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Sustainability in EU Competition Law : An Analysis of Article 102 TFEU in Light of the European Green Deal
No full textThe European Commission presented the European Green Deal in 2019 with the ultimate goal of achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. For this reason, the possibility of considering sustainability in EU competition law have received increasing attention in recent years. The aim of this thesis is to examine the role of environmental sustainability in assessments of abuse of dominance under Article 102 in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [TFEU]. The discussion is commonly framed as using sustainability as a ‘sword’, prohibiting unsustainable conduct by dominant undertakings, and as a ‘shield’, allowing dominant undertakings to objectively justify prima facie abusive conduct where it promotes sustainability. Article 102 TFEU applies to conduct by undertakings, that is, entities engaged in economic activity, that are dominant on the relevant market. Abuse consists of conduct that is objectively capable of affecting trade between EU member states and harming on competition. The illustrative list of abuses in Article 102 TFEU covers exploitative abuses, directly harming consumers and exclusionary abuses, indirectly harming consumers by distorting market structure. To what extent sustainability is to be taken into account under Article 102 TFEU depends on the adopted competition law theory. While competition law has traditionally been understood as pursuing primarily economic objectives, the ordoliberal approach, the Harvard School and the post-Chicago theory, unlike the Chicago School, are to different extents open to understanding competition law as pursuing multiple objectives. From legal-systematic, policy and economic perspectives, this thesis argues that Article 102 TFEU allows sustainability to be used as a sword and as a shield in abuse assessments. Dominant undertakings engaging in unsustainable conduct may abuse their dominance where the environmental harm is disproportionate to any legitimate business interest and the conduct cannot be regarded as competition on the merits. In such circumstances, primarily Article 11 TFEU requires that environmental protection be taken into account. This is the case particularly where the conduct presupposes or is indissociably linked to a breach of EU environmental rules. Furthermore, a dominant undertaking may use sustainability as a shield in exceptional cases where the environmental benefits of the conduct clearly outweigh the harm to competition and are strictly proportionate to that harm. Such environmental benefits must be sufficiently administrable and predictable so as to not undermine legal certainty. The current application of Article 102 TFEU does not contribute to the goals of the European Green Deal, however, this thesis argues that the provision has the potential to do so. It is therefore suggested that the European Commission’s forthcoming guidelines on Article 102 TFEU clarify the conditions under which sustainability should be taken into account in assessments of abuse of dominance, both as a sword and as a shield
“master(s) of puppets..” : en narrativ analys av hur gärningspersoner konstrueras i true crime-dokumentärer
No full textIn this thesis a narrative analysis of two Netflix documentaries was conducted. The purpose of the study was to examine how narratives about a male and a female perpetrator were constructed through documentary representations. The analysis focused on how Jeffrey Epstein and Ghislaine Maxwell were portrayed in two separate documentaries that address the same interconnected criminal context. The study applied a narrative approach inspired by Riessman’s thematic, dialogic and performative perspective, combined with visual narrative analysis. Interviews, voice-overs, visual imagery, and editing were analyzed to examine how meaning, responsibility, and moral positioning were constructed. Theoretically the study uses narrative criminology and gender perspectives such as hegemonic masculinity and feminist criminology, specifically applying the concept of “double deviance” to illuminate how morality and gender intersect in the construction of guilt. The findings showed that the documentary portrays the perpetrators through vastly different narratives. The male is depicted through rationality, themes of power and systematic control. The female undergoes a gradual transformation from being introduced as vulnerable and in a position of dependence, to being reshaped as an active and manipulative actor. The true-crime genre on streaming platforms both produces and reproduces patterns of gendered crime reporting, by applying visual metaphors, affective expressions and authenticity markers, that transform legal guilt into moral judgements based on gender. The study thereby provides knowledge on how documentaries actively shape the audience’s perception of power and responsibility in modern crime narratives
