University of Cádiz
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Displaced people by the effects of climate change, and their international recognition and regularization. Special focus on vulnerable groups and the New Pact on Migration and Asylum.
No full textWith only five years to go before what many scientists believe will be the point of no return
for climate change, we are facing one of the many issues that cause concern for both
individuals and States: migration induced by climate change. Since the beginning of the 21st
century, global warming and the management of migrations flows, as well as their causes,
have been one of the main issues of concern for States and International Organisations. This
paper is of high relevance not only because of its analysis of migrations, a topical issue that is
prompting societies to engage in major social debates, but also because of its relation with the
greatest crisis of the current century, shedding light on it from an ethnic and gender
perspective, and its possible configuration in the most recent legal text on the management of
migratory flows. Are these migrants legally protected? What challenges do they face? Are
they on an equal footing? Is it possible to protect them? How? These are the questions that
this paper will answer as it identifies and analyses the key points of this environmental, legal
and social framework.A solo cinco años de lo que muchos científicos consideran que será el punto de no retorno del
cambio climático, nos enfrentamos a uno de los muchos problemas que preocupan tanto a las
personas como a los Estados: la migración provocada por el cambio climático. Desde
principios del siglo XXI, el calentamiento global y la gestión de los flujos migratorios, así
como sus causas, han sido uno de los principales motivos de preocupación para los Estados y
las Organizaciones Internacionales. Este trabajo es de gran relevancia actualmente no solo
por su análisis de la migraciones, un tema de actualidad que está llevando a las sociedades a
entablar importantes debates, sino también por su relación con la mayor crisis del siglo
actual, arrojando luz sobre ella desde una perspectiva étnica y de género, y su posible
configuración en el más reciente texto legal sobre la gestión de los flujos migratorios. ¿Están
protegidos estos migrantes? ¿A qué se enfrentan? ¿Están en igualdad de condiciones? ¿Es
posible protegerlos? ¿De qué manera? Estas son preguntas a las que responderá este trabajo, a
medida que identifica y analiza los puntos claves de este entramado medioambiental, jurídico
y social
Artificial Intelligence to Determine Correct Midsagittal Plane in Dynamic Transperineal Ultrasound
No full textPurpose
To create and validate a machine learning(ML) model that allows for identifying the correct capture of the midsagittal plane in a dynamic ultrasound study, as well as establishing its concordance with a senior explorer and a junior explorer.
Methods
Observational and prospective study with 90 patients without pelvic floor pathology. Each patient was given an ultrasound video where the midsagittal plane of the pelvic floor was recorded at rest and during the Valsalva maneuver. A segmentation model was used that was trained on a previously published article, generating the segmentations of the 90 new videos to create the model. The algorithm selected to build the model in this project was XGBoost(Gradient Boosting). To obtain a tabular dataset on which to train the model, feature engineering was carried out on the raw segmentation data. The concordance of the model, of a junior examiner and a senior examiner, with the expert examiner was studied using the kappa index.
Results
The first 60 videos were used to train the model and the last 30 videos were reserved for the test set. The model presented a kappa index 0.930(p < 0.001) with very good agreement for detection of the correct midsagittal plane. The junior explorer presented a very good agreement (kappa index = 0.930(p < 0.001)). The senior explorer presented a kappa index 0.789(p < 0.001) (good agreement) for detection of the correct midsagittal plane.
Conclusion
We have developed a model that allows determining the correct midsagittal plane captured through dynamic transperineal ultrasound with a level of agreement comparable to or greater than that of a junior or senior examiner, using expert examiner assessment as the gold standard
Framing social systems for ecosystem-based management: The Guadalquivir estuary-Gulf of Cadiz coupled SES as case study
No full textConserving and using the oceans, seas, and marine resources sustainably is a high-level management goal encouraged by the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development and endorsed by most national policies. Estuaries are complex Social-Ecological Systems (SES) impacted by pressures from multi-sectoral activities. In these contexts, a holistic management approach, such as Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM), is essential to prevent the loss of ecosystem services. The Guadalquivir estuary-Gulf of Cadiz (Ge-GoC) is an intricate SES that faces pressures from numerous sectoral activities, including fishing, agriculture, shipping, aquaculture, and mining. The cumulative effects of these pressures (such as juvenile exploitation, eutrophication, pollution, riverbank erosion, and the introduction of alien species) could potentially drive the SES toward an ecological regime shift and deplete current ecosystem services such as its nursery role. Although there is a good understanding of the Ge-GoC ecosystem dynamics, no efforts have been made to consider and incorporate the human dimension, which is essential for successful EBM implementation. Social Network Analysis (SNA) is a tool from social sciences that characterizes the relationships among stakeholders within a given social setting. In an effort to frame the Ge-GoC social system, the first SNA was conducted, involving interviews with 55 stakeholders representing 11 sectors. The SNA identified key stakeholders from the government, f ishing, shipping, surveillance, local city councils energy and NGO sectors due to their high centrality. While the shipping and energy sectors displayed significant influence in estuary management, they demonstrated limited interest and, in some cases, disagreement with the overall SES objectives, in contrast to the NGO and surveillance sectors. The primary management goals identified by stakeholders include reducing water pollution, controlling invasive species, combating drug trafficking, and addressing illegal fishing. However, the majority of stakeholders expressed reluctance regarding the goal of shipping optimization. The information extracted through SNA provides a valuable knowledge base for creating participatory processes that can guide complex SES toward EBM
MuMiniZinc: Un sistema de mutaciones para el lenguaje de programación con restricciones MiniZinc
No full textEste Trabajo de Fin de Grado se centra en el diseño y la implementación de un sistema de pruebas de mutaciones para MiniZinc, un lenguaje de programación de código abierto orientado al modelado de restricciones de alto nivel que permite expresar y resolver problemas de optimización.
