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Toxoplasmosis-Awareness and Knowledge of Pregnant Women in Rural Areas of Malakand Region, Pakistan
No full textBackground. The current study was carried out between October 2017 and October 2018 to explore knowledge, attitudes, practices, and information sources regarding toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in Malakand region, the northwestern part of Pakistan. The current study was carried out between October 2017 and October 2018. Methods. A structured questionnaire was used to interview the women after taking verbal informed consent. Graphpad version 5 was used to indicate the differences. Significant was considered as a P-value of less than 0.05. This study revealed poor knowledge regarding toxoplasmosis. Results. Overall, 31.2% of the respondents showed good knowledge, and 39.2% showed moderate knowledge. On the other hand, 29.5% of the participants showed poor knowledge about toxoplasmosis. The average knowledge score of pregnant women was 79 +/- 12.2, which is considered to be within the scale of good knowledge. Number of children within the pregnant multipara women was significantly associated with knowledge about toxoplasmosis. Pregnant women who measured in number of childbirths within a women showed the highest mean score of 42.3 +/- 13.3 with 57 (44.8%) displaying a good knowledge level. Pregnant women with more than one child had significantly higher (<0.0001) knowledge scores compared to women with one child or none child. The majority of pregnant women with one child used the social media, followed by mass media as sources of information about toxoplasmosis. Scientific sources of information were used more commonly by pregnant women with none of the child birth. Conclusion. Pregnant women knowledge regarding toxoplasmosis was poor as compared to attitudes and practices. Health workers and newspapers/magazines were the main sources of information
Continuidad del sistema de AFP en democracia: el rol del poder de la elite económica
Get PDFLa necesidad de una reforma al sistema de AFP se ha mantenido constantemente en la agenda nacional desde el surgimiento del movimiento “No + AFP” a mediados del año 2016. Desde ese entonces, el sistema político no ha sido capaz de dar una respuesta satisfactoria a la demanda mayoritaria de cambios estructurales al sistema de pensiones, tema que ha recrudecido con la crisis provocada por el COVID-19. En este contexto, se hace especialmente relevante la pregunta sobre los factores que han determinado la extraordinaria resiliencia mostrada por el sistema de AFP desde el retorno a la democracia en 1990. Este trabajo argumenta que los modelos conceptuales existentes no en-tregan las herramientas analíticas adecuadas para entender este fenómeno. De esta forma, se propone suplementar el modelo tradicional para el estudio del poder empresarial con un marco conceptual que permite incluir en el análisis el rol jugado por paradigmas ideológicos dominantes en el proceso de toma decisiones. El modelo propuesto es especialmente efectivo para capturar in-versiones de largo plazo realizadas por la elite económica con el objetivo de au-mentar su poder. Asimismo, es relevante para comprender por qué la Concer-tación no sólo abandonó su programa original en materia de pensiones, sino que finalmente terminó profundizando la privatización del sistema de AFP.Since mid-2016, when the “No more AFP” movement took to the streets to protest against the pension system based on individual capitalisation accounts, the need for a wide-ranging reform of the pension system has remai-ned at the top of the agenda. Nonetheless, Chile’s political system has not been able to address this issue, which has become especially salient and contentious during the COVID-driven crisis. In this context, a research question that ad-dresses the factors explaining the remarkable resilience of the AFP system in post-authoritarian Chile has become highly relevant. This work argues that the more influential current frameworks do not offer the necessary analytical tools to understand this issue comprehensively. As such, this article suggests that the traditional, structural-instrumental analytical framework for the study of business power should be supplemented with analysis of ideational elements of power. The augmented conceptual approach developed in this research is effective in capturing long-term, strategic investments carried out by the eco-nomic elite in order to increase their power. Likewise, this novel conceptual approach is useful for understanding why the Concertación party grouping not only abandoned its original programme, but ended up actually promoting fur-ther privatisation of the AFP system
Evaluación de espinillo como abono verde en la producción de biomasa y proteína de acelga
