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Indigeneidad y territorio: los aymaras y quechuas en el Norte de Chile
Get PDFEsta investigación ha sido financiada por el Proyecto FONDECYT de Iniciación N° 11140265 y por el Centro de Estudios de Conflicto y Cohesión Social (COES), CONICYT/FONDAP N° 15130009. Se ha agradece especial-mente a Felipe Castro por su apoyo en la elabora-ción de cartografía.El siguiente artículo explora desde la geografía los conceptos de indigeneidad y territorio y los aplica a procesos recientes de auto-identificación aymara y quechua; y la construcción de etno-territorios en el Norte de Chile, para entender a ambos fenómenos dentro de un proceso global de diferenciación y politización étnica. Para ello, utiliza etnografías, entrevistas y análisis de estadísticos que ilustran los procesos y estrategias de las comunidades aymaras y quechuas para articularse en el contexto del extractivismo minero y políticas interculturales neoliberales. De esta manera, los poblados andinos vuelven a repoblarse en dinámicas de negociación/resistencia altamente creativas.This paper explores the concepts of indigeneity and territory from geography, and their application to recent processes of self-identification of Aymara and Quechua people; and the construction of ethno-territories in Northern Chile, to understand both phe-nomena within a global process of ethnic differentiation and politicization. To do that, ethnographies, interviews and statistical analysis are used to illustrate the processes and strategies by which the Aymara and Quechuas communities articulate themselves in the context of mining extractivism and neoliberal intercultural policies. Therefore, this paper explains how the indigenous settlements have been repopulated by highly creative dynamics of negotiation/resistance
Towards Automatic Gait Analysis from an IT Perspective: A Kinesiology Case
No full textCurrently, kinesiologists who study the posture of people during walking rely on spreadsheets and visual posture assessment. Some technologies make it possible to include sensors in people's bodies to identify their movements. Today, artificial intelligence is supporting many medical processes. In this sense, our proposal focuses on developing software based on Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence. The software is deployed in a robust architecture based on microservices to support the process of image analysis with high concurrency. This software assists specialists in the analysis and measurements of lower extremity angles and distances during gait. On this occasion, we are working with a local medical center, specialists in caring for high-performance athletes. One of its crucial kinesiology care activities is the performance of kinematic gait analysis
Effects of continuous cropping and NPKfertilizer on growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(l) Walp) grown on soils from different management systems
Get PDFStudies were conducted to investigate the effect of continuous cropping and NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(L) Walp) grown on soils from different management systems. The investigations were carried out in two parts. The first dealt with the effect of continuous cropping while the other focused on the effect of NPK fertilizer on cowpea. Representative soil samples were obtained at 0-15 cm depth from land which had been continuously cropped, under forest tree fallow, and secondary bush fallow. These were bulked, processed, and analyzed. Six (6) kg of each type of soil were weighed into 25 x 22 cm polybag of 500 gauge. The continuous cropping experiment involved three cropping cycles of 35days each of cowpea on the same soils from 3 cropping systems. In the second experiment, a 2 x 3 factorial involving 2 levels of fertilizers (0, 40 kg NPK/ha) and 3 sources of soil were carried out to test their effects on cowpea. The growth parameters measured were plant height, number of leaves/plant and number of branches/plant. Number of nodules/plant, number of pods/plant, dry matter and grain yield were also estimated. Successive cropping of soils significantly reduced cowpea growth. Cowpea plants grown on soils from continuously cropped land had the least growth performance. Number of nodules/plant increased with successive cropping. Higher dry matter yield was obtained from the continuously cropped land. A significant (r = +0.55) positive correlation was found between soil P and dry matter yield of cowpea. NPK fertilization had only significant effect on plant height at 10 WAP but not on other growth parameters measured. The highest grain yield was obtained from unfertilized secondary bush fallow soil. Sources of soil (soil management system) had significant effect on some of the agronomic characters of cowpea.Se realizaron estudios para investigar el efecto del cultivo continuo y el fertilizante NPK en el crecimiento y rendimiento del caupí (Vigna unguiculata(L) Walp) cultivado en suelos de diferentes sistemas de manejo. Las investigacionesse llevaron a cabo en dos partes. El primero abordó el efecto del cultivo continuo, mientras que el otro se centró en el efecto del fertilizante NPK en el caupí. Se obtuvieron muestras representativas de suelo a 0-15 cm de profundidad de tierras que habían sido cultivadas continuamente, bajo barbecho de árboles forestales y barbecho arbustivo secundario. Estos fueron agrupados, procesados y analizados. Se pesaron seis (6) kg de cada tipo de suelo en bolsas de polietileno de 25 x 22 cm de calibre 500. El experimento de cultivo continuo involucró tres ciclos de cultivo de 35 días cada uno de caupí en los mismos suelos de 3 sistemas de cultivo. En el segundo experimento, se llevó a cabo un factorial 2 x 3 con 2 niveles de fertilizantes (0, 40 kg NPK / ha) y 3 fuentes de suelo para probar sus efectos sobre el caupí. Los parámetros de crecimiento medidos fueron altura de planta, número de hojas /planta y número de ramas / planta. También se estimó el número de nódulos / planta, número