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Diversity of raptors and nest sites characteristics in an urban area in Southern Chile
No full textUrban areas form a complex, heterogeneous, fragmented mosaic of habitats, including ecosystems in different degrees of alteration. Nevertheless, some species of birds of prey can thrive in cities. But, there is a knowledge gap regarding the species of birds of prey that who inhabit the cities in Chile, especially those that reproduce in it. Hence, we work in Valdivia, a city that preserves an important natural matrix. The object of this study was to characterize the diversity, abundance, and nest sites of diurnal and nocturnal raptors in the urban area of a city in southern Chile. Twelve species of raptor were recorded, seven diurnal and five nocturnal, 63.1% of the species expected for neighboring rural areas. Twenty-seven nesting sites were recorded two of diurnal raptors and four nocturnal raptors. The availability of nesting sites close to feeding sites, distance to houses, and grassland-shrub cover are essential factors for the success of raptor populations. Cities like Valdivia could offer suitable nesting sites for reproduction, helping to restore habitats for birds of prey
ON THE PRESENCE OF THE EPIBIONT (ECTOSYMBIONT)<i> LAGENOPHRYS</i><i> LENTICULATA</i> (KELLICOTT, 1885) (CILIOPHORA) ON<i> HYALELLA</i><i> CURSVISPINA</i> SCHOEMAKER, 1942: IS IT POSSIBLE TO FIND IT ON CHILEAN<i> HYALELLA</i> POPULATIONS?
No full textThe amphipods of the genus Hyalella have many endemic species throughout South America, and these may have poorly studied associated species as epibionts. The aim of the present study was to review the literature on the presence of the protozoon Lagenophrys lenticulata (Kellicott, 1885) on species of Hyalella and contrast the results with the geographical distribution of the reported hosts. The literature records the presence of L. lenticulata on populations of H. azteca from Canada, Mexico and the United States of America, and on populations of H. curvispina from Uruguay. The literature also reports that H. curvispina is widespread throughout southern South America, including Argentina and Chile, and that it would be possible to find the presence of epibionts on other populations of H. curvispina. The corresponding biogeographical and evolutionary topics are discussed
Complicidad por omisión: análisis doctrinal y propuesta
Get PDFLa relegación de la complicidad por omisión al alero de la figura del autor, dada principalmente por la comprensión de las funciones que cumple la posición de garantía, es el resultado derivado del habitual tratamiento que la doctrina propone en esta materia. Ello ha traído consigo que no sea posible apreciar claramente cuáles son las características de una eventual participación omisiva y que en muchos casos la presencia de la posición de garante descarte automáticamente toda forma de intervención que no sea la autoría. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una recopilación de dichas circunstancias y concebir una concepción de cómplice por omisión con características de garante. Lo anterior, se logra mediante la aplicación del reconocido sinalagma libertad/responsabilidad sumada a la unificación de criterios doctrinales dispersos en la literatura los que, aplicados de una manera ordenada y sistemática, pueden ser de utilidad a la praxis jurídica.The relegation of complicity by omission to the responsibility of the author, due mainly to understanding of the functions fulfilled by the position of guarantee, results from the usual treatment proposed by doctrine in this matter. This has led to the fact that it is impossible to appreciate the charac-teristics of a possible omission, and that in many cases the presence of the guarantor position automatically rules out any form of intervention other than authorship. The aim of this work is to make a com¬pilation of such circum-stances and to propose a conception of accomplice by omission with the cha-racteristics of a guarantor. The foregoing is achieved through the application of the recognized synallagma freedom/responsibility, added to the unification of doctrinal criteria scattered in the literature, which, applied in an orderly and systematic manner, can be useful to legal praxis
A New Family of Distributions Based on Proportional Hazards
Get PDFLa investigación de Héctor W. Gómez fue financiada por el programa SEMILLERO UA-2022 (Chile). La investigación de O. Venegas fue apoyada por la Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado de la Universidad Católica de Temuco, a través del proyecto interno FEQUIP 2019-INRN-03.In this article, we introduce a new family of symmetric-asymmetric distributions based on skew distributions and on the family of order statistics with proportional hazards. This new family of distributions is able to fit both unimodal and bimodal asymmetric data. Furthermore, it contains, as special cases, the symmetric distribution and the “skew-symmetric” family, and therefore the skew-normal distribution. Another interesting feature of the family is that the parameter controlling the distributional shape in bimodal cases takes values in the interval (0, 1); this is an advantage for computing maximum likelihood estimates of model parameters, which is performed by numerical methods. The practical utility of the proposed distribution is illustrated in two real data applications
