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La protección de la inversión extranjera y los compromisos ambientales ¿Un posible equilibrio?
Get PDFLa presente investigación tiene por objeto revisar las posibles zonas de fricción entre la protección internacional de las inversiones y los compromisos ambientales asumidos por Chile. Con dicho propósito, se analiza el arbitraje de inversiones en el marco de la fragmentación del derecho internacional público. Asimismo, se revisan posibles áreas de fricción entre el arbitraje de inversiones con las potestades regulatorias de un Estado y con sus compromi-sos en materia ambiental. Finalmente, se concluye, por un lado, que es posible un equilibrio entre la protección de las inversiones y los compromisos ambientales del Estado y, por el otro, que una inversión extranjera será tutelada y los derechos de los inversores garantizados, en la medida en la que estos desarro-llen su actividad de buena fe y en cumplimiento del régimen regulatorio del Estado receptor.The purpose of this research is to review possible areas of friction between international investment protection and international environmental law. To this end, it analyzes investment arbitration in the context of the fragmentation of public international law. It also reviews possible areas of friction between investment arbitration on the one hand and the regulatory powers of a State and its environmental commitments on the other. Finally, it is concluded that a balance between investment protection and the environmental obligations of the State is possible, under which foreign investment will be protected and the rights of investors guaranteed, as long as they carry out their activities in good faith and in compliance with the regulatory regime of the host State
Agro-industrial Waste as Precursor Source for Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Synthesis Using a New Technical of Solvent Autoignition
Get PDFThe objective of this research was to evaluate a novel technique of synthesis by solvent autoignition. The CNTs were synthesized using two methods of solvent autoignition: radiation assisted by a microwave oven and autoignition by muffle-furnace. Synthesized CNTs were examined by dynamic light scattering, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the physicochemical properties of CNTs were influenced by synthesis method. Biochars obtained by autoignition through the muffle-furnace produced higher CNTs concentration and smaller hydrodynamic diameter and show a higher degree of wall graphitization, suggesting superior CNT quality. These results are promising for application in the construction industry and as a sustainable lignocellulosic residual biomass management solution
Assessment of generic competences in physical education teachers
Get PDFLas competencias genéricas se consideran fundamentales en todos los campos profesionales. Sin embargo, pocas instituciones evalúan si sus egresados transfieren dichas competencias al contexto profesional. El objetivo del estudio fue valorar la percepción de las competencias genéricas que poseen los profesores de Educación Física recientemente egresados de una universidad chilena, enfocándose especialmente en: (a) conocer el nivel de importancia que éstos otorgan a dichas competencias en el ejercicio profesional; (b) definir, a partir de estos actores, el nivel de desarrollo y énfasis que la universidad entrega a las competencias genéricas durante el proceso formativo. Se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa, de tipo descriptivo comparativo. Participaron 133 profesores de Educación Física (35 mujeres y 98 hombres). Todos los participantes respondieron el cuestionario diseñado para el Tuning Latinoamericano (2007). Los principales hallazgos señalan que según los egresados, las competencias más importantes para trabajar en el sistema laboral son «valoración y respeto por la diversidad y multiculturalidad» (89.8%) y el «compromiso ético» (88%). Las menos importantes son «capacidad de comunicación en un segundo idioma (inglés)» (32.3%) y las «habilidades en el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación» (56.7%). Los egresados manifiestan que las competencias genéricas más desarrolladas en su proceso formativo universitario son: «capacidad de trabajo en equipo» (59.8%), «valoración y respeto por la diversidad y multiculturalidad» (59.1%) y «habilidades para buscar, procesar y analizar información procedente de fuentes diversas» (55.9%). Y las menos desarrolladas en la universidad son: «capacidad de comunicación en un segundo idioma (inglés)» (9.4%), «habilidades en el uso de las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación» (28.3%).Generic competencies are considered fundamental in all professional fields. However, few institutions evaluate whether their graduates transfer these competencies to the professional context. The objective of the study was to assess the perception of recently graduated Physical Education Teachers from a Chilean university about the generic competencies. The study has a special focus on: (a) to know the level of importance that they give to these competencies in the professional practice; (b) to define, from these actors, the level of development and emphasis that the university delivers to the generic competencies during the formative process. A quantitative methodology, of a comparative descriptive type, was used. A total of 133 Physical Education teachers (35 women and 98 men) participated in the study. All participants answered the questionnaire designed for the Latin American Tuning project (2007). The main findings indicate that according to the graduates, the most important competencies for working in the labor system are «appreciation and respect for diversity and multiculturalism» (89.8%) and «ethical commitment» (88%). The least important are «ability to communicate in a second language (English)» (32.3%) and «skills in the use of Information and Communication Technologies» (56.7%). The graduates state that the generic competencies most developed in their university training process are: «ability to work in a team» (59.8%), «appreciation and respect for diversity and multiculturalism» (59.1%) and «skills to search for, process and analyze information from different sources» (55.9%). The least developed in the university are: «ability to communicate in a second language (English)» (9.4%), and «skills in the use of information and communication technologies» (28.3%)
