentes personales inteligentes. Mostrando además a su posible uso y utilidad en la rama de salud, y apuntando a sus futuras aplicaciones en la atención temprana.The module sets out with the basic elements to understand what botsare (as intelligent
personal assistants) and how they work at an abstract level. It also shows their possible
use and usefulness in the field of health, and points to their future applications in early
care.Il modulo fornisce gli elementi di base per capire cosa sono i bot (come assistenti
personali intelligenti) e come funzionano a livello astratto. Mostra inoltre il loro possibile
utilizzo e la loro utilità nel campo della salute e indica le loro future applicazioni
nell'assistenza precoce.Modul je dao prikaz osnovnih elemenata kako bismo razumjeli što su botovi i kako rade na apstraktnoj razini. Također ukazuje na mogućnost primjene i korisnost primjene u području zdravlja, s naglaskom na primjenu tijekom rane skrbi u budućnosti.“Specialized and updated training on supporting advance technologies for early childhood education and care professionals and graduates”, eEarlyCare-T, reference 2021-1-ES01-KA220-SCH-000032661, is co-financed by the European Union's Erasmus+ programme, line KA220 Strategic Partnerships Scholar associations
Modul VII.1. Rani razvoj i primjena pametnih tehnologija: Internet stvari i umjetna inteligencija
Get PDFEste módulo ha planteado y presentado dos conceptos: Internet of things e Inteligencia Artificial, que permiten entender cómo funcionan y qué utilidades pueden tener en la atención temprana.This module has presented two concepts: Internet of things and Artificial Intelligence,
that makes possible to understand how them work and their applications to early care.Questo modulo ha presentato due concetti: Internet delle cose e Intelligenza Artificiale, che consentono di comprenderne il funzionamento e le applicazioni all'assistenza precoce.Ovaj modul opisao je dva koncepta: internet stvari i umjetnu inteligenciju, što omogućuje razumijevanje njihovog funkcioniranja te njihove primjene u ranoj skrbi.“Specialized and updated training on supporting advance technologies for early childhood education and care professionals and graduates”, eEarlyCare-T, reference 2021-1-ES01-KA220-SCH-000032661, is co-financed by the European Union's Erasmus+ programme, line KA220 Strategic Partnerships Scholar associations
Modul V. Kognitivni, socijalni, komunikacijski i jezični razvoj
Get PDFEn este Módulo se ha presentado un breve repaso sobre el desarrollo cognitivo humano, analizando las teorías evolutivas más representativas para la explicación del mismo. Hay que señalar que el desarrollo sobre todo en la primera parte del periodo sensoriomotor, es un desarrollo global que comprende tanto el desarrollo perceptivo como el desarrollo motor y de la comunicación. Se han diferenciado en este momento dos hitos importantes como son la revolución de los dos meses y la de los nueve meses. Asimismo, a los doce meses se produce una nueva revolución que se relaciona con la independencia motora (bipedestación y marcha), así como con el inicio del desarrollo del lenguaje. Este último se relaciona directamente con la capacidad de representación y posteriormente con la de metarrepresentación. Estos son los prerrequisitos del desarrollo metacognitivo el cual se consolidará en el periodo preoperacional y que se relacionan con el desarrollo de la planificación, del pensamiento hipotético-deductivo y del desarrollo del lenguaje. Todos ellos van a facilitar la adquisición de las estrategias de resolución de problemas más allá del aquí y del ahora y el consiguiente desarrollo de la mente en lo que se ha denominado la ToM.This module has presented a brief review of human cognitive development, analysing
the most representative developmental theories to explain it. It should be pointed out
that development, especially in the first part of the sensorimotor period, is overall
development that includes perceptual as well as motor and communication
development. Two important milestones were distinguished during this time, namely
the two-month and nine-month revolutions. At twelve months, a new revolution takes
place which is related to motor independence (standing and walking), as well as the
beginning of language development. The latter is directly related to the ability to
represent and later the ability to meta-represent. These are prerequisites for
metacognitive development, which will be consolidated in the pre-operational period
and which are related to the development of planning, hypothetic-deductive thinking
and language. All of these facilitate the acquisition of problem-solving strategies beyond the here and now and the consequent development of the mind in what has
been called the ToM.Questo modulo ha presentato una breve rassegna dello sviluppo cognitivo umano,
analizzando le teorie dello sviluppo più rappresentative. Va sottolineato che lo sviluppo,
soprattutto nella prima parte del periodo sensomotorio, è uno sviluppo globale che
comprende lo sviluppo percettivo, motorio e comunicativo. In questo periodo si
distinguono due tappe importanti: la rivoluzione dei due mesi e quella dei nove mesi. A
dodici mesi ha luogo una nuova rivoluzione che riguarda l'indipendenza motoria (stare in
piedi e camminare) e l'inizio dello sviluppo del linguaggio. Quest'ultimo è direttamente
collegato alla capacità di rappresentare e, successivamente, di metarappresentare.
