University of Cádiz
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Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att ge palliativvård till vuxna i hemmet och särskilt boende
No full textBakgrund: Palliativ vård syftar till att främja livskvaliteten under den sista tiden i livet ochär något som många människor kommer att ha behov av. Sjuksköterskan har ett viktigt ansvari att navigera de olika behoven som varje individ behöver för att kunna säkerställa optimalvård.Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att ge palliativ vårdtill vuxna personer i hemmet och särskilt boende.Metod: En litteraturstudie med systematisk sökning i databaserna Cinahl, PubMed ochPsycInfo. Efter urvalsprocessen kvalitetsgranskades artiklarna med SBU:s granskningsmallar.Nio kvalitativa och en kvantitativ artikel användes och analyserades med en integreradanalysmetod.Resultat: Sjuksköterskor upplever att palliativ vård ofta är bristande. Bristerna grundar sigmånga gånger i organisatoriska orsaker såsom tids- och personalbrist, samt utbildning ochstöd för sjuksköterskor. Kommunikation och samarbete mellan olika parter spelade enbetydande roll i sjuksköterskans erfarenhet av att ge palliativ vård.Slutsats: Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att ge palliativ vård i hemmet och särskilt boendepåverkas av flera faktorer, såsom resursbrist och begränsad kommunikation vilket kanförsvåra arbetet i att ge en god personcentrerad vård. Ett behov av fortsatt forskning om hurorganisatoriska förutsättningar påverkar sjuksköterskors möjligheter att bedriva en kvalitativvård har identifierats
Essays on Taxation and Entrepreneurship
No full textThis thesis examines the long-term tax incentives for Swedish entrepreneurs, using active owners of closely held corporations as a proxy for entrepreneurship. A general analytical framework is developed by extending the King and Fullerton (1984) model to calculate marginal effective tax rates on capital income (METRs) under detailed income-splitting and ownership rules. The thesis consists of four self-contained essays. The first essay revisits the taxation of closely held corporations in a dual income tax system. It shows that METRs for active owners are highly sensitive to remuneration strategies, financing choices, firm characteristics, and opportunities for income shifting. Even investments with identical pre-tax returns may face tax wedges that differ by several tens of percentage points, implying substantial distortions. The second essay documents the evolution of capital income taxation for active owners following the 1991 tax reform. It demonstrates that the tax system remains non-neutral, unstable, and difficult to predict, with large differences in effective taxation across sources of finance, profit levels, and owner incomes. This instability creates uncertainty regarding the future taxation of new investments, especially those financed through new share issues. The third essay adopts a long-run perspective, constructing annual METRs for entrepreneurial investments from 1862 to 2018. It identifies five distinct tax regimes that help to explain the rise of many successful entrepreneurial firms around 1900, the absence of new large entrepreneurial firms after World War II, and a more recent entrepreneurial renaissance. The final essay turns to industrial foundations, tracing their tax treatment over the same period. It has been argued that the Swedish tax system has favored firm control through tax-exempt industrial foundations, which should have inhibited entrepreneurship and economic growth. The analysis finds that the combination of tax exemption and mandatory donations to achieve tax exemption can imply required outflows of capital income corresponding to high effective tax burdens. Taken together, the essays show that tax policy that attempts to combine high and progressive taxation on labor with strong entrepreneurial incentives comes with pronounced trade-offs in terms of neutrality, predictability, and the distribution of incentives across different types of firms
Severe-to-profound hearing loss : prevalence, rehabilitation, and audiovestibular characteristics
No full textSevere-to-profound hearing loss (STPHL) can negatively impact a patient’s life in many ways. Adequate assessment and rehabilitation are imperative. Reliable numbers on prevalence are important to inform the need for adequate allocation of resources to this vulnerable group. Most patients with STPHL are equipped with hearing aids (HAs) and approximately 10% have received a cochlear implant (CI). The aims of this thesis were to establish a valid prevalence of STPHL in Sweden and to study aspects affecting audiological rehabilitation including asymmetric hearing loss. Furthermore, we wanted to explore the vestibular function in patients with acquired sensorineural STPHL. In the first study we collected audiograms from 20 of 21 regions in Sweden and found a STPHL prevalence of 0.28%. We could not find a correlation between prevalence and cochlear implantation rate across regions. The second study utilised data from the Swedish national quality register for adult patients with STPHL. Patients with sensorineural hearing loss are three times more likely to receive a CI than patients with mixed hearing loss. More than 90% of the patients in the register experience good or very good benefit from the rehabilitation independent of whether they have received HAs or a CI. In the third study we compared prevalence of asymmetric hearing between patients with bilateral STPHL and those with better hearing. Asymmetric hearing was more common when STPHL was present. We found that CIs were more frequent in patients with asymmetric STPHL. Lastly, the fourth study examined 47 patients with STPHL and 51 age- and sex-matched controls regarding vestibular function. Vestibular function was evaluated with the caloric test, video head impulse test (vHIT), and vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP). The caloric test and vHIT showed statistically significant negative impact from STPHL, emphasizing that vestibular evaluation and subsequent rehabilitation should be considered for STPHL patients. In conclusion, this thesis has produced a valid prevalence of STPHL in Sweden. Additionally, it revealed that asymmetric hearing is common, and vestibular function may be affected in patients with STPHL