Unga vuxnas reproduktion av ledarskapsdiskurser och normer : En kvalitativ studie med en diskursiv ansats om hur och på vilket sätt ledarskapsdiskurser aktiveras och tillskrivs feminina och maskulina normer
No full textÄr studenten redo när krisen kommer? : En kvantitativ studie om studenters krisberedskap i Sverige i relation till riskkommunikation, tillit och riskperception
No full textDenna studie har undersökt hur riskkommunikation påverkar studenters risk- och krisberedskap i Sverige, samt vilken roll riskperception och tillit till myndigheter spelar i detta samband. Mot bakgrund av det förhöjda säkerhetsläget i Sverige blir det centralt att förstå hur riskinformation tolkas och vilka faktorer som bidrar till att stärka individers beredskap. Studien tar sin teoretiska utgångspunkt i teorier om risk som ett socialt och kulturellt fenomen. Centrala teoretiska utgångspunkter är Ulrich Becks teori om risksamhället, Anthony Giddens teori om tillit till expertsystem samt teorier om riskperception och risköversättning. Dessa belyser hur riskuppfattningar formas genom emotionella, kognitiva och sociala processer, samt hur ansvaret för riskhantering kommuniceras och fördelas mellan stat och individ. Det empiriska materialet bygger på en självkonstruerad webbenkätundersökning med 116 studenter vid svenska universitet och högskolor. Risk- och krisberedskap operationaliserades i två dimensioner: subjektiv beredskap och praktiskt beredskap. Sambanden analyserades med hjälp av multipla regressionsanalyser. Studiens resultat visar att upplevd kvalitet i riskkommunikation har en tydlig och positiv effekt på studenters subjektiva risk- och krisberedskap. Däremot medierar riskperception inte sambandet mellan riskkommunikation och beredskap. Vilket indikerar att beredskap inte påverkas genom förändrade uppfattningar om riskers allvar utan snarare av hur handlingsbar informationen upplevs. Vidare visar studien att tillit till myndigheter modererar sambandet, där effekten av riskkommunikation är starkare bland studenter med hög institutionell tillit. Sammanfattningsvis visar studien att studenters risk- och krisberedskap främst formas av riskkommunikationens kvalitet och institutionell tillit, snarare än av förändringar i riskperception. Resultaten belyser hur beredskap skapas i ett risksamhälle där individen förväntas ta ansvar, men samtidigt är beroende av trovärdiga institutioner för vägledning och information.This study examines how risk communication influences students’ risk and crisis preparedness in Sweden, as well as the role of risk perception and trust in public authorities in this relationship. In light of the heightened security situation in Sweden, it is essential to understand how risk information is interpreted and which factors contribute to strengthening individual preparedness. The study is grounded in theories of risk as a social and cultural phenomenon. Its theoretical framework draws primarily on Ulrich Beck’s theory of the risk society, Anthony Giddens’ theory of trust in expert systems, and theories of risk perception and risk translation. These perspectives highlight how risk perceptions are shaped through emotional, cognitive, and social processes, and how responsibility for risk management is communicated and distributed between the state and the individual. The empirical material is based on a self-constructed web-based survey conducted among 116 students at Swedish universities and higher education institutions. Risk and crisis preparedness was operationalized in two dimensions: subjective preparedness and practical preparedness. The relationships were analyzed using multiple regression analyses. The results show that perceived quality of risk communication has a clear and positive effect on students’ subjective risk and crisis preparedness. However, risk perception does not mediate the relationship between risk communication and preparedness, indicating that preparedness is not influenced through altered perceptions of risk severity, but rather through how actionable the information is perceived to be. Furthermore, the study shows that trust in public authorities moderates this relationship, with the effect of risk communication being stronger among students with high institutional trust
Hybridarbetets framväxt och påverkan : En kvalitativ studie om anställdas upplevelser av hybridarbete
