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Constantin Meunier and the horseback shrimpers: temporal dialectics of obsolete labor in fin-de-siecle Belgian art
No full textSubmission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2025-10-20 without embargo termsThe student, Alec Johnsson, accepted the attached license on 2025-07-16 at 16:26.The student, Alec Johnsson, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2025-07-16 at 16:37.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2025-07-21 at 16:03.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #22617 on 2025-10-20 at 20:15:23This thesis is a material study of Constantin Meunier’s 1891 bronze figurine Horseback Shrimper and its role as a counterpoint in the Belgian sculptor-painter’s pantheon of sympathetic working-class imagery. Representing an occupation that was fast becoming obsolete in Meunier’s lifetime (and that survives today mainly as a UNESCO-protected tourist attraction), the statuette is almost anomalous in an oeuvre dominated by laborers whose professions, while far from glamorous, were sustained by persistent demand and/or associated to the developing industrial technology that all but outmoded the shrimper and his horse, consigning them to a narrow strip of the western Flemish coastline. The little-known bronze is retrenched within the context of the era’s Belgian sculpture, defined as it was by federally backed campaigns for public statuary that overlapped concerns of modern aesthetics and the young nation’s industrial and labor heritage, and that were epitomized by the Monument to Labor in which Meunier’s career culminated. These considerations, along with those of the ineluctable absorption of water by outdoors sculpture, open a theoretical question as to why the horseback shrimper would be excluded from this dialogue, much less omitted from the Belgian monumental canon, where it might have been productive of such dialogue. To that end, I conduct a historical-temporal dialectical discourse of the bronze, after Hilde van Gelder, to examine its formal engagement of past, present and future temporalities. This discourse marshals visual evidence from the roles played by planarity, allegory and duplicability (including across media) across Meunier’s oeuvre, and reads it in the lenses of contemporary material-perceptual theories of sculpture (in relief and in the round) from Adolf von Hildebrand, and the analogous present-day theories of Rosalind Krauss and Alina Payne. Particular attention is paid here to the contemporary European discourse on the authorship of duplicable sculptures, especially bronzes, and on the aesthetic-material representation of labor in the tools of the sculpted laborer’s trade, to which the laborer becomes corporeally and ontologically affixed through adaptation by iterative, rhythmic use (Formgefühl). The ultimate argument is that the horseback shrimper’s Formgefühl—besides conforming him to regional, obsolete labor and isolating him from any of the promises of industrial capitalism (and socialism)—would have frustrated any pragmatic monumental tribute of him during Meunier’s career and makes his bronzed miniature form more apropos. In such form, the shrimper better evokes a poignant connotation of emancipation from time, from any ready attachment to a given historical period as well as from the impermanent sociocultural zeitgeist of any such period’s working class. At the close, the idea of the shrimper as a skeuomorph is posited so as to reflect on his continued utility as a living aesthetic marvel to Belgian heritage
Modeling the national potential of pyrolytic biochar production from publicly owned treatment works
Get PDFSubmission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2025-10-20 without embargo termsThe student, Aaron Marszewski, accepted the attached license on 2025-07-21 at 12:05.The student, Aaron Marszewski, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2025-07-21 at 13:22.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2025-07-22 at 09:21.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #22677 on 2025-10-20 at 20:15:37Biochar production through pyrolysis of wastewater biosolids was modeled across major Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) in the United States. The model system boundary considered the deployment of a Biogenic Refinery (a commercially available pyrolysis omni-processor) at the end of current POTW solids handling pretreatment trains. An improved pyrolysis biochar yield model was developed to quantify the impact of sequesterable carbon and drying energy requirements based on reported biosolids pretreatment methods for each POTW. These improved metrics allow for a more holistic techno-economic analysis (TEA) and lifecycle assessment (LCA). Results show that pyrolysis could be a carbon negative solution to handling biosolids and producing biochar, especially when modeled with POTWs that are already air or heat drying biosolids. Global warming potential for the biogenic refinery system was modeled across four pretreatment methods that could impact biochar yield: anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, combined