Revisorns kamp mot penningtvättEn kvalitativ studie om revisorns förutsättningar att identifieraoch rapportera misstänkt penningtvätt
No full textMoney laundering is a criminal offense and a serious societal problem. Auditors play an important role in detecting and reporting such criminal activities, yet they account for a surprisingly low reporting rate. The aim of this study was to increase understanding of the conditions under which auditors in small Swedish audit firms examine and report suspected money laundering. This was discussed based on the neo-institutional theory and previous research. A qualitative thematic content analysis was used to analyze nine interviews with auditors from small Swedish audit firms. The analysis identified four themes: education, client relationships, reporting obligation, and support structures. Within the theme of education, two subthemes were identified: practical training and mandatory training. Statutory requirements and expectations were identified as subthemes within the theme of reporting obligation. The results of the study showed that participants experienced, e.g. limited practical training, fear of losing valuable clients, and unclear guidelines on how regulations should be applied. These challenges complicated efforts to combat money laundering. The results also highlighted conditions that facilitated the work, including mandatory training, support from colleagues, and the risk of sanction fees from supervisory authorities, which created motivation
Demokrati utan epistemisk tillit? : Institutionell misstro, affektiv epistemologi och epistemisk individualism i svenska valdiskussioner
No full textThis study examines how fact resistance and distrust in expert knowledge are constructed and legitimized in Swedish digital discourse. Drawing on research on post-truth and anti-intellectualism, the study analyses three Flashback discussion threads regarding alleged election fraud related to the Swedish parliamentary elections of 2014, 2018, and 2022. Methodologically, the study employs a mixed-methods design combining quantitative content analysis with Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), drawing on Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework. In the quantitative phase, 898 forum posts are coded for three epistemic positionings: delegitimization of expertise, affective epistemology, and epistemic individualism, alongside a residual category for posts outside the analytical scope. The CDA component then provides a closer analysis of how these positionings are constructed and discursively organized. The findings show that delegitimization of expertise is a stable and prominent discursive resource across all election years and frequently co-occurs with affective knowledge claims. This co-existence emerges as the most common epistemic pattern over time, indicating that election fraud is often established as a discursive pre-understanding rather than a reactive response to specific events. Epistemic individualism appears less frequently but plays an important role in positioning individual observation and judgement as epistemically superior to institutional accounts, often through calls for citizen monitoring. Although accurate procedural information is present in the material, its impact is limited, as it is frequently met with suspicion or reinterpreted within already established frameworks of doubt. The study discusses these findings in relation to the Swedish upper secondary curriculum Gy25 and the school’s democratic and epistemic mission. By examining how epistemic authority and trust are renegotiated in everyday political discussions, the study highlights key didactic challenges for social studies education, particularly regarding source criticism, democratic competence, and students’ understanding of how knowledge becomes publicly legitimized
När studenter möter arbetslivEn studie om unga akademikers övergångsprocess från studier till arbete
No full textThe transition from higher education to work is often described as straightforward for young graduates, yet many experience it as uncertain and demanding. This study explores how young academics with a degree experience the transition from university to work, with a particular focus on how they interpret labour market demands and manage the uncertainty that characterises this phase. The study is based on a qualitative, interpretative research design with an inductive orientation. Empirical data were generated through eight semi-structured interviews with graduates aged 22-30 who had worked between one and three years after graduation and were analysed using thematic analysis.The findings show that the transition is experienced as a psychologically and practically challenging process rather than a single step from student to employee. The main difficulties do not centre on a lack of competence, but on unclear and sometimes unrealistic job requirements, low perceived control and the need to establish legitimacy as a professional. Previous relevant work experience and access to social networks function as key resources that both facilitate entry and reduce perceived uncertainty while their absence is associated with a more prolonged and stressful transition. The university is primarily perceived as providing a theoretical foundation, whereas structured support for the transition to work is experienced as limited. The study concludes that the transition amplifies existing differences in access to experience and social capital and suggests that more transparent and realistic job profiles and recruitment processes could ease the transition and broaden the pool of applicants for junior positions