Questi sono i prerequisiti per lo sviluppo metacognitivo, che si consoliderà nel periodo
pre-operativo e che è legato allo sviluppo della pianificazione, del pensiero ipoteticodeduttivo
e del linguaggio. Tutti questi aspetti facilitano l'acquisizione di strategie di
problem-solving al di là del qui e ora e il conseguente sviluppo della mente in quella che
è stata chiamata ToM.Ovaj modul predstavio je kratak pregled ljudskog spoznajnog razvoja, raščlanjujući najreprezentativnije razvojne teorije koje ga objašnjavaju. Valja istaknuti da je razvoj, posebice u prvom dijelu senzomotoričkog razdoblja, cjelokupni razvoj koji uključuje opažajni, ali i motorički i komunikacijski razvoj. Tijekom tog razdoblja, razlikuju se dvije važne prekretnice, prekretnice s dva i devet mjeseci života. U dobi od dvanaest mjeseci, događa se novi preokret koji je vezan uz motoričku samostalnost (stajanje i hodanje), kao i uz početak jezičnog razvoja. Potonje je izravno povezano sa sposobnošću reprezentacija i, kasnije, sa sposobnošću metareprezentacije. To su preduvjeti za metakognitivni razvoj koji se će se utvrditi u predoperativnom razdoblju, a koji se odnose na razvoj planiranja, hipotetičko-deduktivnog mišljenja i jezika. Sve ovo olakšava stjecanje strategija rješavanja problema izvan onoga što je ovdje i sada i posljedični razvoj uma u onome što nazivamo teorijom uma.“Specialized and updated training on supporting advance technologies for early childhood education and care professionals and graduates”, eEarlyCare-T, reference 2021-1-ES01-KA220-SCH-000032661, is co-financed by the European Union's Erasmus+ programme, line KA220 Strategic Partnerships Scholar associations
Modul III.6. Osjetilna oštećenja
Get PDFLos sistemas sensoriales permiten la interacción del individuo con el exterior, gracia a los cinco sentidos exteropceptivos (visión, audición, tacto, olfato y gusto) que permiten a las personas participar de forma adecuada en su entorno y dos interoceptivos (propioceptivo y vestibular). Las principales alteraciones sensoriales son discapacidad auditiva, visual y alteraciones de integración sensorial Una persona con discapacidad auditiva es aquella que presenta una alteración en la vía auditiva, en el órgano de la audición o en el cerebro, que le va a producir una pérdida en la cantidad y calidad de información procedente del ambiente por vía auditiva. Las causas de las alteraciones auditivas pueden se pueden darse durante toda la vida. La discapacidad visual consiste en la disminución total o parcial de la vista. Se pueden deber a causas como: alteraciones de la córnea, cataratas y glaucoma y retinopatía del prematuro. Las alteraciones sensoriales se producen cuando un niño manifiesta un problema en su ocupación (actividades de la vida diaria, escuela y ocio) causado por un inadecuado procesamiento sensorial; existen tres tipos de alteraciones: alteración en la reactividad sensorial, dispraxia y alteración de la discriminación.The sensory systems allow the interaction of the individual with the outside world, thanks
to the five exteroceptive senses (vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste) that allow people
to participate appropriately in their environment and two interoceptive senses
(proprioceptive and vestibular). The main sensory impairments are hearing impairment,
visual impairment and sensory integration impairment.