digestion, and no digestion, and we found that the biogenic refinery could operate with net negative emissions [-55.8 – -78.0 kg CO2eq/ton-biosolids-treated, varying across 2617 facilities]. The TEA showed that the lifecycle cost of biosolids pyrolysis [2260 per ton of biochar produced] was sensitive to facility size and biosolids pretreatment methods, with larger facilities being significantly more cost-effective until economy of scale plateaued near 4,000 dry tons/biosolids-yr. No external energy would be needed for drying if facilities already are heat drying biosolids, and facilities that air dry were found to have a mean drying requirement of [3.7, 4.3] GJ/ton-dry-biosolids which is within the range of thermal energy that would be available to the system by considering the difference in biochar output energy and biosolids input energy
On the road again: Using native plants in lieu of non-native turfgrasses on midwestern highway roadsides
Get PDFSubmission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2025-10-20 without embargo termsThe student, Wesley Bollinger, accepted the attached license on 2025-07-21 at 20:53.The student, Wesley Bollinger, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2025-07-21 at 21:26.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2025-07-25 at 10:00.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #22685 on 2025-10-20 at 20:15:38To provide evidence-based improvements to Departments of Transportation (DOTs) roadside seeding methodologies and improve results for restoration practitioners working near roadways, I conducted several projects to evaluate processes for increasing native species richness and cover on highway roadsides while reducing invasive species cover and richness. These projects were a literature review of the benefits and existing best-practices for native seeding on roadsides, a review of Midwestern Department of Transportation (MW DOT) specifications manuals usage of native species, an experimental planting of native mixes compared to existing Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) mixes, and a survey of previously planted roadsides across Illinois and Indiana. The review of MW DOT manuals showed that Minnesota DOT (MnDOT) specifies 108 species across 11 mixes with detailed establishment and maintenance specifications, the most of any MW DOT. Michigan DOT (MDOT) does not list any native species for roadside seeding. Indiana DOT (InDOT) lists a single native mix used for floodplain seeding that contains few wet soil tolerant species, and Missouri DOT (MoDOT) lists native species but no mixes for their use. All other MW state DOTs reviewed (Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, Wisconsin) list multiple native mixes and between 22 and 75 native species. Different MW DOTs list notable techniques for establishing native vegetation including the use of native prairie straw hay for mulch, use of a hydroseeding unit, and snow seeding in mid-late winter, along with using local ecotype seeds. Generally, MnDOT contains the most complete best-practices for native species establishment and their specifications should serve as a template for other DOTs. I designed new native seed mixes and field tested these mixes in comparison with existing IDOT mixes. After one year of growth in lawn, roadside, and slope areas, I found overall positive effects on native species cover using the newly designed native mixes, including higher native richness for all experiments, and higher native cover for all but one experiment. Eleven of the 39 seeded native species in these trials established in more than half of their seeded plots and thus have value for year one germination and cover in seed mixes. This project shows that native species can be viable as inclusions in —or direct replacements to— several IDOT nonnative mixes, and their first-year success can be improved with alterations to seeding technique. I surveyed 34 native species plantings along roadsides in Indiana and Illinois and evaluated several variables to determine which factors led to long-term establishment. Here I found that high cover and richness of seeded native species and all native species is generally increased with greater distance from road, proximity to surrounding developed land, greater seed mix diversity and decreased soil nitrate and phosphorous. I found that introduced (non-native, non-seeded) species cover increased with fewer species in the seed mix and higher soil fertility, salts, and calcium. Introduced species richness increased with higher proximity to development, proximity to the road edge and higher soil organic matter, phosphorus, and potassium. Across all sites, 84 of the 150 native species seeded at sites were never observed in my surveys, but 28 native species were observed at more than half of the sites in which they were seeded, signaling their value in native roadside plantings. This may signal that other seeded native species do not persist on roadsides, although data on most wetland-tolerant native seeded species were limited in this project due to a low number of surveyed