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A two-way nested simulation of the oceanic circulation in the Southwestern Atlantic
Get PDFThis article presents the results of a high-resolution (1/12°), two-way nested simulation of the
oceanic circulation in the southwestern Atlantic region. A comparison between the model results and
extant observations indicates that the nested model has skill in reproducing the best-known aspects of the
regional circulation, e.g., the volume transport of the ACC, the latitudinal position of the BMC, the shelf
break upwelling of Patagonia, and the Zapiola Anticyclone. Sensitivity experiments indicate that the bottom
stress parameterization significantly impacts the mean location of the Brazil/Malvinas Confluence and the
transport of the Zapiola Anticyclone. The transport of the Brazil Current strengthens during the austral
summer and weakens during the austral winter. These variations are driven by the wind stress curl over the
southwestern Atlantic. The variations of the transport of the Malvinas Current are out of phase with those of
the Brazil Current. Most of the seasonal variability of this current is concentrated in the offshore portion of
the jet, the inshore portion has a weak seasonality that modulates the magnitude of the Patagonian shelf
break upwelling. Using passive tracers we show that most of the entrainment of deep waters into the shelf
occurs in the southernmost portion of the Patagonian shelf and along the inshore boundary of the Brazil
Current. Shelf waters are preferentially detrained near the Brazil/Malvinas Confluence. Consistent with
previous studies, our simulation also shows that south of ~42°S the Malvinas Current is composed of two
jets, which merge near 42°S to form a single jet farther north
Two-step continuous-flow synthesis of CuInSe₂ nanoparticles in a solar microreactor
Get PDFA novel method of copper indium diselenide nanoparticle
(CuInSe₂ NP) synthesis using a two-step, continuous flow,
solar microreactor is reported here. This method allows for
exceedingly fast heating and short reaction times using only
radiative heat transfer from simulated, concentrated solar
radiation. Chalcopyrite and sphalerite CuInSe₂ phases have
both been synthesized by changing nucleation temperature
and residence time through the solar microreactor, with
higher nucleation temperatures and longer residence times
allowing for the formation of the chalcopyrite CuInSe₂ phase
LiuSelinaAcid-SensingIonChannels.pdf
No full textThe olfactory bulb contains the first synaptic relay in the olfactory pathway, the sensory system in which odorants
are detected enabling these chemical stimuli to be transformed into electrical signals and, ultimately, the perception
of odor. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), a family of proton-gated cation channels, are widely expressed in
neurons of the central nervous system. However, no direct electrophysiological and pharmacological characterizations
of ASICs in olfactory bulb neurons have been described. Using a combination of whole-cell patch-clamp recordings
and biochemical and molecular biological analyses, we demonstrated that functional ASICs exist in mouse
olfactory bulb mitral/tufted (M/T) neurons and mainly consist of homomeric ASIC1a and heteromeric ASIC1a/2a
channels. ASIC activation depolarized cultured M/T neurons and increased their intracellular calcium concentration.
Thus, ASIC activation may play an important role in normal olfactory function
Communicating Without the Face: Holistic Perception of Emotions of People With Facial Paralysis
Get PDFPeople with facial paralysis (FP) report social difficulties, but some attempt to compensate by increasing expressivity in their bodies and voices. We examined perceivers’ emotion judgments of videos of people with FP to understand how they interpret the combination of an inexpressive face with an expressive body and voice. Results suggest perceivers form less favorable impressions of people with severe FP, but compensatory expression is effective in improving impressions. Perceivers seemed to form holistic impressions when rating happiness and possibly sadness. Findings have implications for basic emotion research and social functioning interventions for people with FP
FriedmanStevenBiochemBiophysHeterochromatinControlsGamma_SupplementalMaterials.pdf
No full textIn response to genotoxic stress, ATR and ATM kinases phosphorylate H2A in fungi and H2AX in animals on a C-terminal serine.
