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Evaluating the Evaluation Matrices: Integrating Spatial Assessment in Geospatial AI Model Training and Evaluation
No full textThis paper examines the limitations of current evaluation metrics in GeoAI. Through two case studies on deep learning models—a building detection classification problem and a remote sensing image fusion regression problem—this paper demonstrates how traditional statistical evaluation matrices alone can be misleading in geospatial problems. The findings indicate that traditional metrics (e.g., RMSE, MAE) used in current GeoAI models can have difficulty capturing the spatial dimensions inherent to geospatial problems. This paper suggests that the model evaluation process in GeoAI should move beyond traditional evaluation matrices by integrating spatial thinking throughout the modeling pipeline—not only incorporating spatial accuracy in model evaluation but also embedding it within optimization functions in model structure and model training
Sex-dependent differences in cardiac function and strain in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy
Full text linkDoxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat many types of cancer. While effective, doxorubicin can cause cardiomyopathy, a disease affecting the heart muscle. Although the effects of doxorubicin on the heart are well studied, the mechanisms leading to cardiomyopathy are not well understood. Previous studies have used murine models to study the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. These reports showed that cardiac dysfunction is more pronounced in male compared to female mice. The goal of this study is to further evaluate sex differences in doxorubicin induced cardiomyopathy using 4-dimensional strain mapping techniques. In this study, both female and male C57Bl/6J mice received weekly imaging and injections of doxorubicin (4 mg/kg) for 4 weeks, followed by weekly imaging for 5 weeks. Two-dimensional (2D) and four-dimensional ultrasound (4DUS) images were acquired using the Vevo 3100 ultrasound system (FUJIFILM VisualSonics) allowing visualization of the heart in vivo over the course of the study. These 4DUS images were analyzed using 4D strain tracking software, providing more accurate and detailed regional measures of cardiac dysfunction than achieved from 2D images alone. The expected findings of this study are that female C57Bl/6J mice will have less severe outcomes based on previous studies. Subtle changes in cardiac strain and function not seen in traditional ultrasound methods may be observed, explaining the mechanism by which doxorubicin leads to sex dependent differences in cardiomyopathy. The sex-specific findings from this study have the potential to improve patient-specific treatment for doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy
Example of excellent showmanship run
No full textThis video shows an example of an excellent showmanship run
Empowering Young Innovators through School-Based Agricultural Education: Insights from a Nigerian Secondary School Teacher
Full text linkNigeria faces challenges like food insecurity and economic instability, worsened by a growing youth population. School-Based Agricultural Education (SBAE) engages youth in agricultural innovations. This study implemented SBAE principles in a Nigerian school, combining poultry farming and aquaculture. Students managed a poultry farm, using chicken droppings to breed maggots as feed for catfish in rainwater-filled tanks. The project enhanced students\u27 skills, improved local food production, and engaged the community. Despite funding and management challenges, the initiative demonstrated SBAE\u27s potential to empower youth and advance agricultural practices, offering a model for similar projects in other regions
Learning Food Supply Chains through Generative AI – Tips, Techniques, and Student Perceptions
Full text linkThe classroom pedagogies are evolving significantly with Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI). The students in a Food Supply Chains class completed a project for various agricultural products describing 12 factors and 7 supply chain principles. They reflected on the use of GenAI and how it impacted their knowledge and critical thinking skills. The students scored GenAI high on ‘relevancy, diverse topics, significance, and sufficiency;\u27 the repeated use of GenAI for food supply chains enabled them recognize the importance of sustainability and ESG factors in the management of natural resources. There were differences in students use and benefits with GenAI use
Birck Nanotechnology Center Technical Overview
Full text linkOverview of the Birck Nanotechnology Center infrastructure including the Scifres Nanofabrication Laboratory and a suite of specialized laboratory facilities
Safety Performance of Non-Signalized Traffic Control Strategies
No full textThe Indiana safety management program targets the reduction of crashes at high-speed, two-way stop-controlled (TWSC) intersections, which are responsible for 8.2% of serious crashes statewide that cause approximately 1,000 serious injuries and over 90 fatalities annually. Key risk factors include human error, high traffic volumes, and high speeds. Despite the implementation of measures, such as alternative intersection designs and enhanced visibility, additional countermeasures are needed to further mitigate these risks at rural TWSC intersections with lower traffic volumes. Intersection Conflict Warning Systems (ICWS) presents a promising solution by alerting drivers to potential vehicle conflicts.