wetland mixes. Without data on maintenance records from these sites, it is hard to predict how habitat management has affected long-term persistence and establishment of these plantings. However, I believe maintenance mowing or prescribed burns likely have a significant impact on overall planting performance due to the pronounced impact of the random effect of site on model fit. My results suggest that native plantings can persist on roadsides for several years after planting but that specific site-level factors increase the likelihood of long-term success. Overall recommendations to DOTs and roadside managers include a list of most observationally and experimentally successful native species grown from seed for use in roadside planting. I advocate seeding into nutrient poor, basic, low soluble salt soils, seeding diverse mixes, and seeding a more diverse mix at greater than 4 meters distance from the road. I also advocate use of a hydroseeding unit or rangeland seed drill for seeding, and several maintenance mows in the first two years’ peak growing season followed by mowing or prescribed burning every 3-5 years afterward per guidelines from MnDOT
Facies analysis of the Prairie du Chien group in the Illinois Basin and analogous rocks in Missouri and Kentucky
Get PDFSubmission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2025-10-20 without embargo termsThe student, Shah Bilawal Ali, accepted the attached license on 2025-07-22 at 11:46.The student, Shah Bilawal Ali, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2025-07-22 at 13:49.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2025-07-23 at 15:08.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #22693 on 2025-10-20 at 20:15:39The injection of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) into deep saline aquifers has emerged as a key strategy for mitigating rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and resulting global warming. Funded in 2023 by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Phase II Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise (CarbonSAFE) initiative, a Heidelberg Materials cement plant in Mitchell, Indiana, is currently being evaluated as a potential Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) subsurface injection site. Prior to construction of this commercial-scale CCS site, a detailed geologic characterization of the storage complex is required to assess the feasibility of long-term sequestration and support a Class VI permit application through the State of Illinois Department of Natural Resources. The Heidelberg CCS project targets the middle to upper Prairie du Chien Group (Early Ordovician) in southwestern Indiana. Assessment of reservoir feasibility requires collection of field data, seismic surveys, well-log correlation, geologic modeling, characterization well drilling, well testing, and reservoir simulation. However, the proposed Heidelberg CCS site is in a data-limited region, lacking both outcrop analogs and deep wells penetrating the target interval, which makes geologic modelling difficult prior to drilling a characterization well. To directly address this problem, the present study was undertaken to understand the sedimentologic composition and stratigraphic architecture of the Prairie du Chien Group from analogous outcrops and cores in the Illinois Basin and adjacent regions. Fieldwork on outcrops at five sites near Rolla, Missouri, and two sites in Franklin Grove and Sheridan, Illinois, were combined with core studies from the Criswell (API #121370034900, Morgan County, Illinois) and Marvin Blan #1 (IGSN #IEKGS003F, Hancock County, Kentucky) wells. This combination of surface and subsurface coverage permitted characterization of the facies composition, stratigraphy and lateral distributions. Sixty thin sections from field and core samples were analyzed petrographically to assist in determining the depositional and diagenetic history of each subsurface unit, assign depositional facies, and combine thin section-based estimates of porosity with NER TinyPerm 3 estimates of permeability. Results have identified 14 unique facies (F) that have been grouped into four recurring facies associations (FAs), which include: 1. FA1 (Peritidal): comprising laminated dolomudstone (F1), green claystone (F2), stromatolite boundstone (F3), and thrombolite boundstone (F4). 2. FA2 (Siliciclastic Shoreline): comprising parallel- to ripple-laminated quartzarenite (F5), planar cross-bedded quartzarenite (F6), and quartzarenite with interbedded clay (F7). 3. FA3 (Shallow to Deep Subtidal): comprising sandy-intraclast/bioclast dolowackestone (F8), sandy-ooidal-intraclast dolowackestone to dolopackstone (F9), and sandy-ooidal dolograinstone (F10). 