The resulting modified histone, called γH2A, recruits chromatin-binding proteins that stabilize stalled replication forks or promote
DNA double-strand-break repair. To identify genomic loci that might be prone to replication fork stalling or DNA breakage
in Neurospora crassa, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of γH2A followed by next-generation sequencing
(ChIP-seq). γH2A-containing nucleosomes are enriched in Neurospora heterochromatin domains. These domains are
comprised of A·T-rich repetitive DNA sequences associated with histone H3 methylated at lysine-9 (H3K9me), the H3K9me-binding
protein heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), and DNA cytosine methylation. H3K9 methylation, catalyzed by DIM-5, is
required for normal γH2A localization. In contrast, γH2A is not required for H3K9 methylation or DNA methylation. Normal
γH2A localization also depends on HP1 and a histone deacetylase, HDA-1, but is independent of the DNA methyltransferase
DIM-2. γH2A is globally induced in dim-5 mutants under normal growth conditions, suggesting that the DNA damage response
is activated in these mutants in the absence of exogenous DNA damage. Together, these data suggest that heterochromatin formation
is essential for normal DNA replication or repair
Heterogeneous Reactions of PM-Bound PAHs and NPAHs with NO₃/N₂O₅, OH Radicals, and O₃ under Simulated Long-Range Atmospheric Transport Conditions: Reactivity and Mutagenicity
Get PDFThe heterogeneous reactions of ambient particulate matter (PM)-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) with NO₃/N₂O₅, OH radicals, and O₃ were studied in a laboratory photochemical chamber. Ambient PM[subscript 2.5] and PM₁₀ samples were collected from Beijing, China and Riverside, California, and exposed under simulated atmospheric long-range transport conditions for O₃ and OH and NO₃ radicals. Changes in the masses of 23 PAHs and 20 NPAHs, as well as the direct and indirect-acting mutagenicity of the PM (determined using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with TA98 strain), were measured prior to and after exposure to NO₃/N₂O₅, OH radicals, and O₃. In general, O₃ exposure resulted in the highest relative degradation of PM-bound PAHs with more than four rings (benzo[a]pyrene was degraded equally well by O₃ and NO₃/N₂O₅). However, NPAHs were most effectively formed during the Beijing PM exposure to NO₃/N₂O₅. In ambient air 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NF) is formed from gas-phase NO₃ radical- and OH radical-initiated reactions of fluoranthene, and 2-nitropyrene (2-NP) is formed from gas-phase OH radical-initiated reaction of pyrene. There was no formation of 2-NF or 2-NP in any of the heterogeneous exposures, suggesting that gas-phase formation of NPAHs did not play an important role during chamber exposures. Exposure of Beijing PM to NO₃/N₂O₅ resulted in an increase in direct-acting mutagenic activity which was associated with the formation of mutagenic NPAHs. No NPAH formation was observed in any of the exposures of the Riverside PM. This was likely due to the accumulation of atmospheric degradation products from gas phase reactions of volatile species onto the surface of PM collected in Riverside prior to exposure in the chamber, thus decreasing the availability of PAHs for reaction
OddenMichellePHHSCost-EffectivenessHypertension_SupplementaryAppendix.pdf
No full textBACKGROUND: On the basis of the 2014 guidelines for hypertension therapy in the United States,
many eligible adults remain untreated. We projected the cost-effectiveness of treating
hypertension in U.S. adults according to the 2014 guidelines.
METHODS: We used the Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model to simulate drug-treatment and
monitoring costs, costs averted for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, and
quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained by treating previously untreated adults
between the ages of 35 and 74 years from 2014 through 2024. We assessed cost-effectiveness
according to age, hypertension level, and the presence or absence of
chronic kidney disease or diabetes.
RESULTS: The full implementation of the new hypertension guidelines would result in approximately
56,000 fewer cardiovascular events and 13,000 fewer deaths from cardiovascular
causes annually, which would result in overall cost savings. The projections
showed that the treatment of patients with existing cardiovascular disease or
stage 2 hypertension would save lives and costs for men between the ages of 35 and
74 years and for women between the ages of 45 and 74 years. The treatment of men
or women with existing cardiovascular disease or men with stage 2 hypertension
but without cardiovascular disease would remain cost-saving even if strategies to
increase medication adherence doubled treatment costs. The treatment of stage 1
hypertension was cost-effective (defined as <$50,000 per QALY) for all men and for
women between the ages of 45 and 74 years, whereas treating women between the
ages of 35 and 44 years with stage 1 hypertension but without cardiovascular disease
had intermediate or low cost-effectiveness.
CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of the 2014 hypertension guidelines for U.S. adults between the
ages of 35 and 74 years could potentially prevent about 56,000 cardiovascular events
and 13,000 deaths annually, while saving costs. Controlling hypertension in all
patients with cardiovascular disease or stage 2 hypertension could be effective and
cost-saving. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others.