Experiências de estudantes mapuches em formação inicial docente no contexto de diversidade
Get PDFLa inserción y permanencia de los estudiantes de culturas minoritarias involuntarias en el sistema educativo implica una serie de tensiones académicas y socio-efectivas que pueden influir en su desempeño académico y en la forma en la que se relacionan con el sistema educativo. El objetivo de este ensayo es presentar una reflexión sobre algunas de las problemáticas que los estudiantes indígenas experimentan en la universidad, en tanto reproductora de los ideales monoculturales del sistema de educación. Para ello reflexionaremos sobre la base teórica de la educación desde una perspectiva intercultural en relación al rol de las universidades y de la formación inicial de profesores. Las proyecciones del ensayo se refieren a las implicancias epistemológicas y praxiológicas en tanto aporte a la base de conocimientos acerca de la educación superior en contextos de diversidad social y cultural para una educación que dé cuenta de las variaciones culturales en la formación de profesores.A inserção e a permanência dos estudantes de culturas minoritárias involuntárias no sistema educativo implicam uma série de tensões acadêmicas e socioafetivas que podem influenciar em seu desempenho acadêmico e na forma como se relacionam com o sistema educativo. O objetivo deste ensaio é apresentar uma reflexão sobre algumas das problemáticas que os estudantes indígenas experimentam na universidade, em tanto reprodutora dos ideais de monoculturais do sistema de educação. Para isso refletimos sobre a base teórica da educação a partir uma perspectiva intercultural em relação ao rol das universidades e da formação inicial de professores. As projeções do ensaio referem-se às implicações epistemológicas e praxiológicas em tanto aporte à base de conhecimentos sobre a educação superior nos contextos de diversidade social e cultural para uma educação que dê conta das variações culturais na formação de professores.A series of academic and socio-effective strains arise with the insertion and permanence of involuntary minority culture students in the education system which can influence their academic performance as also in the way that they relate to the education system. The purpose of this essay is to give some forethought regarding the problems indigenous students face in the university, where the education system only present monocultural ideals. For this we will contemplate the theoretical basis of education from an intercultural perspective in regards to the participation of the universities and the initial formation of the professors. The outreach of the essay is in reference to the epistemological and praxeological implications that contribute to a knowledge based on a superior education with a social and cultural diversity context for an education where the professors have been formed with cultural variations
Exploring Ulex europaeus to Produce Nontoxic Binderless Fibreboard
Get PDFUlex europaeus is one of the most abundant and aggressively invasive plants on the world. Its fibres, which can be isolated using an alkaline pulping process, have been successfully thermo-pressed into high-density fibreboards without any type of binder. The influence of the bioorganic and crystalline components on the product was investigated using crystallographic, thermo-analytical, and mechanical techniques. Cellulose was predominantly an I-beta polymorph, more common in hardwood, but the composition of the material was typical of softwood. Both the crystallinity in the fibres and the average domain size of cellulose increased during thermo-pressing. Notwithstanding that the residual lignin was present in a small amount, this promoted the cohesion of fibres by improving hydrolysis and adhesion properties. The best overall properties were observed in the pressed products of 1030 +/- 38 kg/m(3), showing an elastic modulus of 4.31 +/- 0.26 GPa, with a modulus of rupture of 26.5 +/- 1.3 MPa. These results serve as the basis to transform the invasive species into a fully non-toxic added-value resource
Access to information in the first grade mathematics textbook of primary education in Chile
Get PDFEste trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar la accesibilidad a la información en el libro de texto de matemática del primer curso de Educación Primaria en Chile. La metodología es cuantitativa y de nivel descriptiva. Para el análisis se ha utilizado el instrumento de evaluación sobre el acceso a la información en libros de texto de matemática, validado por juicio de expertos. Los resultados permitieron identificar los principales facilitadores y barreras en el libro de texto desde el enfoque del diseño universal para el aprendizaje.This paper aims to analyze the accessibility to information in the first grade mathematics textbook of primary education in Chile. The methodology is quantitative and descriptive. For the analysis, the evaluation instrument on access to information in mathematics textbooks validated by expert judgment has been used. The results allowed to identify the main facilitators and barriers in the textbook from the approach of universal design for learning
Análisis desde de la Perspectiva de Familia de la Ley 30364 para prevenir la violencia