4. FA4 (Paleokarst): comprising matrix-rich breccia (F11), clast-supported breccia (F12), mosaic breccia (F13), and crackle breccia (F14). These facies and facies associations were deposited on a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic ramp in a restricted shallow marine setting under arid, hypersaline, and locally anoxic conditions. Primary porosity in the middle to upper Prairie du Chien Group is predominantly intergranular to intercrystalline. However, significant generation and occlusion of porosity is apparent due to dolomitization, sabkha-style evaporite reflux, mesogenetic diagenesis, and meteoric karstification during internal disconformities as well the Tippecanoe unconformity (~470Ma). Results suggest that there is significant storage potential in the siliciclastic shoreline (FA2) and paleocave (FA4) facies associations of the middle to upper Prairie du Chien Group due to their high porosity and permeability, which are suitable for CO₂ injection (F5 – 10% to 20% porosity, 292.25 mD horizontal permeability; F6 – 10% to 20% porosity, 221.29 mD horizontal permeability; F12 – 10% to >20% porosity, 79.69 mD horizontal permeability). However, the heterogeneous distribution of karst features may create preferential flow pathways, requiring careful reservoir modelling to understand plume migration, while the presence of clay and mud-rich interbeds in the sandstone facies may reduce effective permeability in some zones, necessitating a targeted injection strategy. Additionally, the dolomitic facies that were not karstified, particularly the laminated dolomudstones (F1), can function as effective baffles or local seals due to their low porosity and permeability (<5 % porosity and 18.87 mD horizontal permeability), helping to confine the injected CO₂ within the target reservoir. While these dolomudstones provide secondary containment, assurance of a regional seal for the CCS injection reservoir would depend on the integrity of overlying units like dolomitic intervals within the Ancell Group or shales of the Maquoketa Group
Empirical evaluation of constraint-based and score-based causal discovery algorithms
Get PDFSubmission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2025-10-20 without embargo termsThe student, Zifei Han, accepted the attached license on 2025-07-23 at 21:12.The student, Zifei Han, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2025-07-23 at 21:22.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2025-07-25 at 09:15.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #22721 on 2025-10-20 at 20:15:45This thesis provides guidance on choosing appropriate algorithms for causal discovery by conducting comparative experiments on constraint-based and score-based methods. Causal discovery is an essential field in studying cause and effect, and the specific causal discovery problem under consideration in this thesis focuses on revealing underlying causal relationships from purely observational data, with sufficient assumptions to achieve this. Specifically, several algorithm variants based on two classes of causal discovery methods are evaluated using simulated datasets, with these datasets varied in characteristics including linearity of the dominating functions, sample size, and noise level. Results show the difference in numerical outcomes of different algorithm variants from the aspects of accuracy and execution time, leading to conclusions about the expected performances under known dataset characteristics. These conclusions are of high guiding significance when applying these algorithms to real-world datasets
The impacts of stress, exercise, and extracellular vesicles on the brain
No full textSubmission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2027-08-01The student, Meghan Connolly, accepted the attached license on 2025-05-19 at 15:27.The student, Meghan Connolly, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2025-05-19 at 15:49.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2025-05-23 at 11:26.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #22302 on 2025-10-21 at 10:05:18Stress and exercise are major regulators of brain plasticity, influencing neuroinflammation, motivation, and neurogenesis through central and peripheral mechanisms. Stress activates neuroimmune signaling pathways that disrupt brain homeostasis, while exercise promotes resilience by enhancing adaptive neural plasticity. Both circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs), and microglial activation states have emerged as important mediators of these effects, yet their roles in brain adaptation to stress and exercise remain incompletely understood. This dissertation investigates how stress, exercise, and exercise-derived EVs influence neuroplasticity and neuroimmune function in the hippocampus and striatum. Chapter 1 reviews the effects of stress and exercise on the brain, with a focus on microglial activation, neurogenesis, and extracellular vesicle signaling. Chapter 2 reports that plasma-derived EVs from exercising mice enhance adult hippocampal neurogenesis and astrogliogenesis. Chapter 3 examines whether human-derived ExerVs mitigate the adverse effects of simulated microgravity stress, revealing no significant changes in neuroinflammation, microglial proliferation, or neurogenesis. Chapter 4 uses single-nucleus RNA sequencing to characterize microglial transcriptional responses in the striatum, showing that stress and exercise each induce distinct, non-overlapping activation states. Chapter 5 synthesizes these findings and discusses how peripheral signals and microglial plasticity shape brain resilience and vulnerability. Together, these findings provide new insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which systemic and immune-mediated processes regulate brain plasticity and identify potential targets for promoting cognitive resilience and mitigating stress-related neuroinflammatory dysfunction
