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Dispossession of Indigenous Knowledge in the Chilean Education System: Mapuche Experiences in Chile
No full textThe article reports on the dispossession of indigenous knowledge in the public education system in Mapuche territory in La Araucania, a southern region in Chile. The methodology is qualitative, 18 people were interviewed including Mapuche wise men and women, fathers, and mothers who experienced schooling processes in their younger years. The information analysis technique is content analysis, to identify explicit and latent meanings related to the schools they attended and the Chilean education system. Mapuche wise people and parents were consulted on the pedagogical practices of dispossession of ancestral knowledge that have been institutionalized. Main results show that schools have transmitted a Western Eurocentric-based knowledge which results in the dispossession of their own episteme and in their transformation into ordinary Chilean citizens who are unaware of their language and culture as a central axis of their sociocultural identity. Main conclusions account for the historical processes of schooling in an indigenous context, highlighting the consequences that this monocultural education has brought to families, communities, and new generations of indigenous. This poses the challenge of transforming the school curriculum, to transmit their truth, to advance in justice, reparation, and to ensure the non-repetition of the epistemicide of indigenous knowledge in the school
Manejo deglutorio del adulto mayor institucionalizado por parte de técnicos en enfermería: un estudio cualitativo
No full textIntroducción: se busca profundizar acerca del manejo cotidiano de las complicaciones de la deglución en centros del adulto mayor, las cuales generalmente asume el técnico o auxiliar de enfermería (tens), quie- nes son los encargados de su alimentación. Materiales y métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio con enfoque cualitativo basado en la teoría fundamentada. Se realizaron grupos de discusión y entrevistas en pro- fundidad a dieciocho tens de tres establecimientos de larga estadía en la Araucanía (Chile). Se analizaron los datos a través de codificación abierta y axial, con los cuales se obtuvieron seis categorías analíticas sobre esta situación. Resultados: los tens y los auxiliares de la alimentación reportaron desconocimiento del uso y pertinencia de estas; además, comentaron que dichas maniobras las aprendieron mediante la observación a otros profesionales itinerantes dentro del centro, y no producto de la formación o trabajo interdisciplinario. Conclusión: dado el contexto y las limitaciones derivadas de la formación de los tens, surge la necesidad de incrementar sus conocimientos y mejorar sus prácticas relacionadas con la deglución y alimentación, con el objetivo de disminuir el riesgo de ocurrencia de situaciones que agraven la salud de los adultos mayores. Se discute, así mismo, la pertinencia de que estos centros cuenten con profesionales capacitados en cuanto al abordaje de los trastornos de la deglución, pues ello contribuirá a mejorar este aspecto, en función del trabajo coordinado con el resto del equipo
Malformed jaw phenotype and replacement of dietary fish oil by olive oil affect fatty acid composition, antioxidant defense and the expression of the retinoic signaling pathway in juvenile Seriola lalandi (Valenciennes, 1833)
No full textYellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) is a valuable commercial aquacultural product in high demand in several countries. Growth performance, survival, lipid content, antioxidant enzyme system defense, gene expression and malformation were investigated in the juvenile specimens subjected to different diets. Three experimental diets with different proportions of fish oil (FO) and olive oil (OO) and different levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA), were formulated and manufactured: D1: 100% FO + 0% OO; D2: 50% FO + 50% OO; D3: 0% FO + 100% OO. S. lalandi juveniles weighing 0.81 g (57 days dph) were fed during four weeks with experimental diets (D1, D2, and D3). Samples of normal or malformed-jaw fish were collected at the end of the feeding trial. Although the incidence of malformations seemed to slightly increase with the incorporation of OO, the statistical association between diet and the malformation rate was not clear. The most frequent malformation observed was shortening of the lower jaw, followed by shortening of the upper jaw. At the gene expression level, the antioxidant genes CAT, SOD, GPX, RXR and PPAR were upregulated in malformed-jaw fish compared to normal specimens, independent of their diets. The results of multi-dimensional scaling suggest that a disruption of hepatic lipid composition may be associated with jaw and operculum malformations in juvenile S. lalandi
Exploring the Potential of a Popular EFL Textbook to Foster Both Sustainability Awareness and Competencies among ESD Learners: A Content Analysis Approach
