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The need of defining new deliberative technologies for law
No full textThe existence of vices in the processes of political opinion's formation in digital platforms can be faced trough legal regulation. That requires to determine what's going to be the object of such regulation, which demands the precise identification of the core elements of the platforms in which such defects occur. A first approach trough english and spanish literature's analysis shows that, even as the first one is notoriously more developed in it's efforts, none reaches the precission levels required, which leads us to identify as determinant and diferentiating element in these platforms the fact that in them exists the possibility of democratic deliberation
Diversity and functionality of soil prokaryotic communities in antarctic volcanic soils: insights from penguin-influenced environments
No full textIn the nutrient-limited Antarctic terrestrial habitat, penguins transfer a significant amount of nutrients from the marine to the terrestrial ecosystem through their depositions (i.e., guano). This guano influences soil physicochemical properties, leading to the formation of ornithogenic soil rich in nutrients and organic matter. We hypothesize that soil prokaryotic communities will be strongly influenced by the contribution of nitrogenous nutrients from penguin rookeries, maintaining the influence over long distances. The objective was to establish how the soil prokaryotic diversity and community structure change with distance from a penguin colony, which provides large amounts of guano and nitrogenous compounds, and to study the effects of these nutrients on the functional role of these communities. Methods include volcanic soil sampling along a 1200 m transect from the penguin active rookery and the characterization of soil nutrient content and soil prokaryotic communities using 16S rRNA high-throughput amplicon sequencing. In contrast to our hypothesis, the results showed that the impact of guano from the penguin colony was restricted to the first 300 m. Probably because the penguin rookery was sheltered, strong wind and wind direction did not affect the transport of nutrients from the penguin rookery. Areas close to the penguin rookery were dominated by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, while areas situated further away were dominated by Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospirae, and Planctomycetes. Beta diversity analysis among the soil prokaryotic communities revealed a high degree of community heterogeneity, strongly associated with N compound characteristics (NH4, NO3, and %N), C, and pH. Inferences from N metabolism genes suggest a high potential of the microbial community for dissimilatory nitrate reduction genes (DNRA) to ammonium, assimilatory nitrate reduction (ANR), and denitrification. Although it is assumed that the nitrogenous compounds of the penguin colonies reach long distances and affect the prokaryotic community, this effect can vary with wind directions or the morphology of the site, reducing the impact of the guano over long distances, as our results indicate. On the other hand, functional predictions give some clues about the main actors in nitrogen cycling, through processes like dissimilatory nitrate reduction, assimilatory nitrate reduction, and denitrification
Evaluación neuropsicológica de la memoria semántica en demencia presenil y declive cognitivo atípico: ¿estamos preparados?
Get PDFEl envejecimiento de la población es un fenómeno demográfico de preocupación mundial. Junto al aumento de la población mayor, aumenta también el número de enfermedades neurodegenerativas. La enfermedad de Alzheimer y la demencia frontotemporal, son las principales causas del envejecimiento cognitivo patológico, diferenciando dentro de su progresión al Deterioro Cognitivo Leve (DCL) y la demencia. La memoria semántica permite el procesamiento, alma- cenamiento y representación de información que subyace la comprensión y uso del significado de todo lo que nos rodea, permitiendo la autonomía en el desempeño de actividades de la vida diaria, por lo tanto, su compromiso conlleva a un estado de demencia. Uno de los principales objetivos de estudio clínico y de impacto en salud pública es la detección precoz de la demencia, dirigido hacia un tratamiento farmacológico, no-farmacológico y manejo psicosocial oportuno. Actualmente, los casos de demencias preseniles y las presentaciones iniciales con perfiles atípicos han aumentado, siendo la memoria semántica una de estas manifestaciones. En Chile existen efectivas herramientas para la detección de un envejecimiento cognitivo patológico, sin embargo, no se cuenta con herramientas evaluativas para un diagnóstico efectivo en casos atípicos
Las expresiones del ambientalismo en la competencia electoral: el caso de Chile