Incorporating international best coaching practices into Chinese Basketball Association (CBA): Challenges and strategies
No full textSubmission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2027-08-01The student, Peng Zhou, accepted the attached license on 2025-05-20 at 15:28.The student, Peng Zhou, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2025-05-20 at 15:40.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2025-05-27 at 09:30.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #22304 on 2025-10-21 at 10:05:19Despite China’s status as the world’s second-largest economy and basketball’s immense popularity, the national men’s team has failed to qualify for both the 2021 Tokyo and 2024 Paris Olympic Games. The Chinese Basketball Association (CBA), as the primary talent pool for the national team, plays a pivotal role in this context. Although foreign players and coaches have increasingly entered China’s professional sports leagues, their integration—particularly in basketball—has faced significant challenges. This dissertation explores the complexities of incorporating international best practices into professional sports, with a focus on the CBA. It critically examines the multidimensional barriers that hinder the effective adoption of foreign coaching practices within the league. By using a blend of qualitative methodologies (such as literary-cultural analysis, narrative inquiry, archival research, autoethnography) and descriptive research, the dissertation attempts to provide strategies for addressing these challenges from different perspectives of key stakeholders. From the domestic coaches’ viewpoint, it investigates their role in collaborating with foreign coaches to adapt and integrate advanced international practices. From the foreign coaches’ perspective, it assesses how they can adjust their coaching philosophies and mindset through cross-cultural training to align with Chinese basketball’s unique cultural and structural dynamics. At the management level, the research considers how traditional practices and institutional frameworks can evolve to better leverage foreign expertise. The dissertation not only addresses these immediate challenges faced by CBA foreign coaches but also calls for further research into interconnected areas such as youth training systems, referee management, CBA operational improvements, education-sport integration, fan base development, the sports industry’s growth, and the cultivation of a distinctive Chinese basketball culture
Timing is everything: Transcriptomic response of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to single and sequential combined stressors of herbivory and flooding
No full textSubmission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2027-08-01The student, Erinn Dady, accepted the attached license on 2025-05-28 at 11:17.The student, Erinn Dady, submitted this Thesis for approval on 2025-05-28 at 11:32.This Thesis was approved for publication on 2025-05-29 at 10:41.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #22312 on 2025-10-21 at 10:05:21Global change has increased the frequency and intensity of biotic and abiotic stressors of plants, including insect herbivory and flooding, with devastating consequences on crop productivity, and ultimately, food security. Although knowledge of plant responses to individual stressors is extensive, little is known about how plants respond to simultaneously occurring stress combinations. Also, it is poorly understood how the sequence of stress impacts plant responses and stress acclimation. The few available studies have uncovered unique and novel responses to single and combined stressors. Moreover, most combined stress studies were conducted on non-agricultural plants, creating a need for studies on crop plants. To fill these knowledge gaps, in this study, I investigated the dynamics of transcriptomic changes within tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L cv. ‘Cherokee Purple’) exposed to single, simultaneous, and sequential stress of herbivory by Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and flooding. My results revealed that plants exposed to single stressors differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that correlated with response to phytohormones, signaling pathways, and ion transport. Herbivory alone caused upregulation of genes associated with jasmonic acid responses, jasmonic acid signaling pathways, and ion transport, whereas flooding alone caused upregulation of genes associated with ethylene responses and ethylene signaling pathways. When herbivory and flooding stressors were combined in a reciprocal sequential pattern (herbivory first followed by flooding vs. flooding first followed by herbivory), my results revealed