de vainas / planta, materia seca y rendimiento de grano. El cultivo sucesivo de suelos redujo significativamente el crecimiento del caupí. Las plantas de caupí cultivadas en suelos de tierras continuamente cultivadas tuvieron el menor rendimiento de crecimiento. El número de nódulos / planta aumentó con cultivos sucesivos. Se obtuvo un mayor rendimiento de materia seca de la tierra continuamente cultivada. Se encontró una correlación positiva significativa (r = +0.55) entre el P del suelo y el rendimiento de materia seca del caupí. La fertilización con NPK solo tuvo un efecto significativo en la altura de la planta a 10 WAP, pero no en otros parámetros de crecimiento medidos. El mayor rendimiento de grano se obtuvo de un suelo de barbecho arbustivo secundario no fertilizado. Las fuentes del suelo (sistema de manejo del suelo) tuvieron un efecto significativo sobre algunas de las características agronómicas del caupí
Challenges of social work in the constituent setting. An analysis from the contributions of Gramsci
No full textThe objective of this article is to propose a reflection and analysis regarding the epistemological, ethical and political challenges of Social Work in light of the constituent process that Chile is experiencing, taking as a reference for this discussion the theoretical contributions of Antonio Gramsci. In methodological terms this work is based on a critical hermeneutic perspective, in which documentary review and analysis are articulated with concrete historical experiences. It is argued that, in this constituent process, a counter-hegemonic nature is put into play and, therefore, the discipline should experience ruptures with the conservative anchors inherited from the dictatorship and the long period of transition to democracy. The constituent process is configured as a possibility not only to deepen democracy, but also to generate the conditions to advance in a cultural and moral reform
RESEARCH COMPETENCES IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN LATIN AMERICA: ANALYSIS OF INDEXED PAPERS
No full textThe development of research competence in University education is relevant. So is the research about it and the recognition of its structure and magnitude. This article presents a qualitative-quantitative study, aimed at describing the scientific produc-tion on the development of research competence in University Education in Latin America. For this, Latin American scientific production is analyzed from 2009 to 2018. Data is recorded regarding the geographical distribution of contributions, indexed media, chronology, among other metadata. It is concluded that research on this topic has a growing trend, that the main contributions focus on the field of health, education and engineering and that the main references are in Cuba and Colombia. Most of the publications present qualitative studies (77%) and the training or development of competencies is the primary object of study. The study reveals the systematic nature of the work in the development of investigative competence and has implications in a Latin American perspective on research on the subject, as well as in the definition of new lines of research, editorial lines and in the formation of research networks
Antioxidant Activity as an Indicator of the Efficiency of Plant Extract-Mediated Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
No full textThe green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using a diverse range of plant species has been extensively reported. Despite the success achieved by biogenic synthesis, there are problems with the control and prediction of the properties of ZnO NPs, due to phytochemical diversity between plant species. In this sense, the main objective of our work was to investigate the effect of the antioxidant activity (AA) of plant extracts on the physicochemical characteristics of ZnO NPs (production yield, chemical composition, polydispersity index (PDI), surface charge (zeta-potential) and average particle size). In order to accomplish this objective, four plant extract with different antioxidant activities were used: Galega officinalis, Buddleja globosa, Eucalyptus globulus, and Aristotelia chilensis. Phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity determination of the different extracts were carried out. Chemical species such as catechin, malvidin, quercetin, caffeic acid, and ellagic acid were the dominant components, found in the extracts studied. The A. chilensis extract showed the highest value of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and AA, followed by E. globulus, B. globosa and G. officinalis. Zetasizer, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data show that plant extracts with lower AA leads to a decrease in the yield of ZnO NPs and an increase in the amount of residual organic extract that remains on the particles. The latter caused an increase in the average particle size, PDI and zeta-potential as a consequence of agglomeration and particle coarsening. Our result suggest that it is possible to use the AA as an indicator of the potential reducing capacity of plant extracts. In this way it is possible to guarantee the reproducibility of the synthesis process as well as ensure the formation of ZnO NPs with desired characteristics
A spatial multi-criteria analysis for the identification of preferential areas for recreational fishing in Chile