Get PDFSe evaluó Ulex europaeus como abono verde sobre la producción de biomasa y proteína en acelga (Beta vulgaris L. var. Cicla). Los tratamientos fueron 1,6 kg de Lupinus albus; 1,6 kg de U. europaeus y un testigo absoluto. Las unidades experimentales fueron parcelas de 2 m2, dispuestas en bloques completamente al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Los datos se sometieron a un ANDEVA y a la prueba de Tukey con 5% de significancia. Transcurridos 60 días de la incorporación, se establecieron plántulas de B. vulgaris var. Cicla. La producción de biomasa y análisis proximal se evaluó a los 120 días del establecimiento; y el análisis de suelo, a los 184 días de la incorporación. U. europaeus generó un 42% más de materia verde respecto del testigo (p≤0,05), sin diferencias con lupino (p>0,05). No se encontraron diferencias (p>0,05) en la producción de materia seca. El contenido de proteína fue 14% superior (p≤0,05) en U. europaeus y L. albus respecto del testigo. El nivel de NPK en el suelo fue mayor en U. europaeus. El aumento de materia verde y proteína en B. vulgaris var. Cicla, así como de NPK en el suelo, avalan el uso de U. europaeus como abono verde.We assessed the response of biomass and protein production of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. Cicla.), by using Ulex europaeus vs. Lupinus albus as green manure. Treatments were 1.6 kg of L. albus; 1.6 kg of U. europaeus and absolute control. The experimental units were 2 m2 plots arranged in a randomized complete block with four replications. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s tests at 5% significance. Plants of chard were established after 60 days of the incorporation of the green manure. Biomass production as well as proximal analysis was performed at 120 days after establishment. In addition, a soil analysis was performed at 184 after incorporation of green manure. The utilization of U. europaeus improved in 42% fresh biomass production when compared with the control (p≤0.05), however no differences were observed when it was compared with lupin (p>0.05). No differences were observed for dry matter production among the treatments (p>0.05). Water content it was 14% greater for treatments that included green manure. The levels of NPK in the soil were greater for U. europaeus treatment. The increase of green matter and protein in chard as well as the increase of NPK levels in the soil, support the use of U. europaeus as green manure
Development of Thin Films from Thermomechanical Pulp Nanofibers of Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) for Applications in Bio-Based Nanocomposites
No full textThe main objective of this study was to develop cellulose nanofibers from the thermomechanical pulp (TMP) of Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata D. Don), and for this, a one-step micro-grinding process was used. The newly developed material was called thermomechanical pulp nanofibers (TMP-NF). In the first instance, a determination of the constituents of the TMP was carried out through a chemical characterization. Then, TMP-NFs were compared with cellulose nanofibers (CNF) by morphological analysis (Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM, and Atomic Force Microscopy, AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR). In addition, films were developed from TMP-NF and CNF using a vacuum filtration manufacturing method. For this study, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00% dry weight of CNF and TMP-NF were used as continuous matrices without organic solvents. The films were characterized by determining their morphological, physical, surface properties, and mechanical properties. The main results showed that morphological analysis by SEM and AFM for the fractionated sample indicated a fiber diameter distribution in the range of 990-17 nm and an average length of 5.8 mu m. XRD analysis showed a crystallinity index of 90.8% in the CNF, while in the TMP-NF, it was 71.2%, which was foreseeable. FTIR-ATR analysis showed the functional groups of lignin and hemicellulose present in the TMP-NF sample. The films presented apparent porosity values of 33.63 for 1.00% solids content of CNF and 33.27% for 0.25% solids content of TMP-NF. The contact angle was 61.50 degrees for 0.50% solids content of CNF and 84.60 degrees for 1.00% solids content of TMP-NF. Regarding the mechanical properties, the modulus of elasticity was 74.65 MPa for CNF and 36.17 MPa for TMP-NF, and the tensile strength was 1.07 MPa for CNF and 0.69 MPa for TMP-NF. Although the mechanical properties turned out to be higher in the CNF films, the TMP-NF films showed improved surface characteristics as to surface hydrophobic and apparent porosity. In addition, the easy and rapid obtaining of TMP nanofibers makes it a promising material that can be used in biologically based nanocomposites
Biopolítica y gubernamentalidad en el Wallmapu (Araucanía) desde el nivel del sujeto. Manuel Manquilef y la "Jimnasia Nacional" en los albores del siglo XX