a unique gene expression pattern, different from that brought about by single stressors alone. Combined stress in both sequences upregulated intracellular transport, and downregulated photosynthesis, exposing a general stress response strategy. The herbivory first response resulted in upregulation of sugar synthesis, modification and breakdown, and ion transport. In contrast, the flooding first response mirrored a general stress response strategy, with upregulation of intracellular transport and ion binding, and downregulation of photosynthesis. Taken together, my results reveal that gene expression is unique between different single stressors and the symmetrical switch of sequential stress combinations. The findings of this study provide insight into potential mechanisms of how plants respond and survive a combination of sequential biotic and abiotic plant stressors, and indicate that the sequence of stress matters. This lays an important foundation for future studies on management of stress combinations facing agricultural crops and development of crops that are resilient to multiple stressors
Storied trauma: the violent chronotopic laminations of queer survivor narratives
No full textSubmission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2027-08-01The student, Alexandria Kapczynski, accepted the attached license on 2025-06-30 at 13:11.The student, Alexandria Kapczynski, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2025-06-30 at 13:33.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2025-06-30 at 14:33.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #22387 on 2025-10-21 at 10:05:36This dissertation is a critical autobiography interanimating a queer feminist rhetorical/cultural analysis and critique in which I “de- and un- and re- compose” (Rhodes & Alexander, 2015) queer survivorship as a legible layer of literate identity. I attend to the blurring intersections of physical violence, identity-based-narrative violence, and public perceptions of violence against queer trauma survivors as discursive sites of disruption/becoming across time and space (Prior & Shipka, 2003). More specifically, I examine representative narratives of survivors who do not fit within culturally perpetuated rape myths and scripts (Hesford, 1999)— e.g., myself, Emma Sulkowicz, Melissa Etheridge. In doing so, I extend the project of queer rhetorics and composition by complicating understandings of dominant sexual assault discourse to account for the previously “unspeakable violations” (Girshick, 2002) of woman-on-woman sexual assault. A significant portion of this work is dedicated to examining how such violence rematerializes in various forms of narrative engagement upon circulation, reception, and participation. This work challenges normative categorizations separating personal, pedagogical, and scholarly lived-realities, positioning queer storying potential within multimodal composition across genre, medium, and discipline
Direct exposure of linguistic principles in model architectures for downstream processing
No full textSubmission published under a 24 month embargo labeled 'U of I Access', the embargo will last until 2027-08-01The student, Mahir Morshed, accepted the attached license on 2025-07-07 at 10:14.The student, Mahir Morshed, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2025-07-07 at 10:21.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2025-07-17 at 15:17.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #22405 on 2025-10-21 at 10:05:38Extensive work on models processing text and speech has led to massively multilingual tools targeting often lower-resourced languages. Examining those tools’ architectures, however, has often revealed little use of specific linguistic principles in a directly explainable fashion, whether in model setup, training, or evaluation. This work seeks to further the inclusion of linguistic information within the structure of systems that process language, whether for text generation or speech recognition. Systems demonstrating differing levels of system restructuring to expose such information include, at one end, a novel text generation system using discrete semantic and syntactic units, built on an open knowledge base and community contributions of code and data. A foundation speech recognizer fine-tuned using morphemic units to handle over-regularized children’s speech serves as the other end of the restructuring spectrum. Following these are improvements to multilingual phone recognition systems through the use and transfer of articulatory information, as a means of imparting some explainability to those systems. Reductions in phone error rates have originated in diversified training corpora to improve language and phone coverage, the introduction of self-supervised waveform input processing, and adjustments to universal phone and feature sets for consistency and brevity. Such efforts highlight the importance of introducing explicit linguistic decompositions, whether phonological, morphological, or syntactic, to models that process language, and the need for continual improvements to sources providing those decompositions