No full textTo demonstrate the potential of the fifth edition of the Headway EFL textbook as a means to cultivate sustainability awareness and competence in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), this study aims to identify themes related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within the textbook. The secondary objective is to identify grammatical concept exercises that can function as a means of augmenting sustainability competencies. Drawing on constructivism research philosophy, this study utilized a content analysis approach to identify themes and patterns of SDGs in the textbook. This involved connecting language skill development (reading, listening, writing, and speaking) within every topic unit of the textbook with each of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Furthermore, we focused on identifying and correlating different grammatical tasks that have the potential of enhancing students' anticipatory, system-thinking, normative, strategic, and interpersonal sustainability competencies. The findings indicated that, with the exception of SDGs 6 and 1, all of the remaining 15 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are depicted throughout the six levels of the textbook. In addition, it was revealed that exercises pertaining to grammatical concepts, including passive voice, pronouns, conjunctions, adjectives, and emphatic language, simple future tense, serve as significant predictors and enhancers of the five core competencies of sustainability. The present study sheds more light on the current understanding of sustainability awareness and competencies that are crucial for advancing Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) initiatives across various levels of the educational system
Mapping ecosystem services in Colombia: Analysis of synergies, trade-offs and bundles in environmental management
No full textEcosystem services (ES) have gained significant attention in recent years from the global environmental initiatives that involve science and policy. Multiple scholars have analyzed how ES are integrated with environmental policies, plans, and strategic assessments. However, there is a lack of information on how countries translate these policies, plans and assessments into concrete environmental management actions that integrate an explicit ES approach. To help fill this gap, we analyze how the Colombian Regional Autonomous Corporations (CARs) have used the ES approach in their environmental management projects implemented between 2004 and 2015. This study aims to analyze the type and diversity of ES managed by the CARs, as well as the synergies, trade-offs, and bundles of ES prioritized by them. We used content analysis of the CARs reports and statistical analysis to explore whether CARs explicitly use the ES concept. Our results showed that provisioning, regulating, and cultural ES were similarly prioritized by the CARs, however, explicit mention of ES was limited. Regulating services showed remarkable potential for synergies, and there was a pattern of trade-offs between cultural and some regulating and provisioning services. We found three bundles of ES: 'Restoration and conservation of agrosystems', 'Mosaic of services' and 'Farming and fibers' occupying, respectively, 9, 36 and 55% of the total area of Colombia. Our findings show that multiple ES are targeted and affected by environmental management actions. The contribution of this study has the potential to inform adequately policy decisions to be used in environmental management and planning practices to prioritize areas for maximizing ES provision
Thermal efficiency analysis of buildings with phase change materials
Get PDFIncreasing global temperature is alarming the need for construction industry to have thermally efficient building materials. Incorporating Phase Change Materials (PCM) in buildings is widely accepted method for reduction in temperature, thereby achieving better thermal efficiency. This paper focuses on the assessment of thermal performance of PCM-incorporated building under tropical climatic condition. The simulation process was carried out using DesignBuilder Software and the developed building model is validated with the results available in the literature. A parametric study is also performed in order to identify the effect of different parameters like building orientation, window to wall ratio, ceiling height and construction material on the indoor air temperature. The results showed that the maximum reduction was up to 2.76°C.El aumento de la temperatura global está alarmando la necesidad de que la industria de la construcción cuente con materiales de construcción térmicamente eficientes. La incorporación de Materiales de Cambio de Fase (PCM) en edificios es un método ampliamente aceptado para reducir la temperatura, logrando así una mejor eficiencia térmica. Este documento se centra en la evaluación del rendimiento térmico de edificios incorporados en PCM en condiciones climáticas tropicales. El proceso de simulación se realizóutilizando el software Design Builder y el modelo de construcción desarrollado se valida con los resultados disponibles en la literatura. También se realiza un estudio paramétrico para identificar el efecto de diferentes parámetros como la orientación deledificio, la relación ventana-pared, la altura del techo y el material de construcción sobre la temperatura del aire interior. Los resultados mostraron que la reducción máxima fue de hasta 2,76 ° C