Exploring the adsorption of five emerging pollutants on activated carbon: A theoretical approach
No full textThe identification and management of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in water systems is crucial for protecting public and environmental health. This paper reports a theoretical approach to studying the adsorption of five CECs: Atrazine (ATZ), Caffeine (CAF), Carbamazepine (CBZ), Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and Ibuprofen (IBU) - onto Activated Carbon (AC). A set of computational methods, including electrostatic molecular potential maps, conceptual density functional theory, Fukui functions, thermodynamic analysis, and tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations, were employed to analyze the electronic/energetic interactions and mechanisms involved in the adsorption of CECs on AC. The theoretical methodology offered valuable predictions on reactivity sites, stability, and binding mechanisms. Results showed that adsorption primarily occurred through non-covalent interactions like pi-pi electron donor-acceptor interactions, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. Thermodynamic properties suggested the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. However, for the AC/SMX system, the Gibbs free energy reveals that adsorption may be unfavorably compared to the other study systems. Molecular dynamics simulations validated the kinetic stability in the following order CAF (0.13 & Aring;)>CBZ (0.23 & Aring;)>ATZ (0.75 & Aring;)> IBU (1.28 & Aring;)>SMX (1.54 & Aring;). This exploratory theoretical study provides a deep understanding of the interactions between AC and five CECs, aiding in the rational design and optimization of AC-based treatment systems for environmental and industrial applications
Uncovering the Work-Family Interface: The Impact of Facilitators and Stressors on the Health of Farm Women
No full textWork-family interface (WFI) theory has identified many stressors that influence work-family dynamics from the standpoint of employees. However, work-family facilitators, as well as the effects of gender differences and the impact of sociocultural environments that differ from a formal employment situation, have received much less attention. Our research aimed to fill these theoretical gaps by analyzing the facilitators and stressors involved in work-family dynamics and determining their consequences for farm women's physical, psychological, and social health. We used a qualitative method with a grounded theory design to collect data via semi-structured interviews with 46 farm women from the region of Araucania in Chile. Our results explain how facilitators, stressors, and outcomes take place in a process of work-family balance that, paradoxically, implies exhausting journeys, a gender-based overload, a risk of diffuse body pain and distress, and a lack of time for personal healthcare and productive autonomy. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach involving improved healthcare infrastructure and services focused on changing the pressures that the farming WFI exerts on rural women
Effects of Physical Activity on Quality of Life of Pregnant Women with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review
No full textThere is evidence that the quality of life and mental health of pregnant women change during pregnancy. To evaluate the impact of physical activity on the quality of life and mental health of pregnant women with obesity or overweight, a systematic review was performed using six electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane (CENTRAL), ScienceDirect, Scielo, BVS and PEDro). In total, 205 articles were collected, and after screening in accordance with the PRISMA declaration, six randomized clinical trials were selected. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane RoB2 tool and a narrative synthesis of the results was performed. Physical activity interventions did not demonstrate statistically significant results on the quality of life and mental health of pregnant women with obesity or overweight. The effects of physical activity during pregnancy for women with obesity or overweight are varied due to the diversity of interventions implemented. Nonetheless, a discernible positive association emerges between stringent adherence to the prescribed physical activity regimen and enhanced physical well-being, weight management, and heightened aerobic capacity. In order to ascertain more definitive conclusions, rigorous clinical trials are needed that take into account the heterogeneity of interventions and ensure adequate adherence to the protocol
Effect of Sedentary behaviors on the Interaction Between the FTO Gene and Adiposity Levels in Chilean Adults - Results from the GENADIO Study