Get PDFEl artículo fue financiado por el proyecto “Enseñanza del Tema Ocupación de la Araucanía: hacia un modelo de
formación basado en el Conocimiento Pedagógico del Contenido”, vinculado al Programa de Pedagogía en Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad
Católica de Temuco (Proyecto Interno UCT1312)En el presente artículo se indaga sobre la perspectiva desarrollada por Manuel Manquilef, a principios del siglo XX, respecto de los juegos, bailes y ejercicios domésticos y guerreros que practicaban los mapuches. Este profesor normalista de ascendencia mapuche valorizó el rescate de dichas prácticas físicas, en cuanto fundamentos del alma de un pueblo que era necesario preservar. El marco teórico se establece desde las nociones de verdad, sujeto, gubernamentalidad y biopolítica, definidas por Michel Foucault, articulado con una aproximación desde el Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS). Consecuentemente, la metodología articula un diseño descriptivo denso con estructuras reticulares de carácter egocentrado, generadas con herramientas provenientes del ARS. A partir de este entramado teórico-metodológico, se levanta un análisis frontal que intenta tensionar la relación entre discurso y sujeto. Específicamente, los márgenes disponibles de libertad en la intrincada trama de saber-poder desplegada en la sociedad chilena a principios del siglo XX. Trama en la que se insertó Manquilef oriundo del territorio del Wallmapu (Araucanía), por entonces, recientemente anexado al Estado chileno. Se concluye que las ideas de Manquilef, al margen de sus intenciones, resultaron funcionales a la acción asimiladora impulsada por la gubernamentalidad chilena en la Araucanía poco después de concretada su ocupación.This article examines the perspective developed by Manuel Manquilef at the beginning of the 20th
century regarding the games, dances and domestic and martial exercises practised by the Mapuches. This school teacher, of Mapuche origin, valued the rescuing of these physical practices that
represented an essential part of the soul of a people as something that was necessary to preserve.
The theoretical framework is established embracing the notions of truth, subject, governance and
biopolitics defined by Michel Foucault, articulated with an approach stemming from the Analysis
of Social Networks (ASN). Consequently, the methodology encompasses a dense descriptive design
with ego-centred reticular structures, based on tools provided by the ASN. On the basis of this theoretical-methodological network, there emerges a frontal analysis aimed at straining the relationship
between discourse and subject, and more specifically the available margins of freedom in the intricate fabric of knowledge-power displayed in Chilean society at the beginning of the 20th century.
Into this weave, Manquilef, native to the Wallmapu territory (Araucanía) at that time and which
was subsequently annexed to the Chilean state, became immersed. The conclusion reached is that
Manquilef’s ideas, whatever his intentions may have been, proved to be functional to the process of
assimilation spurred by the Chilean governance in Araucanía shortly after its effective occupation
Propiedades Psicométricas de un Test de Comprensión Lectora para Alumnos de Educación Primaria
Get PDFSe presentan las propiedades psicométricas del test de Comprensión Lectora para Intervenir en Primaria (CLIP), desarrollado en base a modelos teóricos de los procesos cognitivos de la comprensión de textos (Kintsch, 1998). El objetivo del test es evaluar la comprensión lectora en estudiantes de primaria y arrojar información útil para planear la enseñanza que debe seguir a la evaluación. Con este propósito se usan diferentes textos (narrativos y expositivos, cortos y largos) y 3 tipos de preguntas (locales, globales e inferenciales), según la clasificación de Magliano et al. (2007), cuya respuesta debiera exigir al lector los procesos básicos de comprensión para construir el texto base y el modelo situacional. Por medio de un muestreo por conveniencia, participaron 1958 estudiantes de 3º a 6º de educación básica de 10 colegios particulares subvencionados y municipales de las comunas de Villarrica y Loncoche de la región de la Araucanía de Chile. El análisis de la consistencia interna (Kuder-Richardson 20) de las puntuaciones arroja valores iguales o superiores a 0,79. El análisis factorial confirmatorio halla evidencia de la presencia de 3 factores: Procesamiento Local, Procesamiento Global y Procesamiento Inferencial, cuando se analizan los resultados de los textos cortos. En los textos largos, el ajuste del modelo a los datos fue insatisfactorio. El análisis del funcionamiento diferencial de los ítems, según sexo y nivel socioeconómico, no reveló sesgo en ningún ítem del test.This article presents the psychometric properties of the test