La prueba de mutaciones es una técnica de prueba de software que consiste en insertar errores artificiales en el código fuente con el objetivo de evaluar la capacidad de un conjunto de pruebas para identificar defectos de programación.
La motivación de este trabajo no solo se basa en la ausencia, observada en la literatura, de un sistema de mutaciones específico para MiniZinc, sino también en la creciente importancia de garantizar la fiabilidad de los modelos desarrollados en contextos donde los errores pueden tener un impacto significativo, como en la logística, la planificación, la asignación de recursos o la investigación operativa. La prueba de mutaciones ofrece un enfoque objetivo para medir la capacidad de un conjunto de pruebas para detectar defectos, pero hasta ahora no se había adaptado al ecosistema de MiniZinc.
Para cubrir esta carencia, se ha diseñado e implementado un conjunto de operadores de mutación que permite generar mutantes de programas, también denominados modelos, escritos en MiniZinc. Asimismo, se ha desarrollado una herramienta con una interfaz de intérprete de órdenes que automatiza el análisis de un modelo, la generación de los mutantes correspondientes, su ejecución y su comparación con el modelo original. Esto permite determinar la matriz de mutación, mediante la cual es posible identificar qué mutantes sobreviven, mueren o resultan en error. La herramienta es altamente configurable, lo que permite optimizar el proceso.
Para evaluar la calidad del software desarrollado, se ha diseñado e implementado una batería de pruebas unitarias, de integración y de sistema. Además, se ha confeccionado un manual del usuario orientado al aprovechamiento de la herramienta, así como un manual del desarrollador destinado a facilitar su mantenimiento y la extensión de su funcionalidad en el futuro
Rapid and Efficient Screening of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Samples Stained with Warthin–Starry Using Deep Learning
No full textBackground/Objectives: Helicobacter pylori is a major risk factor for gastric cancer. The incidence and prevalence of the pathogen are increasing worldwide, urging novel approaches to reduce detection turnaround times. H. pylori diagnosis relies on histological examination of gastric biopsies, but interobserver variability considerably impacts its identification. We present an algorithm combining a feature pyramid network and a ResNet architecture for automatic and rapid H. pylori detection in digitized Warthin–Starry-stained gastric biopsies. Methods: Whole-slide images were segmented into manually annotated smaller patches and segments containing stomach tissue were analyzed for the presence of Gram-negative bacteria. Patches classified as positive were examined to confirm the presence/absence of bacteria in contact with the gastric epithelial surface (H. pylori). Results: The algorithm exhibited 0.923 average precision and 0.982 average recall. The conducted efficiency study demonstrated that algorithm utilization significantly decreased (p < 0.001) diagnostic turnaround times for all participants (two pathologists, a pathology resident, a pathology technician, and a biotechnologist), observing an 88.13–91.76% time reduction. Implementation of the algorithm also improved diagnostic accuracy for the resident, technician, and biotechnologist, indicating that the tool remarkably supports less experienced personnel. Conclusions: We believe that the incorporation of our algorithm into pathology workflows will help standardize diagnostic protocols and drastically reduce H. pylori diagnostic turnaround times
“Active behaviour of parents is more associated with out-of-school physical activity in their children”
No full textBackground: Active parents may have more active children, as parents act as role models for their children’s physical activity (PA). Parents can facilitate access to PA, provide information, validate physical-sport behaviours, and offer emotional support. Also, the influence of parents’ PA on children’s PA in and out of the school context has not been well-established. Objective: This study aimed to examine the associations between parental PA and the PA levels of their children in both school and out-of-school settings, considering parental sex. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 involving 1,030 parent-child dyads. Sociodemographic data and self-reported active behaviour measures were administered to both groups simultaneously. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to determine the associations. Results: A positive trend between parental and children’s PA was observed only out of school (Trend OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.25–1.95; p < 0.001). Maternal moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of 151–300 min per week was associated with MVPA in children on school days with physical education classes (OR = 3.48; 95% CI, 1.04–12.1). A trend was found in the maternal group for MVPA in children out of school (Trend OR = 1.57 [95% CI = 1.24; 2.01]). Conclusion: Positive associations between MVPA in children and more than 150 min of MVPA per week from parents were found. Also, a trend between maternal PA and their children’s out-of-school MVPA was identified, supporting future initiatives focused on family-based PA interventions
Mídia e tecnologia na formação de professores de Educação Física e no currículo escolar: avances e limites no Brasil e na Espanha
