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Mexican Bracero Railroaders in the United States During World War II: An Endangered History
No full textMexican citizens came to the United States during World War II to work the most grueling railroad jobs through a contractual agreement between the U.S. and Mexican governments. These 136,000 Mexican men, however, have been the focus of less academic research than other groups during World War II. The railroaders were part of the larger bracero program which primarily employed farm workers. The railroad arm of the program lasted only two and half years, while the agricultural branch went on for 22 years. The short duration of the program, combined with the difficulty of accessing archival records documenting living and working conditions, explains the lack of a robust selection of comprehensive literature and public awareness about World War II bracero railroaders. If the bracero program is featured in scholarly journals, it is rare for the railroad braceros to be provided more than a passing mention. To date, only two authors have dedicated entire books to the topic. A handful of scholarly articles and theses address the program head on. To raise awareness and encourage further research, this article provides a brief history of the railroad bracero program and a review of existing literature on the understudied topic
Requirements and C&DH Design
No full textWhat is it? Processor Selection CDH Hardware OS Selection Memory - Radiation Memory - Radiation Mitigation Memory - Partitions Memory - File System System Startup Startup Stages Software Start-up Serial Protocol I2C / One Wire Communication Tips Fault Handling: Watchdog Timer CDH Watchdog (Simple) CDH Watchdog (Use Case) Watchdog Timer Tips Synchronizing and Managing Tim
AWE Mission Overview
No full textAWE is the first dedicated NASA mission to investigate the global properties of gravity waves (GWs) in the upper atmosphere and their impacts on the ionosphere- thermosphere-mesosphere (ITM
An Integrated Lithospheric Geotherm Model From Seismic Data and Plate Ages
No full textThis research aims to develop advanced methods to accurately depict temperature profiles within the lithosphere, the Earth’s rigid outer layer. These temperature profiles extend from Earth’s surface to the asthenosphere, the ductile layer below the lithosphere. Constraining the poorly-known temperature distribution within the upper Earth is important for modeling the deformation of Earth’s crust over varying timescales and is essential for advancing realistic simulations of Earth dynamics. Here, I utilize enhanced global seismic data, coupled with recent advances in our understanding of mineral systems, to create several global lithospheric models in which I estimate temperature profiles from seismically observable features that represent various depth layers within the Earth. I derive temperatures from observations of oceanic plate ages, seismic velocity measurements at the depth of the Moho, and two seismic-derived representations of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary that I assume correspond to a fixed temperature. I analyze these temperature models to evaluate assumptions about heat transport, address gaps in seismic observations, and identify additional thermal transport processes relevant to each methodology. This comparative study enhances our overall understanding of heat transfer mechanisms within the lithosphere. Despite inconsistencies in temperature estimates from different observational constraints, I find significant correlation between predicted Moho temperatures and lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary depths across the evaluated models. The largest residuals are between models derived from seismic velocities and those representing the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. The seismic velocity models that assume steady-state heat transfer systematically under-predict lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary depths and those that assume half-space cooling systematically over-predict those depths. I attribute these temperature biases to unmodeled deepening of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary due to small-scale convective heat flow in the upper asthenosphere, as predicted by simulations of long-term deformation of the Earth’s crust, mantle, and core. Additionally, discrepancies in Moho temperatures between standard plate cooling models and seismic velocity-derived models suggest that seismic velocities consistently overestimate temperatures in the older lithosphere of ocean basins, which I attribute to neglect of the velocity effects of an additional mineral phase that should be incorporated into the mineral physics velocity-to-temperature conversion at depths less than 20 km. However, temperatures in younger oceanic lithosphere are much colder than plate cooling models predict, indicating that shallow heat transport from near-ridge hydrothermal circulation, which is neglected in plate cooling models, is important at Moho depths
Structural and Functional Exploration into Environmental Regulation of the Type Three Secretion System
No full textThe rise of antibiotic resistance is a growing global health crisis, with projections suggesting that by 2050 it could cost the world between 1 trillion annually. This alarming trend is caused by bacteria evolving survival strategies against commonly used antibiotics. The scientific community hopes to resolve these challenges by researching the systems that cause bacterial disease. The Type Three Secretion System (T3SS) is one of these systems and is a high priority due to its occurrence in multiple disease-causing bacteria. An understanding of how the T3SS works could help us find new ways to treat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The T3SS functions like a microscopic syringe. It is embedded in the bacteria and is used to inject proteins into host cells that facilitate bacterial disease. Although many types of bacteria have a T3SS, different species have evolved unique ways of using it to infect specific bodily systems. For example, Shigella uses its T3SS to attack the digestive system, leading to diarrhea, while Yersinia uses it to attack the immune system, causing diseases like the plague. For this versatility, each bacterial species T3SS has evolved in unique ways specific to the tissues where it causes disease. This research focuses on how the T3SS is controlled in different bacterial species and environments. A natural digestive chemical in the small intestine can make Shigella more infectious by activating the type three secretion system T3SS. In this study, we identified a specific structural feature, in the T3SS tip protein IpaD, that facilitates this digestive chemical infectious enhancing effect. We also studied the T3SS