The Physical Mirror Equivalence for the Local P²
Get PDFIn this paper we consider the total space of the canonical bundle of P² and we use a proposal by Hosono, together with results of Seidel and Auroux–Katzarkov–Orlov, to deduce the physical mirror equivalence between D[superscript b][subscript P²] (K[subscript P²]) and the derived Fukaya category of its mirror which assigns the expected central charge to BPS states. By construction, our equivalence is compatible with the mirror map relating the complex and the Kähler moduli spaces and with the computation of Gromov–Witten invariants
SimonichStaciEnvironmentalMolecularToxicologyAerobicBioremediationPAH_SupportingInformation.pdf
No full textThis is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the American Chemical Society and can be found at: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00499The formation of more polar and toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
transformation products is one of the concerns associated with the bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils. Soil contaminated with coal tar (pre-bioremediation) from a former
manufactured gas plant (MGP) site was treated in a laboratory scale bioreactor (post-bioremediation) and extracted using pressurized liquid extraction. The soil extracts were
fractionated, based on polarity, and analyzed for 88 PAHs (unsubstituted, oxygenated, nitrated,
and heterocyclic PAHs). The PAH concentrations in the soil tested, post-bioremediation, were
lower than their regulatory maximum allowable concentrations (MACs), with the exception of
the higher molecular weight PAHs (BaA, BkF, BbF, BaP, and IcdP), most of which did not
undergo significant biodegradation. The soil extract fractions were tested for genotoxicity using the DT40 chicken lymphocyte bioassay and developmental toxicity using the embryonic
zebrafish (Danio rerio) bioassay. A statistically significant increase in genotoxicity was
measured in the unfractionated soil extract, as well as in four polar soil extract fractions, post-bioremediation (p < 0.05). In addition, a statistically significant increase in developmental
toxicity was measured in one polar soil extract fraction, post-bioremediation (p < 0.05). A series
of morphological abnormalities, including peculiar caudal fin malformations and
hyperpigmentation in the tail, were measured in several soil extract fractions in embryonic
zebrafish, both pre- and post-bioremediation. The increased toxicity measured post-bioremediation is not likely due to the 88 PAHs measured in this study (including quinones), because most were not present in the toxic polar fractions and/or because their concentrations did not increase post-bioremediation. However, the increased toxicity measured post-bioremediation is likely due to hydroxylated and carboxylated transformation products of the 3- and 4-ring PAHs (PHE, 1MPHE, 2MPHE, PRY, BaA, and FLA) that were most degraded
Deeply dredged submarine HIMU glasses from the Tuvalu Islands, Polynesia: Implications for volatile budgets of recycled oceanic crust
Get PDFOcean island basalts (OIB) with extremely radiogenic Pb-isotopic signatures are melts of a mantle component called HIMU (high µ, high ²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb). Until now, deeply dredged submarine HIMU glasses have not been available, which has inhibited complete geochemical (in particular, volatile element) characterization of the HIMU mantle. We report major, trace and volatile element abundances in a suite of deeply dredged glasses from the Tuvalu Islands. Three Tuvalu glasses with the most extreme HIMU signatures have F/Nd ratios (35.6 ± 3.6) that are higher than the ratio (∼21) for global OIB and MORB, consistent with elevated F/Nd ratios in end-member HIMU Mangaia melt inclusions. The Tuvalu glasses with the most extreme HIMU composition have Cl/K (0.11–0.12), Br/Cl (0.0024), and I/Cl (5–6 × 10⁻⁵) ratios that preclude significant assimilation of seawater-derived Cl. The new HIMU glasses that are least degassed for H₂O have low H₂O/Ce ratios (75–84), similar to ratios identified in end-member OIB glasses with EM1 and EM2 signatures, but significantly lower than H₂O/Ce ratios (119–245) previously measured in melt inclusions from Mangaia. CO₂-H₂O equilibrium solubility models suggest that these HIMU glasses (recovered in two different dredges at 2500–3600 m water depth) have eruption pressures of 295–400 bars. We argue that degassing is unlikely to significantly reduce the primary melt H₂O. Thus, the lower H₂O/Ce in the HIMU Tuvalu glasses is a mantle signature. We explore oceanic crust recycling as the origin of the low H₂O/Ce (∼50–80) in the EM1, EM2, and HIMU mantle domains.This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291525-2027/. The data used in this paper can be found in the supporting information at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GC00596