”Att se personen och möjligheterna istället för hinder ochrullstol”Rullstolsanvändares erfarenheter av undervisningen i idrott och hälsa
No full textPrevious research has largely focused on teachers' methods for creating inclusion in physicaleducation for students with disabilities. This study thus contributes a student perspective, inwhich participants who used wheelchairs during their schooling share their experiences. Thestudy aims to highlight how individuals who used wheelchairs experienced inclusion inphysical education during their schooling. Through narrative interviews, five participantscontribute their experiences. Thomazet's (2009) three categories, which encompassapproaches for creating inclusive education, serve as a theoretical framework for interpretingand structuring the results. Based on the three themes of the results, five importantcomponents that contributed to inclusive physical education were identified: teacher attitude,communication, adaptations that promote development and participation, relationships withclassmates, and organizational circumstances. The results highlight the importance ofteachers having an inclusive attitude and competence, and the school as an organizationoffering conditions that enable students to feel involved and included in the education
BARNS RÄTT TILLTECKENSPRÅKIG UTBILDNING : En WPR-studie av hur döva och hörselskadade barns rätt till teckenspråk representeras i statlig granskning
No full textThe bachelor thesis examines how Deaf and hard of hearing children´s right to education in sign language is represented within the Swedish government oversight. The aim is to examine how this right is problematized in the Swedish National Audit Office´s review of education authorities’ work with children´s rights, and to analyse the effects this problem representation has on the comprehension of sign language as a civil right. The study addresses two research questions: how is the problem of children´s right to sign language represented in the review, and what discursive, subjectification, and lived effects does this representation produce? The study is based on a qualitative discourse analysis of a review conducted by the Swedish National Audit Office. Carol Bacchi´s “What´s the Problem Represented to be?” (WPR) approach constitutes the main analytical framework, complemented by the theory of deaf people’s “dual category status”. The conclusions show that sign language is absent as an explicit object of problematization, a finding that constitutes a result in itself. Instead, children´s rights to sign language are framed through a disability-oriented problem representation, in which the minority language dimension is marginalised and sign language is represented as an individually assessed support measure
Konstruktion av en sanning : om hur domstolens språk skapar trovärdighet
No full textSyftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur Högsta domstolen språkligt konstruerar och motiverar trovärdighet i två vägledande avgöranden. Studien söker svar på frågan hur rättens språkbruk formar målsägandens ethos och därigenom påverkar uppfattningen om sanning, skuld och saklighet. Analysen av domskälen genomförs med hjälp av Stephen Toulmins argumentationsmodell, kompletterad med Kenneth Burkes begrepp Terministic Screens samt teorier om Frozen Fright och Confirmation Bias. Denna kombination gör det möjligt att identifiera både språkliga och psykologiska mönster kopplat till hur trovärdighet uttrycks och värderas. Resultatet visar att Högsta domstolen genom språk och argumentation konstruerar olika bilder av målsägandens trovärdighet. I det första fallet betonas emotionell autenticitet, vilket förstärker bilden av en sann och uppriktig berättelse. I det andra fallet framhävs i stället brist på detalj och konsekvens, vilket försvagar målsägandens ethos. Skillnaden mellan fallen illustrerar hur rättens språk inte bara beskriver bevisningen, utan aktivt formar den genom val av ord, ton och fokus. Studien visar att denna språkliga konstruktion av trovärdighet påverkar hur rättens aktörer uppfattar sannolikhet och skuld. Domstolen förväntar sig en viss typ av berättelse och när dessa förväntningar inte infrias minskar berättelsens trovärdighet. Här uppstår ett rättsetiskt dilemma. Den som inte uttrycker sig i enlighet med den normativa bilden av det “sanna offret” riskerar att framstå som mindre trovärdig, även när utsagan är sann. I ett vidare perspektiv väcker resultaten frågor om domstolens ansvar att upprätthålla principen om saklighet och opartiskhet enligt Regeringsformen. Trovärdighet i juridisk mening framträder inte som ett neutralt faktum, utan som en retorisk konstruktion som formas genom rättens språkbruk. På så sätt blir domstolens språkliga hantering av målsägandens ethos en del av dess maktutövning och samtidigt ett prov på dess förmåga att upprätthålla den rättsliga och moraliska legitimitet som samhällskontraktet vilar på