of Reading Comprehension for Intervention in Primary School (CLIP), which was developed based on theoretical models of cognitive processes from current research on text comprehension (Kintsch, 1998). The purpose of the test is to assess reading comprehension in elementary school students and provide useful information to plan the teaching that should follow the evaluation. To this end, several texts are used (narrative and expository, short and long), along with 3 types of questions (local, global, and inferential), based on the classification by Magliano et al. (2007). To answer, readers should need to use basic comprehension processes to construct the basic text and situational model. Through a convenience sampling process, 1958 3rd to 6th grade students were recruited from 10 subsidized private and public schools located in the municipalities of Villarrica and Loncoche (Araucanía region of Chile). The internal consistency analysis (Kuder-Richardson 20) of CLIP scores yielded values equal to or greater than 0.79. The confirmatory factor analysis performed finds evidence of the presence of 3 factors in the comprehension of short texts: Local Processing, Global Processing, and Inferential Processing. In long texts, model fit was unsatisfactory. Differential item functioning analysis revealed no sex or socioeconomic bias in any of the items
NDVI Based assessment of land cover changes using remote sensing and GIS-(A case study of Srinagar district, Kashmir)
Get PDFNormalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is an index of greenness or photosynthetic activity in a plant. It is a technique of obtaining various features based upon their spectral signatures such as vegetation index, land cover classification, urban areas and remaining areas presented in the image. In the present study, the NDVI differencing method using Landsat 7 ETM+ images and Landsat OLI were implemented to assess the change in vegetation cover from 2001 to 2017 using the Natural Breaks (Jenks) method. NDVI values calculated from the satellite image of the year 2001 range from 0.62 to -0.41and that of the year 2017 ranges from 0.53 to -0.10based upon their spectral signature. The NDVI method is applied according to its characteristics like vegetation at different NDVI threshold values such as -0.1, -0.09, 0.14, 0.06, 0.28, 0.35, and 0.5. Afterwards, a Difference NDVI map between 2001 and 2017 is generated to identify negatively or positively values of land cover changes. Results confirmed that the area without vegetation, such as water bodies, built-up areas and as well as barren lands, increased from 35 % in 2001 to 39.67 % in 2017. The densely vegetated area decreased from 8.62 % to 2.15 % indicating the need to develop new policies in the city to protect vegetation areas during economic and urban development in the city of Srinagar.El Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI) es un índice de actividad verde o fotosintética en una planta. Es una técnica para obtener varias características en función de sus firmas espectrales, como el índice de vegetación, la clasificación de la cobertura del suelo, las áreas urbanas y las áreas restantes que se presentan en la imagen. En el presente estudio, se implementó el método de diferenciación NDVI utilizando imágenes de mapeo temático Landsat y Landsat OLI para evaluar el cambio en la cubierta vegetal de 2001 a 2017 utilizando el método Natural Breaks (Jenks). Valores NDVI calculados a partir de la imagen de satélite de los rangos del año 2001 de 0.62 a -0.41 y el del año 2017 varía de 0.53 a -0.10 en función de su firma espectral. El método NDVI se aplica de acuerdo con sus características como la vegetación en diferentes valores umbral de NDVI, como -0.1, -0.09, 0.14, 0.06, 0.28, 0.35 y 0.5 Luego, se genera un mapa de NDVI de diferencia entre 2001 y 2017 para negativa o positivamente Identificar los valores de los cambios en la cobertura del suelo. Los resultados confirmaron que el área sin vegetación, como cuerpos de agua, así como áreas urbanizadas y tierras áridas, aumentó de 35% en 2001 a 39.67% en 2017. El área densamente vegetada disminuyó de 8.62% a 2.15% indicando la necesidad desarrollar nuevas políticas en la ciudad para proteger las áreas de vegetación durante el desarrollo económico y urbano en la ciudad de Srinagar
ECOLOGY AND OCCURRENCE OF PUGILINA (HEMIFUSUS) COCHLIDIUMAND PUGILINA ERECTA (GASTROPODA: MELONGENIDAE) FROM THONDI COAST, PALK STRAIT IN TAMIL NADU