A hearing-impaired person is a person who has an impairment in the auditory pathway, in
the organ of hearing or in the brain, which will lead to a loss in the quantity and quality of
information from the environment via the auditory pathway. The causes of hearing
impairment can occur throughout life. Visual impairment consists of a total or partial loss
of sight. It can be due to causes such as: corneal disorders, cataracts and glaucoma and
retinopathy of prematurity. Sensory impairment occurs when a child manifests a problem
in their occupation (activities of daily living, school and leisure) caused by inadequate
sensory processing; there are three types of impairment: impaired sensory reactivity,
dyspraxia and impaired discrimination.I sistemi sensoriali consentono l'interazione dell'individuo con il mondo esterno, grazie ai
cinque sensi esterocettivi (vista, udito, tatto, olfatto e gusto) che permettono alle persone di partecipare in modo appropriato al proprio ambiente e ai due sensi
interocettivi (propriocettivo e vestibolare). Le principali compromissioni sensoriali sono
quelle dell'udito, della vista e dell'integrazione sensoriale. Un ipoacusico è una persona
che presenta un'alterazione della via uditiva, dell'organo dell'udito o del cervello, che
comporta una perdita della quantità e della qualità delle informazioni provenienti
dall'ambiente attraverso la via uditiva. Le cause dei disturbi dell'udito possono
manifestarsi nel corso della vita. La disabilità visiva consiste in una perdita totale o
parziale della vista. Può essere dovuta a cause quali: disturbi della cornea, cataratta,
glaucoma e retinopatia della prematurità. La disabilità sensoriale si verifica quando un
bambino manifesta un problema nelle sue occupazioni (attività della vita quotidiana,
scuola e tempo libero) causato da un'inadeguata elaborazione sensoriale; esistono tre tipi
di disabilità: alterata reattività sensoriale, disprassia e alterata discriminazione.Senzorni sustavi omogućuju interakciju pojedinca s vanjskim svijetom, podsredstvom pet eksteroceptivnih osjetila (vid, sluh, dodir, miris i okus) te dva interoceptivna sustava (proprioceptivni i vestibularni). Glavne senzorne promjene su oštećenje sluha i vida te poremećaji senzorne integracije.
Osoba s oštećenjem sluha je ona kod koje postoji promjena u slušnom putu, u organu sluha ili u mozgu, što će uzrokovati gubitak količine i kvalitete informacija koje slušnim putem dolaze iz okoline. Uzroci poremećaja sluha mogu se pojaviti tijekom cijelog života. Oštećenje vida sastoji se od potpunog ili djelomičnog smanjenja vida. Mogu biti izazvani uzrocima kao što su poremećaji rožnice, kataraktom i glaukomom te retinopatijom nedonoščadi. Senzorne promjene nastaju kada dijete manifestira probleme u svom interesu za aktivnosti (aktivnosti svakodnevnog života, škola i slobodno vrijeme) koji su uzrokovani neadekvatnom senzornom obradom; Postoje tri vrste promjena: promjena senzorne reaktivnosti, dispraksija i poremećaj diskriminacije.“Specialized and updated training on supporting advance technologies for early childhood education and care professionals and graduates”, eEarlyCare-T, reference 2021-1-ES01-KA220-SCH-000032661, is co-financed by the European Union's Erasmus+ programme, line KA220 Strategic Partnerships Scholar associations
Modul III.2. Epilepsija
Get PDFEn este capítulo se ha hecho una revisión de los principales síndromes epilépticos en las tres etapas de desarrollo con sus características más definitorias y mostrando el impacto neuropsicológico que estos tipos de epilepsia pudieran mostrar.This chapter has reviewed the main epileptic syndromes in the three
stages of development with their most defining characteristics and
showing the neuropsychological impact that these types of epilepsy
could show.In questo capitolo abbiamo presentato una rassegna delle principali sindromi epilettiche
in tre stadi di sviluppo, con le loro caratteristiche più significative e mostrando l'impatto
neuropsicologico che questi tipi di epilessia possono avere.U ovom poglavlju dat je pregled glavnih epileptičkih sindroma u tri razvojna stupnja s njihovim najvažnijim karakteristikama i prikazom neuropsihološkog utjecaja koji se kod ovih epilepsija javljaju.“Specialized and updated training on supporting advance technologies for early childhood education and care professionals and graduates”, eEarlyCare-T, reference 2021-1-ES01-KA220-SCH-000032661, is co-financed by the European Union's Erasmus+ programme, line KA220 Strategic Partnerships Scholar associations
Modul II. Rani neurorazvoj
Get PDFEn este capítulo se han abordado los principales conceptos sobre el neurodesarrollo temprano, tanto desde el punto de vista neuroanatómico como del punto de vista funcional. Se han analizado los principales procesos neuroanatómicos implicados en el desarrollo, cognitivo, motor, afectivo y funcional del niño. Asi como los fenómenos de la plasticidad cerebral, implicados en este neurodesarrollo.This chapter has addressed the main concepts of early
neurodevelopment, both from the neuroanatomical point of view
and from the functional point of view. The main neuroanatomical
processes involved in the development, cognitive, motor, affective
and functional of the child have been analyzed. As well as the
phenomena of brain plasticity, involved in this neurodevelopment.In questo capitolo sono stati affrontati i concetti principali del neurosviluppo precoce, sia