No full textBackground: The Fat-mass and obesity-associated-gene (FTO gene) and sedentary behavior time are associated with obesity. However, whether sedentary behavior time can modify the genetic predisposition to obesity in the Chilean population is unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the association between sedentary behavior, adiposity markers, and the FTO gene. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 409 participants from the Genes, Environment, Diabetes, and Obesity (GENADIO) study. Adiposity markers studied included body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and fat mass. Sedentary behaviors were measured using accelerometers. Using multiple regression, we evaluated the interaction between sedentary behaviors and the FTO gene (rs9939609) on adiposity markers. Results: Sedentary behaviors and the FTO genotype were positively associated with higher body weight, BMI, WC, and fat mass. However, the association between time of sedentary behavior and adiposity markers was higher in carriers of the risk variant for the FTO gene. For each hour of increment in sedentary behaviors, body weight increases by 1.36 kg ([95% CI: 0.27; 2.46], p = 0.015) and 2.95 kg ([95%CI: 1.24; 4.65], p = 0.001) in non-risk carriers (TT) versus risk carriers (AA), respectively. We observed similar results for WC, BMI, and body fat, but the interaction was significant only for WC. Conclusion: The association between sedentary behaviors and adiposity markers, especially body weight and WC, is higher in individuals who carry the risk variant of the FTO gene
Por aquellos olvidados... Niñas y niños en la Arqueología Histórica Industrial de Valdivia
Get PDFTrabajo realizado en el marco del proyecto FONDECYT 1130730 “Arqueología Histórica de la ciudad de Valdivia y su jurisdicción en el período Colonial”.El hallazgo de evidencias vinculables a la infancia en contextos arqueológicos históricoindustriales en el área fundacional de la ciudad de Valdivia, permite visibilizar a un grupo etario generalmente olvidado en las interpretaciones del registro cultural del pasado. Materiales pedagógicos y juguetes encontrados en los sitios Contraloría Regional de Valdivia y Plaza de la República, constituyen un reflejo de juegos cotidianos y de la enseñanza formal en los siglos XIX y comienzos del XX, durante el esplendor industrial y apogeo de la colonización alemana como parte de las dinámicas urbanas y rurales en el sur de Chile. En este trabajo se presenta las evidencias culturales dejadas por niños y niñas de aquella época, encontradas bajo las actuales calles y edificaciones de Valdivia, intentando devolver a nuestra memoria su soslayada presencia, en un mundo de ideas e interpretaciones científicas adultocéntricas.The discovery of evidence related to childhood in historical industrial contexts in the foundation area of the city of Valdivia, allows visible to an age group usually forgotten in the interpretations of the archaeological record. Educational materials and toys found in the Contraloría Regional de Valdivia and Plaza de la República sites are displayed as a reflection of everyday games and formal education in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, during the industrial splendor and heyday of German colonization in the city. In this paper, the cultural evidence linked to the children of that time, found under the existing streets and buildings of Valdivia, trying to restore his memory evaded our presence in a world of ideas and interpretations adult-centric is presented
Pre-Harvest Salicylic Acid Application Affects Fruit Quality and Yield under Deficit Irrigation in <i>Aristotelia chilensis</i> (Mol.) Plants
No full textSalicylic acid (SA) application is a promising agronomic tool. However, studies under field conditions are required, to confirm the potential benefits of SA. Thus, SA application was evaluated under field conditions for its effect on abscisic acid levels, antioxidant related-parameters, fruit quality, and yield in Aristotelia chilensis subjected to different levels of irrigation. During two growing seasons, three-year-old plants under field conditions were subjected to full irrigation (FI: 100% of reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and deficit irrigation (DI: 60% ETo). During each growth season, a single application of 0.5 mM SA was performed at fruit color change by spraying fruits and leaves of both irrigation treatments. The results showed that DI plants experienced moderate water stress (-1.3 MPa), which increased ABA levels and oxidative stress in the leaves. The SA application facilitated the recovery of all physiological parameters under the DI condition, increasing fruit fresh weight by 44%, with a 27% increase in fruit dry weight, a 1 mm increase in equatorial diameter, a 27% improvement in yield per plant and a 27% increase in total yield, with lesser oxidative stress and tissue ABA levels in leaves. Also, SA application significantly increased (by about 10%) the values of fruit trait variables such as soluble solids, total phenols, and antioxidant activity, with the exceptions of titratable acidity and total anthocyanins, which did not vary. The results demonstrated that SA application might be used as an agronomic strategy to improve fruit yield and quality, representing a saving of 40% regarding water use