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the ICWS installed at 17 high-risk intersections in Indiana. To address the inherent selectivity bias of choosing high-risk locations, 33 additional nearby intersections without ICWS were selected as a control group. A negative binomial model was applied to identify factors that contribute to crashes and other conditions that help improve safety at these intersections. The analysis revealed that ICWS reduced the number of crashes, but its effectiveness decreased when traffic volume increased on the major road. This necessitated the development of Crash Modification Function of traffic volume on major roads instead of a single-valued Crash Modification Factor.
Crash severity analysis showed that ICWS reduced the frequency of crashes at a similar rate independently of the crash severity. This finding allows applying a single Crash Modification Factor (CMF) to all the severity levels. To study the effect of ICWS on driver behavior, a portable LiDAR-based vehicle tracking system—TScan—was used. Analysis of vehicle trajectories obtained with TScan indicated no statistically significant reduction in the speed of vehicles along the main road. This result refuted the most obvious mechanism of crash severity reduction and supported the single CMF applicable to all crashes regardless of their severity. A supplemental analysis of post-encroachment times (PET) showed no statistically significant difference in short PETs between intersections with and without ICWS. In spite of the system’s obvious effectiveness in reducing the number of crashes, the findings emphasized the importance of conducting benefit-cost analyses of the ICWS safety benefits before installation, and the importance of revisiting the system safety effectiveness over time after the traffic volume increases
Effect of buckwheat and silage tarps on sweetpotato between-row weed control
No full textField studies were conducted on certified organic land in Lafayette and Vincennes, IN, in 2023 to determine the impact of different between-row weed control methods on weed suppression and sweetpotato yield. Between-row treatments consisted of organic buckwheat (108 kg ha−1) broadcast seeded immediately after sweetpotato transplanting followed by silage tarping from 3 wk after transplanting (WATr) through harvest, organic buckwheat (108 kg ha−1) broadcast seeded 3 WATr and terminated 7 WATr, and cultivation as a grower standard. Weed density at 6 WATr was 0, 184, and 162 plants m−2 for the silage tarping, living mulch buckwheat, and cultivation treatments, respectively. Total yield was 11,048 kg ha−1 for the living mulch buckwheat, 19,792 kg ha−1 for the cultivation, and 17,814 kg ha−1 for the tarping treatments. Tarping effectively suppressed weeds and produced sweetpotato yields comparable to cultivation, indicating the potential for use by organic growers. When buckwheat was grown between rows 3 to 7 WATr, sweetpotato yield was lower than it was with tarping and cultivation. These results suggest that researchers should be evaluating tarps for small-acreage farmers as a weed management strategy
Improvement Of The Fatigue Behaviour Of Additive Manufatured Scalmalloy By Using Surface Improvement Processes
No full textThe use of light metals such as Aluminum alloys has experienced a remarkable increase for the additive manufacturing (AM) industry, especially in aerospace.
AM Scalmalloy®. (an Al-Mg-Sc alloy) shows outstanding behavior with much higher mechanical performance with respect to other alloys for powder bed fusion laser-based (PBF-LB) process like AlSi10Mg or AlSi7Mg. Recent studies have mainly focused on static loading, with minor attention to cyclic loading despite its vital importance in many applications.
In this work, the fatigue performance of PBF-LB Scalmalloy was investigated considering the effects of surface treatments to identify the set of optimal post-processes. Shot peening with steel and glass shots, laser peening combined with C.A.S.E. (chemically assisted surface enhancement) treatments were initially selected. Blind hole drilling method has been applied to obtain depth residual stress profiles. Tensile and fatigue tests were also performed for each surface treatment.
Steel Shot Peening + C.A.S.E. lead to significantly improvement in the fatigue life of the Al-Mg-Sc parts, reducing internal defects and roughness, thanks to the generation of a favorable residual stress field.
Afterwards, the treatments were validated in an optimized AM demonstrator
Effects Of Laser Peening On Fatigue Properties Of Welded Aluminum Thin Plates
No full textTo improve the fatigue properties of welded aluminum alloy thin plates used in transportation machinery, handheld laser peening (HH-LP) was applied to 2 mm-thick A5083-O specimens prepared by bead-on TIG welding. Conventional laser peening often causes warping in thin plates, but the HH-LP treatment using low-energy laser pulses avoids this problem. The HH-LP treatment introduced compressive residual stresses of over 200 MPa on the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the welded specimens. Fatigue tests under plane bending conditions revealed that the HH-LP treatment significantly improved the fatigue strength of the welded specimens, achieving a level comparable to that of the base material (BM) with effectively eliminating the detrimental effects of the stress concentration at the weld toe