No full textFollowing the Covid-19 pandemic, hybrid work became established as a form of work. Its potential impact on social cohesion in the workplace is considered concerning. The aim of this study is to investigate employees’ relationship with hybrid work, with emphasis on perceived group belonging and perceived performance in collaborations. Previous research is limited but has shown varying results regarding its impact. The theoretical framework is based on Goffman’s (1959; 1967) dramaturgical perspective, focusing on impression management, regions, appearance and facade, self-impression and everyday rituals. Blumer’s (1986) symbolic interactionism, with its focus on meaning, contributes to the framework by interpreting employees’ experiences of hybrid work as its own work form. This study, which is based on an abductive approach with qualitative semi-structured phone-interviews with hybrid workers, shows that this form of work is balanced. With an appropriate level of physical meetings, hybrid work can strengthen group cohesion by reducing irritation. Hybrid work balances traditional work forms. It enhances their advantages and compensates for their disadvantages. Hybrid work is perceived as facilitating work-life balance and increasing individual efficiency through flexibility and uninterrupted work. Concurrently, social aspects are maintained. Collaborations are generally perceived as well-functioning, but the dynamics of physical meetings cannot be replicated digitally and are therefore important. The performance of collaborations depends on factors such as experience and work tasks. Digital collaborations work best in smaller groups through video communication. Group cohesion is strongest in physical meetings, which are valued for getting to know colleagues.Efter Covid-19-pandemin befästes hybridarbete som arbetsform. Dess potentiella inverkan på arbetsplatsens sociala sammanhållning betraktas som oroväckande. Studiens syfte är att undersöka anställdas relation till hybridarbete med fokus på upplevelser av grupptillhörighet samt upplevd arbetsprestation i samarbeten. Tidigare forskning är begränsad men har visat varierande inverkan. Teoretiska ramverket utgår ifrån Goffmans (1959; 1967) dramaturgiska perspektiv med fokus på intrycksstyrning, regioner, framträdande och fasad, jagintryck och vardagslivets ritualer. Blumers (1986) symboliska interaktionism med fokus på mening bidrar till ramverket genom att tolka anställdas upplevelser av hybridarbete som egen arbetsform. Denna studie, som utgår från en abduktiv ansats med kvalitativa semistrukturerade telefonintervjuer med hybridarbetare, visar att arbetsformen är balanserad. Med en lagom mängd fysiska möten kan hybridarbete stärka grupptillhörigheten då irritationsmoment minskar. Hybridarbete främjar fördelarna med de traditionella arbetsformerna samt kompenserar för nackdelarna. Hybridarbete upplevs underlätta livspusslet samt öka individuella arbetsprestationen med flexibilitet och ostört arbete. Samtidigt bibehålls sociala aspekter. Samarbetet fungerar generellt väl, men fysiska mötets dynamik går inte att replikera digitalt och är därför betydelsefullt. Samarbetets arbetsprestation beror på faktorer som erfarenhet och arbetsuppgift. Digitala samarbeten fungerar bäst i mindre grupper genom videokommunikation. Grupptillhörigheten är starkast vid fysiska möten, som värderas för att lära känna kollegor
Styrdokument som verktyg : En kvalitativ diskursanalys om styrdokument som verktyg för social kontroll i organisationer
No full textOrganizations operate within different institutional logics yet exist in a shared society where they seek to attain legitimacy in relation to their environment. Policy documents serve as a tool through which organizations use language to communicate norms, values and expectations. The aim of this study is to examine how these policy documents function as support for social control in organization, what the documents convey and what similarities and differences exist between institutional logics. The analysis is based on a critical discourse analysis of policy documents from one public and one private organization, in order to gain both breadth and a deeper understanding of the texts. The analysis draws upon Foucault´s theory of discourse and disciplinary power and social control. The results show that language plays a central role in conveying the norms, values and expectations that exist within the organization. Policy documents are used to help employees understand what constitutes desire and undesire behavior in the organization. This enables employees to know what is required in their roles, which creates stability and order within the organization. The differences that emerge reflect the institutional logics within which the organizations operate. Both use language as a tool for governance and social control but with different linguistic emphases. Despite these differences, the results show that both organizations tend to resemble one another in their view of the values that permeate the organization. Which may be explained by the fact that both organizations strive to achieve legitimacy in relation to their environment. The study contributes knowledge about how language can be viewed as an important tool for organizational governance and social control, while also highlighting areas for further research.Organisationer verkar inom olika logiker men existerar ändå i ett gemensamt samhälle där organisationen vill uppnå legitimitet gentemot sin omgivning. Styrdokument är ett verktyg för organisationer att genom språket kommunicera normer, värderingar och förväntningar. