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A Generative Approach to Understanding Categorical Visual Search
Get PDFSearch theory relies heavily on the concept of a template, an internal representation of the target that, via a matching process to a visual input, creates a top-down signal biasing attention to a target. The search template was originally conceptualized as being specific to a given object, but over the years this definition broadened to include the features of a target category. Exploiting recent generative methods, we suggest re-conceptualizing the search template yet again, thinking of it now as a fully-generated target object residing in peripheral vision and not just a collection of features. Our approach is to generate potential target-object appearances in degraded peripheral pixels. For example, when searching for a mosquito, our attention may be drawn to any small, roundish-shaped objects because they provide an ideal canvas for generating or attaching limbs. We used an adversarial training method to reconstruct peripheral objects so that they more closely resemble the typical appearance of the target category. We quantified the extent of pixel changes required by this reconstruction and tested whether the reconstruction cost accounts for target guidance in both digit and natural object-array search tasks. Our model, even though it was not explicitly trained for target object detection or search tasks, exhibited remarkable performance (~%90 accuracy) in locating target objects, particularly in blurred peripheral input, outperforming a DNN-based detector baseline. Moreover, the model exhibits a strong behavioral alignment with human eye-movement data collected during the same task. For example, our model explained attention guidance comparably or significantly better than an object-detector baseline in both target-present and target-absent conditions. (Our, Pearson’s r = 0.891, p = 0.013, and Detector, r = 0.911, p = 0.012 for target-present; Our, r = 0.332, p = 0.052, and Detector, r = 0.134, p = 0.056 for target-absent). Our work suggests that the target template may be an internal generation of a potential search target in peripheral vision
Energy Safety Management: A Training Model to Improve Flight Safety
Get PDFFailing to properly manage an airplane’s energy state can be unforgiving. Mismanagement of mechanical energy (altitude and/or airspeed) is a contributing factor to three common types of fatal accidents in aviation: loss of control in flight, approach and landing accidents, and controlled flight into terrain. Recognizing the importance of energy management, the Federal Aviation Administration has incorporated new elements into the Airman Certification Standards, emphasizing knowledge of energy management concepts and the consequences of mishandling an airplane’s energy state. Unfortunately, no adequate guidance has been available in terms of defining key energy management concepts or suggesting how these should be taught to the average pilot and applied to everyday flying. This article introduces energy safety management (ESM) as a best practice for incorporating energy management into pilot training. First, ESM integrates three well-tested energy management theories developed independently in engineering, military science, and biology. Second, ESM relies on the power of simple analogies and a pilot-oriented approach to make energy management principles accessible and practical to any airplane pilot operating standard propulsion/flight control systems and existing cockpit displays. Third, to organize and optimize learning, ESM incorporates a well-known human performance framework that establishes how humans learn to perform new tasks. In sum, this article offers both the rationale and the road map for an outside-the-box instructional approach illustrating how established complex scientific concepts can be taught to any pilot. The ESM training model has successfully been applied to design a new college course and, in collaboration with the Federal Aviation Administration, is being used to support and develop new energy management guidance materials for pilots
Cognitive Representation of Mountaineering Risks and Its Change by Expertise
Get PDFVarious risks exist during mountaineering. Appropriate representation of characteristics of risks is the basis of survival in such extreme environments. The aim of the present study is to clarify cognitive representation of risks of mountaineering and individual difference according to the experience by psychometric approach. Ninety-seven mountaineers, consisting of top-class leaders and prospective leaders who participated in the training courses of the National Mountaineering Training Center in Japan, were asked to evaluate nine target mountaineering risks repeatedly with nine judgment scales, and the responses were analyzed using three-mode principal component analysis (3MPCA). As a result, two types of risks, sudden hazardous risks (SHRs) and ubiquitous potential risks (UPRs), in target mode were identified, as were dread and controllability in the scale mode. Both dread and controllability for SHRs and UPRs were independent to some extent. The analysis revealed that the influence of leader experience on the cognitive dimensions differed between the risk types: controllability and dread for SHRs did not differ, and only dread for UPRs decreased with experience. The results would lead to deeper understanding of cognitive representation of personal risks that individuals are responsible for handling, and therefore would contribute to safety education and risk communication in mountaineering
Leveraging ChatGPT for Qualitative Data Analysis: A Case Study on Data Management Practices among Computer Vision Scholars