Get PDFThe environment is a selective force of an organism and its population. Knowledge of the environmental parameters of study area is thus an essential prerequisite to understand the composition of animal’s inhabitants and their distribution. In the present study the Ecology and Occurrence of two species of Pugilina (Hemifusus) cochlidium and Pugilina erecta along the coast of Thondi are influenced by the environmental factors with less significance. As these animals are bottom living, they were not much affected by changes in the environmental factors. In the present study the maximum temperature was recorded during summer season and the minimum during monsoon. The changes in the temperature have been proved to have meager influence in the distribution of these two species as the temperature variation was not sufficient enough to affect their distribution.El medio ambiente es una fuerza selectiva de un organismo y su población. El conocimiento de los parámetros ambientales del área de estudio es, por lo tanto, un requisito previo esencial para comprender la composición de los habitantes de los animales y su distribución. En el presente estudio, la Ecología y la ocurrencia de dos especies de Pugilina (Hemifusus) cochlidium y Pugilina erecta a lo largo de la costa de Thondi están influenciadas por los factores ambientales con menos importancia. Como estos animales viven en el fondo, no se vieron muy afectados por los cambios en los factores ambientales. En el presente estudio, la temperatura máxima se registró durante la temporada de verano y la mínima durante el monzón. Se ha demostrado que los cambios en la temperatura tienen poca influencia en la distribución de estas dos especies, ya que la variación de temperatura no fue suficiente para afectar su distribución
¿Comprendemos más los textos si nos gusta leer?: Actitudes y desempeños lectores del estudiantado de escuelas públicas de la Araucanía, Chile
Get PDFLos niveles de lectura de los estudiantes de educación primaria son aún deficientes en Chile, pese al desarrollo de iniciativas de fomento lector. Asimismo, las prácticas docentes de lectura presentan un bajo desafío cognitivo. Por tanto, el objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la comprensión y actitudes lectoras del estudiantado de 4º a 6º Básico de escuelas públicas. Con respecto a la metodología, fue descriptiva y cuantitativa, la muestra fue representativa y estuvo compuesta por 18 escuelas públicas de La Araucanía, a cuyos estudiantes (n=1.197 aprox.) se les aplicó una evaluación de comprensión lectora y una encuesta de actitudes de lectura. Entre los resultados, se identificó que el desempeño de los alumnos es bajo y decrece junto con sus actitudes de lectura a medida que pasan de curso. Además, existe correlación de baja magnitud entre su rendimiento y sus actitudes lectoras.Reading levels in primary education students are still deficient
in Chile, despite the development of reading promoting iniciatives. Moreover,
teaching practices of reading are present a low cognitive challenge. Therefore,
the objective of the research was to evaluate the reading comprehension and
attitudes of the 4th, 5th and 6th grade students of public schools. Regarding to
the methodology, was descriptive and quantitative, the sample was representative
and it was composed by 18 public schools of the Araucanía, whose students
(n=1.197 approx.) were given a reading comprehension assessment and a reading
attitudes survey. Among the results, it was identified that the performance of
the students is low and it decreases along with their reading attitudes as they
pass the course. In addition, there is a low magnitude correlation between their
performance and their reading attitudes
After-school sports programmes and social inclusion processes in culturally diverse contexts: Results of an international multicase study
No full textThis research aimed to understand the role of after-school sports programs in social inclusion processes in culturally diverse contexts through a multicase study within two locations. The first location was in Spain where immigrant and Spanish students were enrolled, and the other was in Chile with Mapuche-Huilliche students, immigrant and Chilean students. The implemented programs at both sites were similar in their educational focus on socio-educational values, and teaching models (hybridization of teaching games for understanding and cooperative learning) that enhance social inclusion. Using individual and group interviews with teachers, sports coordinators, parents, and students, a qualitative approach was used to identify the factors that facilitate or hinder the social inclusion processes. In addition, the researchers used qualitative observations of the programs over six months using 'notes logbook' to record their impressions during the observation process. Results indicated that the implemented sports programs successfully facilitated social inclusion processes, enabling the development of interpersonal skills and relationships between students from different cultural backgrounds. The previous training and experiences of teachers in culturally diverse contexts, and incorporation of traditional sporting games from all cultures, seems to be an important facilitator factor for the inclusion potential of the implemented programs