Get PDFLa violencia intrafamiliar es reconocida como un importante problema de salud pública, cuya complejidad puede ser abordada desde diferentes perspectivas. La perspectiva de familia es un enfoque que en lugar de considerar al individuo de manera aislada; reconoce la importancia de sus relaciones y responsabilidades familiares. Por ello, la finalidad de este estudio es identificar si la perspectiva en base a la cual se ha promulgado la ley 30364, incorpora la perspectiva de familia. La presente investigación sigue un diseño mixto de tipo explicativo secuencial. Para la parte cuantitativa, se utilizó como instrumento la Guía para el Análisis de la Perspectiva de Familia en las Políticas Públicas versión 1.1 y la muestra estuvo conformada por 9 expertos. Para la parte cualitativa, se utilizó como instrumento una entrevista semiestructurada y se tuvo la participación de 3 expertos. Los principales resultados cuantitativos arrojan que ningún criterio considerado en la guía obtiene un puntaje mayor a la mitad, 50 puntos del máximo posible. Siendo el mayor puntaje de calificación de una media de 44.4 y el menor de 11.1; estos resultados, fueron en su mayoría corro-borados a través del análisis cualitativo de categorías, cuyos principales hallaz-gos se desarrollan en el apartado correspondiente. Los resultados señalan, que la ley evaluada no considera los pilares conceptuales de la perspectiva de familia.Intrafamily violence is recognized as an important public health problem, which complexity can be approached from different perspectives. The family lens is considered more efficient in the evaluation of a phenomenon because, instead of only considering an isolate person, it recognizes the im-portance of family relationships and responsibilities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify whether the perspective based on which Law 30364 has been enacted incorporates the family lens. The present research follows a mi-xed design of sequential explanatory type. For the quantitative part, the Guide for the Analysis of the Family Lens in Public Policies version 1.1 was used as an instrument and the sample consisted of nine experts. For the qualitative part, a semi-structured interview was used as an instrument and three experts parti-cipated. The main quantitative results show that no criterion considered in the guide obtained a score higher than 50 points. Being the highest rating score of a mean of 44.4 and the lowest of 11.1; these results, were mostly corroborated through the qualitative analysis of categories, which main findings are deve-loped in the corresponding section. It could be evidenced, after the experts' assessment, that the evaluated law does not consider the family lens despite the contribution it could make to understand this problematic
A Note on Pareto-Type Distributions Parameterized by Its Mean and Precision Parameters
Get PDFLa investigación de Héctor J. Gómez fue financiada por el Fondo de Apoyo a la Innovación en Educación Superior, Universidad Católica de Temuco, UCT19101.Pareto-type distributions are well-known distributions used to fit heavy-tailed data. How-ever, the standard parameterizations used for Pareto-type distributions are poorly suited to modeling. On this note, we suggest new parameterizations that are better suited to the purpose. In addition, we propose many regression models where the response variable is Pareto-type distributed using new parameterizations that are indexed by mean and precision parameters. The main motivation for these new parametrizations is the useful interpretation of the regression coefficients in terms of the mean and precision, as is usual in the context of regression models. The parameter estimation of these new models is performed, based on the maximum likelihood paradigm. Some numerical illustrations of the estimators are presented with a discussion of the obtained results. Finally, we illustrate the practicality of the new models by means of two applications to real data sets
BUSINESSES AND PREVENTION OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE: WINDS OF CHANGE IN LA ARAUCANÍA?
No full textThis article analyzes the results of the first stage of a social innovation project whose main objective was to promote the employability of women victims of gender-based violence who finished a SernamEG programs in the Araucania Region, southern Chile. Sixteen companies participated in a structured survey inspired on NCh3262-2012, which regulates the Gender Equality and Work-Life Balance Management System. The results suggest that the companies are led by men, are composed of personnel with little training and/or awareness of gender violence, tend to reproduce gender roles and have little interest in implementing gender equality policies in the organizational environment, including those aimed at the inclusion of women who have suffered violence by a partner or former intimate partner. The research show that it is necessary to continue working so that companies assume (within the integral approach) their role as multipliers of the right to a life free of gender violence
Golpe de Estado e Historia pública : la batalla por las narrativas sobre el pasado durante la postdictadura chilena
Get PDFEn la postdictadura se debió enfrentar a desafíos complejos, gobernar la democracia en coincidencia con miembros de la recién terminada Dictadura era un problema difícil de sortear. En este contexto, enfrentar el pasado reciente desde las narrativas oficiales requería de equilibrios frágiles. En este artículo analizamos de qué manera se configura el debate y desarrollo de la Historia publica sobre el golpe de Estado durante los primeros años del retorno a la democracia. Analizamos como los relatos del oficialismo, intelectuales de derecha e historiadores entran en la batalla por el pasado y proponen sus narrativas. Fi-nalmente pudimos dar cuenta de la relevancia de la investigación histórica para combatir la distorsión del pasado, observando los riesgos que tiene el ceder los espacios discursivos públicos a individuos o grupos que buscan consolidar intereses a través de errores y desinformación sobre la Historia reciente chilena.In the post-dictatorship period, it had to face complex challenges. Governing democracy in coincidence with members of the recently ended dic-tatorship was a difficult problem to overcome. In this context, facing the recent past from the official narratives required fragile balances. In this article, we an-alyze how the debate and development of the public history of the coup d'état took shape during the first years of the return to democracy. We analyze how the official, right-wing intellectuals and historians enter the battle for the past and propose their narratives. Finally, we realized the relevance of historical research in fighting the distortion of the past, observing the risks of relinquish-ing public discursive spaces to individuals or groups that seek to consolidate interests through errors and misinformation about recent Chilean history