dal punto di vista neuroanatomico che dal punto di vista funzionale. Sono stati analizzati
i principali processi neuroanatomici coinvolti nello sviluppo cognitivo, motorio, affettivo e
funzionale del bambino, così come i fenomeni di plasticità cerebrale coinvolti nel
neurosviluppo.U ovom poglavlju obrađeni su glavni koncepti ranog neurorazvoja, kako s neuroanatomske točke gledišta, tako i s funkcionalne točke gledišta. Analizirani su glavni neuroanatomski procesi uključeni u kognitivni, motorički, afektivni i funkcionalni razvoj djeteta, kao i fenomen plastičnosti mozga koji je dio neurorazvoja.“Specialized and updated training on supporting advance technologies for early childhood education and care professionals and graduates”, eEarlyCare-T, reference 2021-1-ES01-KA220-SCH-000032661, is co-financed by the European Union's Erasmus+ programme, line KA220 Strategic Partnerships Scholar associations
Antimetastatic Properties of Prodigiosin and the BH3-Mimetic Obatoclax (GX15-070) in Melanoma
Get PDFMetastasis is the primary cause of death in cancer patients. Many current chemotherapeutic
agents only show cytotoxic, but not antimetastatic properties. This leads to a reduction in tumor
size, but allows cancer cells to disseminate, which ultimately causes patient death. Therefore, novel
anticancer compounds with both effects need to be developed. In this work, we analyze the antimetastatic properties of prodigiosin and obatoclax (GX15-070), anticancer drugs of the Prodiginines
(PGs) family. We studied PGs’ effects on cellular adhesion and morphology in the human primary
and metastatic melanoma cell lines, SK-MEL-28 and SK-MEL-5, and in the murine melanoma cell
line, B16F10A. Cell adhesion sharply decreased in the treated cells, and this was accompanied by a
reduction in filopodia protrusions and a significant decrease in the number of focal-adhesion structures. Moreover, cell migration was assessed through the wound-healing assay and cell motility was
severely inhibited after 24 h of treatment. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved, changes
in metastasis-related genes were analyzed through a gene-expression array. Key genes related to
cellular invasion, migration and chemoresistance were significantly down-regulated. Finally, an
in vivo model of melanoma-induced lung metastasis was established and significant differences in
lung tumors were observed in the obatoclax-treated mice. Altogether, these results describe, in depth,
PGs’ cellular antimetastatic effects and identify in vivo antimetastatic properties of Obatoclax.This research has been funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grants PI18/00441; FIS PI10/00338) (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund. ERDF, a way to build Europe)
Microencapsulation of a Commercial Food-Grade Protease by Spray Drying in Cross-Linked Chitosan Particles
Get PDFIn this study, the use of spray-drying technology for encapsulating Flavourzyme® (protease–
peptidase complex) was evaluated to overcome the limitations (low encapsulation efficiency and
no large-scale production) of other encapsulation processes. To the best of our knowledge, spray
drying has not been applied previously for the immobilization of this enzyme. Firstly, bovine serum
albumin (BSA), as a model protein, was encapsulated by spray drying in chitosan and tripolyphoshate
(TPP) cross-linked-chitosan shell matrices. The results showed that the chitosan–TPP microcapsules
provided a high encapsulation efficiency and better protein stability compared to the non-crosslinked
chitosan microcapsules. The effect of enzyme concentration and drying temperature were tested
during the spray drying of Flavourzyme®. In this regard, an activity yield of 88.0% and encapsulation
efficiency of 78.6% were obtained with a concentration of 0.1% (v/v) and an inlet temperature of
130 ◦C. Flavourzyme®-loaded chitosan microcapsules were also characterized in terms of their size
and morphology using scanning electron microscopy and laser diffractometr
Cosmic Neutrinos as a Window to Departures from Special Relativity
Get PDFWe review the peculiarities that make neutrinos very special cosmic messengers in highenergy astrophysics, and, in particular, to provide possible indications of deviations from special
relativity, as it is suggested theoretically by quantum gravity models. In this respect, we examine the
effects that one could expect in the production, propagation, and detection of neutrinos, not only in the
well-studied scenario of Lorentz Invariance Violation, but also in models which maintain, but deform,
the relativity principle, such as those considered in the framework of Doubly Special Relativity. We
discuss the challenges and the promising future prospects offered by this phenomenological window
to physics beyond special relativity.This work is supported by Spanish grants PGC2018-095328-B-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe, and DGA-FSE grant 2020-E21-17R. JJR acknowledges support from the Unión Europea-NextGenerationEU (“Ayudas Margarita Salas para la formación de jóvenes doctores”). The work of MAR is supported by MICIU/AEI/FSE (FPI grant PRE2019-089024). This work has been partially supported by Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spain) under grant PID2019-106802GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of the COST Action CA18108 “Quantum gravity phenomenology in the multi-messenger approach”