Get PDFSon escasos los estudios de ciencia política que abordan la participación en la arena electoral de las demandas ambientales en América Latina. Para llenar este vacío, analizamos en este trabajo exploratorio las expresiones electorales del ambientalismo en Chile desde 1993 hasta 2021. Durante este período, el ambientalismo se ha expresado en la arena electoral mediante dos opciones, a veces complementarias y otras en competencia. Por un lado, se han constituido partidos políticos específicos, y por el otro activistas de la movilización ambiental han participado directamente. Independiente de la opción, los resultados electorales han sido bajos hasta el año 2021, cuando los candidatos ambientalistas tuvieron votaciones altas en las elecciones de gobernadores regionales y de convencionales constituyentes. Sin embargo, en las elecciones legislativas de ese mismo año el resultado volvió a ser bajo, pero al mismo tiem-po las demandas ambientales fueron recogidas por actores como el candidato y luego presidente Gabriel Boric. Queda por ver si se consolidará una expresión electoral propia del ambientalismo en Chile.There are few political science studies that address the participation in the electoral arena of environmental demands in Latin America. To fill this gap, we analyze in this exploratory work the electoral expressions of environmentalism in Chile from 1993 to 2021. During this period, environmentalism has been expressed in the electoral arena through two options, sometimes complementary and at other times in competition. On the one hand, specific political parties have been formed, and on the other, environmental mobilization activists have participated directly. Regardless of the approach adopted, the electoral results have been low until 2021, when environmentalist candidates achieved good results in the elections for regional governors and conventional constituents. However, in the legislative elections of 2022 the result was again low, but at the same time environmental demands have been given exposure by actors such as candidate, and subsequently President, Gabriel Boric. Thus, it remains to be seen whether an electoral expression of environmentalism will become consolidated in Chile
Desiccation Tolerance of Epiphytic Macrolichens in an Evergreen Temperate Rain Forest (Alerce Costero National Park, Chile)
No full textThe Valdivian region has a temperate rainy climate with differences in rainfall throughout the year. This heterogeneity results in periods of summer drought that expose the poikilohydric epiphytes to desiccation. With this research, we aim to answer different research questions related to phorophyte preference, response to desiccation, and response to radiation. How does the diversity of macrolichens vary at a local and microclimate scale in three tree species within an evergreen forest? What is the tolerance limit of macrolichens against prolonged desiccation, according to evaluation of the maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and pigment concentration? What is the tolerance limit against a potential increase in radiation? We found that macrolichen communities are determined by tree species, which regulate the suitability of the substrate by modifying the temperature and humidity conditions. In addition, our results show a rapid photosynthetic alteration in temporal exposure to desiccation, measured through Fv/Fm and pigment concentration. Our results showed that the most sensitive lichens to radiation and desiccation are not coincident. We confirm the low tolerance of macrolichen species to high radiation, reflected in the saturation profile obtained for the set studied. The lichen community in the evergreen forest showed high complexity and vulnerability, pointing to the importance of more research
Imagining another world is possible: future making in the Anthropocene
Get PDFEste ensayo explora el estudio del futuro, en relación a las transformaciones contemporáneas del medioambiente y sus representaciones. En lo cotidiano, el encuentro con imágenes que reflejan las crisis ambientales por las que pasa el planeta es algo común. Desde una sociología que toma al futu-ro como objeto de investigación, las imágenes que anticipan otros estados del mundo tienen poderosas consecuencias en el presente. Las ciencias sociales son centrales para analizar, debatir y alcanzar los futuros así anticipados. Sin embargo, la alta circulación de imágenes sobre el futuro climático, junto con las limitadas posibilidades de actuar significativamente en el presente, producen una sensación de impotencia reflexiva. El Antropoceno, nombre propuesto para designar la actual época geológica, problematiza nuestra forma de concebir el mundo, planteando preguntas sobre la forma en que lo humano y lo no humano enredan sus dominios. Por un lado, el Antropoceno anticipa condiciones climáticas mucho más duras en los tiempos que vienen. Por el otro, invita a buscar formas de producir nuevos y mejores futuros, donde existan mundos habitables. Todos los esfuerzos por alcanzar este fin son igualmente necesa-rios. Distintos dispositivos de anticipación, como el modelamiento del clima, la ficción y las mitologías, juegan un rol fundamental en la tarea de producir mundos en el futuro.This essay explores the study of future, related to environmental changes in the contemporary world and their representations. In everyday life, it is very common to find images about the environmental crisis in the planet. In the perspective of a sociology that takes the future as an object of inquire, the images that anticipate other states of the world have powerful consequen-ces in the present. Social sciences are central to analyze, debate, and achieve the anticipated futures. In the present, the high circulation of images about climate futures and the limited possibilities of acting significantly, produce a state of reflexive impotence. Anthropocene is the name of the current geolo-gical age. This concept problematizes our way of conceiving the world, posing questions about the way in which the human and the non-human entangle their domains. On one hand, Anthropocene anticipates harder climate condi-tions in the times that come. On the other hand, it invites to look for new ways to produce better futures and inhabitable worlds. All the efforts to achieve this purpose are equally necessary. Different anticipation dispositives, like climate models, fictions and mythologies have a crucial role in the task of producing future worlds