No full textEsta investigación tiene por objetivo identificar cuándo y cómo se trata el tema de los medios y de las tecnologías en los documentos de la formación del profesorado y en el plan de estudios de la escuela en la Educación Física de Andalucía y de Rio Grande do Norte y, luego, contrastar ambas las realidades. De carácter descriptivo, la investigación ha sido desarrollada con análisis documental. Los datos señalan que los documentos ponen énfasis en la educación sobre los medios y las tecnologías, desde una perspectiva de lectura crítica; sin embargo, las políticas de formación del profesorado de Educación Física no establecen, todavía, una conexión con los currículos escolares en los dos contextos estudiados.The goal of this research is to identify when and how the topic of media and technology in the documents of teacher education and in the school curriculum from Andalucía and Rio Grande do Norte, and to contrast both realities. The study is descriptive, developed by a documentary analysis. The data shows that documents prioritize education on media and technology from a critical reading perspective. However, teacher education policies in physical education have not yet established a connection with school curricula in the two contexts studied.Esta investigação tem como objetivo identificar quando e como se trata o tema da mídia e das tecnologias nos documentos da formação do professor e no currículo escolar da Educação Física da Andaluzia e do Rio Grande do Norte para contrastar ambas as realidades. De caráter descritivo, a investigação foi desenvolvida com análise documental. Os dados sinalizam que os documentos dão ênfase à educação sobre mídia e tecnologias, a partir de uma perspectiva de leitura crítica. No entanto, as políticas de formação do professor de Educação Física não estabeleceram, ainda, uma conexão com os currículos escolares nos contextos estudados
Domain-general cognitive precursors and their relationship with mathematical competence in students aged 10 to 12 years
No full textCognitive parameters such as fluid-intelligence, working-memory and processing-speed have been considered as precursors to performance in mathematics. Although their incidence is more widely known in early mathematical learning, their predictive capacity in ages following formal primary education is less explored. Likewise, there is still a wide margin for study for discovering whether the teaching methodology used for learning mathematics is also a determining factor for explaining mathematical performance and cognition. This work was concerned with the analysis of the results in mathematical and cognitive tasks of 5th and 6th grade primary education. The students had been learning mathematics from the beginning of their formal education system with one of the two different methodologies studied: Open Algorithm Based on Numbers (ABN) and Closed Algorithm Based on Ciphers (CBC). 244 participants aged between 10 and 12 were evaluated with the TEDIMath-Grands test. They were also set tests relating to fluid intelligence, working memory and processing speed. The participants were balanced in regard to the method of mathematics learning they had received in their schooling: ABN/or CBC. The data indicated a better result in mathematics performance by those participants in the ABN group, particularly in mental calculation, conceptual knowledge and problem solving tasks. Working-memory and fluid-intelligence were the variables that had most influence on the results of both groups, being significant for ABN group. The results are novel taking into account the level of schooling of the participants, and the lack of comparative studies made at this age with two different mathematics teaching-learning methods
Sociocultural perceptions of older women on gender-based violence in rural areas of Eastern Andalusia, Spain
No full textGender-based violence against older women in rural areas often remains hidden, sustained by cultural norms, intergenerational silence, and limited recognition of harmful behaviors in later life. This study draws on interviews with 14 women aged 60 and over in rural municipalities of the Sierra de Segura (Jaén, Andalusia, Spain), using an ethnographic method and an emic approach through a phenomenological design. Findings reveal the normalization and invisibilisation of violence through traditional gender roles, social stigma, and limited resources, which hinder recognition and reporting. Many participants did not identify certain behaviors as violence. Three main themes emerged: (1) gendered perceptions and relationship dynamics in rural life; (2) cultural norms and gender hierarchies: religion, tradition and gender differences; and (3) normalization and invisibility of gender-based violence in rural spaces. The study calls for discreet, context-sensitive interventions grounded in participants’ perspectives.Ministry of Universities of the Government of Spain and Universidad de Cádiz.
"NextGenerationEU” program - “MARGARITA SALAS” modality, FPU21/03879 and UCA Plan Propio, APLICATS Research Group.24 página
Game Theory and Happiness Management
No full textThis chapter proposes to introduce game theory as a cross- cutting subject in
university studies of economics and business given the fundamental role that game theory
plays in economics. This fact is contrasted with the Nobel Prize winners in economics in
recent years for their studies in game theory. This chapter introduces game theory through
happiness management. We will consider a group of university students that just passed
a seminary about happiness management. At this moment, we are going to present and
introduce game theory. With this objective, the happiness matrix constructs to seek the
maximum joint happiness, defined in the text as the optimal solution. At the same time,
several axioms for solving bimatrix problems are introduced only as definitive conclusions
from what they learnt about happiness management. This procedure introduces and solves
known problems related to game theory. From now on, we will present the game matrix
and cooperative and non- cooperative games. Ultimately, our students can move from
happiness management to game theory quickly