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur dessa styrdokument fungerar som verktyg för social kontroll inom organisationen, vad säger styrdokumenten och vad finns det för likheter och skillnader mellan institutionella logiker. Analysen utgår från en kritisk diskursanalys av styrdokument från en offentlig och en privat organisation, detta för att få en bredd och djupare förståelse för texten. Studien utgår från Michel Foucaults teori om diskurs, disciplinär makt och social kontroll. Resultatet visar att språket har en central roll för att förmedla de normer, värderingar och förväntningar som finns i organisationen. Styrdokument används för att medarbetare ska få förståelse för vad som är önskat och oönskat beteende i organisationen. Detta för att medarbetaren ska kunna veta vad som krävs i rollen, vilket skapar en stabilitet och ordning i organisationen. De skillnader som framgår speglar de institutionella logiker som organisationerna verkar inom. Båda organisationerna använder språket som verktyg för social kontroll men med olika språkliga betoningar. Trots skillnaderna så visar resultatet att båda organisationerna tenderar att likna varandra i synen på de värderingar som genomsyrar organisationerna, vilket kan bero på att de både strävar efter att uppnå legitimitet gentemot sin omvärld. Studien bidrar med kunskap om hur språket kan ses som ett viktigt verktyg för organisationsstyrning och social kontroll, samtidigt som den visar på vidare forskningsområden
CSR och legitimitet inom försvarsindustrin : En kvalitativ textanalys om CSR-arbete i försvarsindustrin
No full textCorporate Social Responsibility is a topic that has become an established concept in most organizations today. Many companies are actively working to meet sustainability requirements and stakeholder expectations by incorporating CSR into their operations. Companies in controversial industries have a strong incentive to engage in CSR in order to gain legitimacy. One controversial industry that has experienced an upswing in the Swedish market is the defense industry. The purpose of this study is to examine how two selected companies in the defense industry, Saab and Nammo, present their CSR work and whether this presentation is used to legitimize their operations. The method used in the study is a qualitative text analysis of the companies' latest sustainability reports. The theoretical framework of the study consists of institutional theory and Carroll's CSR pyramid. Previous research from the defense industry related to CSR highlights a different perspective and focuses on the leader's position and influence on the organization. Research into other controversial companies has greater reason to achieve legitimacy, but the balance is that companies must also demonstrate that their CSR work is genuine. More general research into CSR emphasizes that the reason companies implement CSR in their operations may be due to institutional pressure, economic aspects, or to gain a good reputation. The results of this study show that companies strategically present their CSR work in different ways to achieve legitimacy. There are differences and similarities in how they include/exclude different CSR perspectives. In addition, the results show that both companies are affected by all the institutional pressures described in the theory.Corporate Social Responsibility är ett ämne som idag har blivit ett vedertaget begrepp inom de flesta organisationer. Att sträva efter att uppnå hållbarhetskrav och förväntningar från intressenter genom att inkludera ett CSR-arbete är något många företag arbetar aktivt med. Företag inom kontroversiella branscher har stor anledning att arbeta med CSR för att få legitimitet. En kontroversiell bransch som har fått ett uppsving på den svenska marknaden är försvarsindustrin. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur två utvalda företag inom försvarsindustrin, Saab och Nammo, framställer sitt CSR-arbete och om framställningen används för att legitimera verksamheten. Metoden för studien är en kvalitativ textanalys av företagens senaste hållbarhetsrapporter. Studiens teoretiska referensram utgörs av institutionell teori och Carrolls CSR-pyramid. Den tidigare forskningen från försvarsindustrin med koppling till CSR lyfter fram en annan infallsvinkel och har fokus på ledarens position och påverkan på organisationen. Forskningen inom andra kontroversiella företag har större anledning att uppnå legitimitet men att balansen är att företagen samtidigt måste visa att deras CSR-arbete är genuint. Den mer generella forskningen av CSR betonar att anledningen till att företagen implementerar CSR i verksamheten kan bero på institutionella tryck, ekonomiska aspekter eller att få ett gott rykte. Resultatet från denna studie visar att företagen på olika sätt strategiskt framför sitt CSR-arbete för att uppnå legitimitet. Det finns skillnader och likheter i hur de inkluderar/exkluderar olika CSR-perspektiv. Dessutom visar resultaten att båda företagen påverkas av samtliga institutionella tryck som beskrivs i teorin
Implementación de metodologías activas en la universidad a través de la red social X