Get PDFQualitative data analysis plays a crucial role in deriving meaningful insights from research data. However, conventional software tools like NVivo present challenges such as high costs and complexity (Dalkin, et al., 2021). This study advocates for integrating ChatGPT, an AI technology, into qualitative data analysis workflows to overcome these challenges. Focusing on the data management practices of Computer Vision professors, the study investigates how ChatGPT enhances human analysis by streamlining processes and uncovering hidden patterns within datasets. Structured interviews were conducted with six participants from research institutions (R1). The transcripts underwent manual scrutiny to identify recurring themes and patterns. Subsequently, the results were compared with ChatGPT analysis to evaluate its efficacy in qualitative data analysis. The findings illustrate the effectiveness of ChatGPT in augmenting traditional qualitative data analysis methods. By leveraging AI capabilities, ChatGPT facilitates a more efficient and comprehensive analysis, enabling researchers to uncover nuanced insights that may have been overlooked through manual analysis alone. This case study contributes to the ongoing discourse on AI\u27s role in research, demonstrating how ChatGPT can enhance qualitative data analysis and drive advancements in academic research methodologies. The study also revealed certain limitations of AI as an analysis tool, such as potential inaccuracies, biases, and as well as ethical concerns. Therefore, while AI aids in analysis, manual intervention remains crucial to ensure accuracy and comprehensiveness in research methodologies
Come On Down! Using the Mentimeter Quiz Function for Instruction
Get PDFOne unavoidable element of instruction for business librarians is what I call the “database show and tell” – when an instructor wants you to demonstrate resources that help students complete an assignment. Too often it ends up being “here’s Database X and this is what you should use it for. Here’s Database Y and it’s best for this purpose.” To make this instruction more interesting for students (and for me!), I started using the Mentimeter quiz competition function in large marketing capstone classes where I typically introduce three databases. In addition to being interactive, it includes gaming elements such as music, points for quick answers, and a leaderboard to energize students and make it fun. Students work in groups to use the databases to answer the quiz show questions, which I strategically craft to meet learning goals. The students were engaged and competitive, and most importantly, were exploring the databases and learning what information they have and why they should use them instead of Google. Class instructors reported that students were much more likely to use the databases as sources for their capstone assignment and are thrilled with the results
“Quacking for Noggin”: Farm Animal–Assisted Therapy for Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of animal-assisted therapies with farm animals (AATF), in this case domesticated ducks, on depression, anxiety, and self-efficacy in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Furthermore, the following hypothesis was tested: Engaging in AATF with domesticated ducks will be associated with decreased depression, decreased anxiety, and increased self-efficacy.
The study examined the effects of AATF on anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy among nine patients with TBI. A time series quasi-experimental design was utilized. Participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Survey (HADS) and General Self-Efficacy (GSE) questionnaires at baseline, followed by the AAFT intervention. The AAFT intervention consisted of two one-hour sessions interacting with ducks every week for 12 weeks. Participants repeated baseline measures immediately following the intervention, and again four weeks post intervention to evaluate the residual effects of the intervention.
A general linear model was employed to examine changes in anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy. Participants’ anxiety scores decreased significantly from baseline to post intervention measure (p = .009); however, there were no statistically significant differences between anxiety levels immediately post intervention and four weeks later. There were no statistically significant differences in depression or self-efficacy levels at pre-, post-, and retest.
Our study hypothesis was partially supported in that statistically significant decreases in anxiety were observed from baseline to immediate posttest. Mastery of skills, vicarious experiences, and verbal persuasion may be the factors that contributed to the beneficial outcomes of the interactions between persons with TBI and domesticated ducks
Widen the Debate: What is the Academic Community’s Perception on ChatGPT?
Get PDFChatGPT has surprised academia with its remarkable abilities but also raised substantial concerns regarding academic integrity and misconduct. Despite the debate, empirical research exploring the issue is limited. The purpose of this study is to bridge this gap by analyzing Twitter data to understand how academia is perceiving ChatGPT. A total of 9733 tweets were collected through Python via Twitter API in three consecutive weeks in May and June 2023; and 3000 most relevant ones were analyzed in Atlas ti. 23. Our findings reveal a generally supportive attitude towards using ChatGPT in academia, but the absence of clear policies and regulations requires attention. Discussions primarily focus on academic integrity, learning effectiveness, and teaching efficiency. Tweets from influencers with over one million followers were analyzed separately. The significance of these findings and the limitations of the study are included