of Yersinia, the bacteria responsible for the black plague. Yersinia’s type three secretion system (T3SS) is powered by the protein YscN, which harnesses the energy required for T3SS function. We determined the structure of YscN using high resolution techniques and identified acidity and temperature the conditions for robust YscN function. Additionally, we tested chemicals that block function of a similar protein in Shigella and found that most were ineffective against YscN. However, one inhibitor demonstrated activity against both enzymes, suggesting its potential as a broad-spectrum treatment. These differences in inhibitor effectiveness underscore the importance of studying each species’ T3SS individually. We also investigated the T3SS in Salmonella, a common cause of food poisoning. Because Salmonella’s T3SS is closely related to Shigella’s and shares key features that allow it to sense environmental signals, we examined how both bacteria respond to these signals. This study highlights the differences between the related systems, as signal exposure caused opposite effects in each bacterial species. In summary, this research offers a detailed look at the structure and regulation of the T3SS in several pathogenic bacteria. It uncovers important new information critical to understanding T3SS function. By understanding how this system operates and species-specific environmental adaptations, we are one step closer to finding effective strategies for combatting the T3SS of pathogenic bacteria
Impacts of Including Sprouted Barley in the Diet of Beef Cattle on Production, Ruminal Health, And Meat Quality
No full textBeef producers in the United States are working to meet rising global demand for animal protein while facing major challenges such as drought, climate uncertainty, and rapid urbanization. These issues make it difficult to produce consistent and dependable feed, pushing producers to explore new ways to grow feed using fewer natural resources. Vertical farming systems are one option that can grow sprouted cereal grains indoors throughout the year while using decreased land and water than traditional agriculture. Sprouted barley grows within six to seven days and may serve as a nutrient dense alternative feed source for cattle at several stages of production. However, little information exists on how sprouted barley influences cattle growth, rumen function, carcass characteristics, or meat quality across the entire beef production cycle. This research evaluated sprouted barley in cow and calf pairs, backgrounding cattle, and finishing cattle. Across all stages, sprouted barley did not negatively affect cattle performance. In cow and calf pairs fed 50:50 alfalfa sprouted barley for 90 days, calf body weight, average daily gain, feed efficiency, and daily feed intake did not change. The cow’s feed intake and body condition also remained the same. Milk from cows receiving sprouted barley tended to contain fewer somatic cells. In backgrounding steers fed diets that contained 0-20% sprouted barley, some changes occurred in nutrient intake and ruminal fermentation. However, growth rate, feed efficiency, and ultrasound measurements of carcass traits did not differ among dietary treatments. In finishing steers, a 20% sprouted barley inclusion reduced feed intake and improved feed efficiency by maintaining growth. Carcass traits such as hot carcass weight, backfat thickness, and marbling score were not affected. Meat quality characteristics including tenderness, juiciness, flavor, cooking loss, drip loss, and color did not differ between cattle fed sprouted barley and cattle fed a traditional finishing diet. Although many plant compounds differed between the feeds, only two compounds measured in the meat differed. Overall, these findings show that sprouted barley can be used throughout beef production without compromising performance, carcass value, or meat quality, and may improve feed efficiency during finishing
Heating Methods to Advance Primocane Emergence and Yields in Red Raspberries
No full textRaspberries are an important high value crop for local markets in Utah and throughout the Intermountain West. However, Utah’s harsh winter and short growing seasons present challenging growing conditions. New primocane-bearing cultivars are becoming available, but many of these produce fruit later than what is needed for local markets. Protected cultivation offers the opportunity to give more consistent production under Utah’s difficult growing conditions for berry crops. Protected cultivation methods include high tunnels, low tunnels and row covers. In addition to protecting against damaging temperatures, protected cultivation also advances crop growth through warming the soil and plants. Combinations of heating methods, including tunnels and direct soil heating were tested on primocane fruiting raspberries and blackberries both in research farm high tunnels and on commercial farms. The effectiveness of these treatments was evaluated based on cane emergence and growth, timing and size of crop, and fruit quality. Results from these experiments showed high tunnels and low tunnels advanced primocane emergence and harvest season compared to open field conditions. Although direct soil heating further advanced primocane emergence, it did not significantly advance fruiting season. Controlled-environment studies showed that cane emergence and growth of ‘Polka’ raspberries occurred between 11 °C to 20 °C. A comparison of seven primocane-fruiting raspberry cultivars indicated that ‘Polka’ and ‘BP-1’ were best adapted to a high tunnel environment in Northern Utah. This work shows that protected cultivation may be suitable for improved reliability of raspberries in Utah, provides guidelines on cultivars to use, and indicates the limits of how much the fruiting season can be advanced
Decision support to meet objectives for water and fisheries management in large river and estuarine systems
No full textUmschreiben: A Lesson Plan for Introducing Circumlocution Skills in a German Classroom
No full textObjectives: Introduce ways to handle communication breakdown Create authentic representations of our personalities: this is something we often do in our first language when we forget a word Increase social competence and increase willingness to communicate (will and skill, p. 82
Idioms are Indeed the Yellow of the Egg: A Lesson Plan for Introducing German Idioms
No full textObjectives: Introduce the linguistics of idioms. Assist students in identifying the appropriate situation to use a given idiom, contributing to students’ social linguistic and social competence (Parks, p. 82). Assist students in crossing the threshold of being an observer of the language and associated cultures, into being a participant. They will be able to “press their thumbs” for luck and understand more than just train station