No full textEste artículo presenta una experiencia de innovación docente desarrollada en la asignatura Introducción a la Pedagogía Social, en la que se integró la red social X como herramienta metodológica para fomentar metodologías activas y participativas en la Educación Superior. A través de un diseño mixto, se analizaron 2.413 tweets generados por 448 estudiantes mediante técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas. Los resultados muestran un alto grado de implicación del alumnado, una progresiva apropiación del entorno digital y una notable diversidad temática en sus aportaciones. Las publicaciones promovieron la construcción compartida del conocimiento, el pensamiento crítico y la creación de una comunidad de aprendizaje. Se concluye que el uso pedagógico de redes sociales no solo complementa la enseñanza presencial, sino que la amplía y transforma, siempre que exista una planificación didáctica clara. Se plantea replicar la experiencia en otros contextos y explorar su impacto en el rendimiento académico y la percepción del aprendizaje.Este estudio, se enmarca en un proyecto de innovación docente llevado a cabo en la Universidad Pablo de Olavide (Sevilla, España) durante el curso académico 2022/2023
Uso de la biodiversidad varietal del olivo para innovar y mejorar la competitividad del olivar
No full textEl proyecto BiOlivo investiga la valorización del patrimonio varietal del olivo en la provincia de Cádiz como estrategia para mitigar la erosión genética y los efectos del cambio climático en la calidad del aceite de oliva virgen extra. A través de una metodología integral que combinó la prospección de olivos centenarios, la caracterización genética mediante marcadores SNP, el análisis físico-químico y sensorial de los aceites y la monitorización ambiental con sensores térmicos, se identificaron 17 genotipos, de los cuales cinco corresponden a variedades inéditas no catalogadas. Los resultados demuestran una notable variabilidad en la composición lipídica (ácido oleico entre 49,5% y 80,4%) y una alta calidad analítica en la mayoría de las muestras, destacando las variedades Verdial de Cádiz y Morona por su intensidad fenólica y equilibrio organoléptico. La estabilidad oxidativa varió significativamente entre 10 y más de 25 horas, vinculada directamente al perfil de ácidos grasos y antioxidantes naturales. El estudio concluye que la biodiversidad oleícola de Cádiz representa un recurso estratégico fundamental para garantizar la competitividad del sector mediante la diferenciación del producto y la selección de genotipos resilientes a condiciones climáticas extremas
Smart energy coordination in microgrid clusters using hybrid model predictive control and differential evolution optimization
No full textThe increasing penetration of renewable energy technologies (RETs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) into modern power grids requires advanced energy management strategies to ensure reliability and sustainability. However, a critical research gap remains in simultaneously achieving global economic optimality and fast dynamic regulation. Conventional static approaches often struggle to balance the non-linear complexity of multiobjective economic dispatch against the strict real-time stability constraints imposed by intermittent generation. This paper proposes a novel energy management system (EMS) that combines model predictive control (MPC) with a differential evolution (DE) optimization algorithm (MPC-DE EMS) to enable the real-time, multiobjective control of MG clusters (MGC). Implemented within the IEEE 15-bus distribution network, the control architecture employs a reduced-order MPC with only two inputs and outputs, achieving four concurrent objectives: (i) total independence from the main utility grid, (ii) minimization of operating costs, (iii) reduction of power generation losses, and (iv) maximization of RETs utilization. The DE algorithm computes a multi-criteria optimal cost reference incorporating operational costs, generation losses, and penalties for underutilized renewable capacity, which guides the MPC to achieve an optimal economic power dispatch. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed framework: the MPC-DE EMS reduces the total operating cost by 34.78% (from 29.59 €/h to 19.3 €/h) compared to a conventional proportional control. Furthermore, when benchmarked against a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based strategy, the proposed method achieved a 32.19% improvement in economic costs and an 11.63% reduction in power losses. Additionally, RETs utilization increased by 9.89%, validating the framework’s capacity to simultaneously improve economic efficiency and operational performance. The control strategy was further validated in real time using a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform based on an OPAL-RT4512 and a Siemens SIMATIC S7-1500 PLC, confirming its robustness and practical feasibility for advanced MG coordination.This work was partially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, ´ Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, ´ FEDER, UE (Grant
PID2021-123633OB-C32 supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER, UE)