No full textIn the past decade, the south of Chile has experienced a considerable increase in recreational fishing, which has brought greater pressure to bear on the ecosystems. One of the more important gaps in recreational fishing management is the availability of a methodological framework that would make it possible to identify and assess areas that are suitable for developing this activity. The purpose of this research is to propose a methodology to evaluate areas with the best potential for the development of recreational fishing. The methodology is based on Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis (SMCA) and was applied in the hydrographic basins of the Valdivia River and lake Ranco in the Los Rios Region in the south of Chile. The application of the SMCA methodology made it possible to select six areas with a high potential for recreational fishing, which share suitable characteristics in terms of their assessed attributes: (a) landscape, (b) water quality, (c) biological yield and (d) navigability, among others. The SMCA methodology made it possible to conduct a comprehensive valuation of the natural resources, assessing not only the optimal conditions for recreational fishing but also environmental aspects such as landscape quality and accessibility, which are highly valued and essential to sustain recreational fishing activities. Thus, it is possible to provide support both to the objectives of economic development regarding recreational fishing and the goals of protecting and managing the natural environment
COVID -19 and its environmental impacts
Get PDFThis analysis aims to show the impact of COVID-19 on the environment, particularly in the countries, which are deadly affected by COVID-19, such countries include China, USA, Italy, and Spain. Our experiment suggested that there are significant contingency measures and improvements in air quality, clean beaches, rivers, and environmental noise reduction. However, on the other side, there are some negative effects of COVID -19 such as the reduction in cycling, large waste, fishing, unemployment. In order to build back better UN has given six climate-related actions to shape the recovery for the future.Este análisis tiene como objetivo mostrar el impacto de COVID-19 en el medio ambiente, particularmente en los países que se ven gravemente afectados por COVID-19, tales países incluyen China, Estados Unidos, Italia y España. Nuestro experimento sugirió que existen importantes medidas de contingencia y mejoras en la calidad del aire, playas limpias, ríos y reducción del ruido ambiental. Sin embargo, por otro lado, existen algunos efectos negativos del COVID -19 como la reducción del ciclismo, los grandes desperdicios, la pesca, el desempleo. Con el fin de reconstruir mejor, la ONU se han dado seis acciones relacionadas con el clima para dar forma a la recuperación para el futuro
Intercultural Education: An Alternative to Monocultural Education in a Mapuche Context
No full textMonocultural education is presented as a dominating and reductive approach to the indigenous knowledge. Overcoming this approach requires a position of epistemological pluralism in education, which breaks the asymmetries inherited from the colonial matrix of power. The objective of this article is to discuss the role of intercultural education, as an alternative and decolonial approach to Western monocultural education in the Mapuche context. To achieve this, we carried out an international, Latin American and national literature, review. First, we describe the principles of indigenous Mapuche education as alternative epistemic principles for Western education. Second, we conceptualize monocultural education as the dominant approach to current schooling. Third, as a proposal, we suggest the need for a decolonial turn, moving from a monocultural education to an intercultural education based on three key ideas: the raising of a critical discourse on monocultural education; the promotion of an education based on a liberating philosophy; and the building of an intercultural education system from the South. We conclude that, although monocultural education is still valid and indigenous knowledge keeps in a subordinate condition, there is an urgent need for a decolonial turn in education, which implies the prompt adoption of a dialogue of knowledge between classes, ethnic groups and nationalities, through a Latin American project that transforms the hierarchical relationship of knowledge, in a pluralistic and contextualized, intercultural and inter epistemic vision
Geófitas Litorales En Contextos Arqueológicos De La Costa Arreica, Norte De Chile
Get PDFSe evalúa el aporte de geófitas en la alimentación de poblaciones de la costa arreica a partir del análisis de material arqueobotánico prove-niente de nuevas excavaciones en el sitio Patache A, B, C. Junto con ello, se hace una revisión exhaustiva a la información disponible para sitios arqueo-lógicos emplazados en la costa arreica, norte de Chile, que presentan en sus contextos cormos y bulbos recolectados en los oasis de neblina, comunidades vegetales que crecen en el farellón costero gracias a la bruma del litoral conocida como camanchaca, y que, junto a los ambientes de desembocadura, son las principales fuentes de recursos terrestres para esta costa desértica. Asimismo, se repasan ejemplos etnográficos e históricos que traten sobre la recolección y usos de geófitas, junto a información botánica sobre los ciclos de estas plantas, dispersión y visibilidad en los oasis de neblina. A partir de todo lo anterior, se reflexiona acerca de su disponibilidad, estrategias de re-colección y aportes a la dieta de los antiguos habitantes de la costa arreica.This article presents a review of the role of geophytes as a staple source of carbohydrates for coastal populations in prehistoric time, as new data from recent excavations in Patache A, B, C site has been collected. Available information for archaeological sites located on the coast of Tarapacá, northern Chile, is reviewed thoroughly; specially the one about those sites that present geophytes collected in the mist oases located in the coastal cliff, which together with river mouth environments, are the main source of useful plants for coastal inhabitants from this region. Ethnographic and historical precedents involving harvest and uses of geophytes are also revised. Botanical information of these plants: the cycles, dispersion and noticeability in the oases of mist, is consi-dered. All the former in order to explore their availability, contributions to the diet and culinary habits of the ancient inhabitants of the arreica coast