Políticas públicas estatales en Colombia con enfoque basado en derechos humanos para el cumplimiento de la firma del entendimiento común ONU- 2003
Get PDFSe parte de la Firma del Entendimiento Común aprobada por la Or-ganización de las Naciones Unidas en el año 2003 (ONU-2003), en la que en adelante las Políticas Públicas Estatales (Políticas y Programas) tendrían que reafirmarse desde el Enfoque Basado en los Derechos Humanos (EBDH) sin discriminación, excepción o jerarquías. La pregunta de investigación gira en torno a: ¿Cuáles son los alcances de la Firma del Entendimiento Común en las Políticas Públicas Estatales en Colombia desde el EBDH ONU-2003, de cara a las exigencias políticas y jurídicas que derivaría en su posible judicialización, para un país embarcado en un estado de cosas inconstitucionales? La Metódica está compuesta por el Funcionalismo Estructuralista, desde el que se asume que la sociedad siempre está expuesta a consideraciones complejas (problemas) y, que a partir de ellos se trata de avanzar, pero, son las propias situaciones problémicas las que activan el progreso de la sociedad y de los Estados al reconocer las dificultades. Se suma a la metódica, la Complejidad, compuestas por el análisis, dinámica y pensamiento complejo en la que se encuentran la teoría de la información, la teoría cibernética y la teoría sistémica como fuentes complejas y como paradigmas al análisis dialógico, de recursión y hologramático, que obligan, a que el Estado de respuestas constantemente, dado que, la población solicita soluciones constitucionales.The starting point of this article is the Signing of the Common Understanding approved by the United Nations in 2003 (UN-2003), under which, from that moment onwards, State Public Policies (Policies and Pro-grams) would have to be firmly grounded in the Human Rights-Based Approach (HRBA) without discrimination, exception or hierarchies. The research question revolves around: What is the scope of impact of the Signing of the Common Understanding in State Public Policies in Colombia since the UN 2003 HRBA, in the face of the political and legal demands that would result in its possible judicialization, for a country in an unconstitutional situation? The methodology is that of Structuralist Functionalism, in which it is assumed that society is always exposed to complex considerations (problems) which are the point from which they must progress, but that it is the problematic situa-tions themselves that activate the progress of society and States through their recognition of these problems. The methodology is compounded by Complexity, consisting of the analysis, dynamics, and complex thinking in which infor-mation theory, cybernetic theory and systems theory are present as complex sources and as paradigms for dialogic, recursive and hologrammatic analysis. These oblige the State to constantly provide answers, since the population is demanding constitutional solutions
Transcriptional analysis of flagellar and putative virulence genes of Arcobacter butzleri as an endocytobiont of Acanthamoeba castellanii
No full textArcobacter butzleri is an emerging foodborne zoonotic pathogen that has been isolated from environmental water sources. This pathogen establishes in vitro endosymbiotic relationships with Acanthamoeba castellanii, a free-living amoeba found in environmental matrices such as soil and water. The principal aim of this study was to analyse the transcriptional pattern of flagellar (flaA-flaB-flgH-motA) and other putative virulence genes (ciaB-cadF-mviN-pldA) of A. butzleri during its interaction with A. castellanii by quantitative real-time PCR. The transcriptional analysis showed up-regulation of all genes analysed before A. butzleri became established as an endocytobiont of A. castellanii. In contrast, while A. butzleri remains an endocytobiont, a significant and sustained decrease in the transcription of all analysed genes was observed. Our findings suggest that A. butzleri requires a biphasic transcriptional pattern of flagellar and other putative virulence genes to establish an endosymbiotic relationship with A. castellanii
INTERROGATING CHILEAN COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY IN TIMES OF CRISIS
No full textThe social outbreak that occurred in Chile in October 2019, added to the COVID-19 pandemic, has made visible and exacerbated inequities of all kinds in the country (health, work, housing, education etc). This has resulted in the activation of various social and community processes that try to reverse situations of injustice and also to subvert the economic and social logic that has led us to this situation. In this scenario, the question arises, what can Chilean Community Psychology contribute to this crisis? An attempt is made to answer this question in this chapter, which addresses, from an integrated perspective, the various alternatives that our discipline has to contribute to this process of social transformation