Endophytic seed-associated microbial diversity and its impact on seedling growth of the Andean tree <i>Nothofagus obliqua</i> (Mirb.) Oerst
No full textSymbiotic microorganisms are essential for promoting plant growth and establishment from the early stages of plant development. However, the diversity of seed-associated endophytes in native Andean trees and their role in growth promotion and seedling establishment have scarcely been studied. This study aimed to characterize the microbial diversity associated with seeds of Nothofagus obliqua (Mirb.) Oerst. Viable seeds were collected from healthy young trees in a section of the Nahuelbuta Mountains, south-central Chile. Then, they were processed to characterize total microbial diversity using a 16S rRNA gene and an internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region metabarcoding approach. The diversity of culturable bacteria was determined and tested for plant growth-promoting effects. Effects on seed germination, seedling development, and plantlet establishment were evaluated by in vivo inoculations. Seed-associated microbial diversity was dominated by Ascomycota and Proteobacteria, with Diaphorte and Pantoea being the most abundant genera. Five different strains of culturable bacteria were identified, with Rahnella aquatilis being the strain with the most traits that promote plant growth. Bioaugmentation with R. aquatilis improved seed germination, plantlet growth, and establishment of N. obliqua plantlets in the field. Specifically, bioaugmentation with R. aquatilis stimulated height (+ 52%), stem cross-sectional area (+ 89%), stomatal conductance to water vapor (+ 25%), and leaf mass area (+ 29%). These results provide evidence for the beneficial properties of seed-associated bacteria that can support the establishment of native forest tree species in the southern Andes
Place Attachment between Public Space, Identity and Citizenship. Case Study about a Chilean Public Square
No full textObjective. To explore the meanings and uses associated to a public square in the city of Temuco, Chile. Method. It is a qualitative study, with a case study design. For data collection, situated interviews, participant observations, online surveys, and in-depth interviews with users of the square were applied in three successive stages. 211 volunteers between the ages of 18 and 65 participated in the study. Results. The main results show that there are differences linked with the uses of the square and the meanings associated with the place according to gender, age, time of residence and political tendency
BEYOND INDIGENISM: OTHER USES OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXPERTISE IN CHILE
No full textThe results of a research on the presence of anthropological expertise in criminal defense in Chile in contexts of intra-social cultural diversity are exposed. Criminal cases were analyzed in which the defense requested expert opinions regarding non-indigenous defendants. The presence of anthropological expertise was established in rural and urban contexts, as well as in inter-personal and intra-family conflicts. It is concluded that the anthropological expertise in criminal defense serve to affirm these differences in chilean society. The value of this work lies in that this represent the first reflection on this topic, opening a field for future research
Unveiling growth and reproduction of a giant Patagonian galaxiid: an experimental rearing study
No full textUnderstanding the life history of understudied native and threatened fishes is crucial to develop conservation strategies for freshwater ecosystems. Puye grande (Galaxias platei) is an endemic freshwater fish of Patagonia with little known about its life history traits. To bridge this information gap, comprehensive studies under controlled conditions could expand our basal understanding of puye grande's life history. We conducted a long-term experimental study using one cohort of puye grande throughout its lifespan. We collected 423 postlarvae individuals from the Ri & ntilde;ihue Lake (southern Chile) and reared them for 11 years under captivity. We documented the maximum longevity of this species as 11 years, with a survival rate of 0.47% for the entire study period. Hatchery-reared individuals showed isometric growth (b = 2.75). Parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth model were asymptotic total length L-infinity = 20.80 cm, growth coefficient K = 0.75 yr(-1), and theoretical age at-length zero t(0) = 0.45 yr, including both sexes. Puye grande showed an iteroparous life history, with the first spawning event occurring at age 2+ and consecutive spawning events occurring mainly in fall and winter. Females had a mean (standard deviation) total fecundity of up to 58 500 (23 331) eggs individual(-1) and a mean relative fecundity in fall of 621 (109) eggs g(-1) wet mass; males had a mean spermatic density of 28.41 (4.18) x 10(9) spermatozoa mL(-1). The embryonic development until eclosion occurred 432 h post fertilization (hpf) at 12 degrees C. Our valuable baseline findings about the life history of puye grande can contribute to future strategies for managing and conserving galaxiids under global environmental change in Patagonia