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Consideraciones para la transformación del sistema de salud del Ecuador desde una perspectiva de equidad
Full text linkObjectivo: El propósito del presente estudio es analizar las inequidades socioeconómicas en la utilización de servicios de salud en el Ecuador, las inequidades en la distribución geográfica de recursos humanos en salud, y reflexionar sobre los retos de equidad que el sistema de salud ecuatoriano enfrenta en la actualidad.
Métodos: Se utilizó la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Materno-Infantil (ENDEMAIN 2004) como la principal fuente de datos, cuya muestra es representativa de la población ecuatoriana. Para estimar los efectos en utilización de servicios de salud utilizamos análisis multivariado multinivel (usando el paquete estadístico MLWiN 2.02) y análisis espacial de recursos en salud (usando GeoDa 1.0.1 ).
Resultados: Nuestro análisis encontró que inequidades sociales, económicas y geográficas limitan el acceso a servicios de salud en el Ecuador. Hogares de bajos recursos, indígenas y aquellos que viven enáreas rurales (muchos con las tres características a la vez) tienen menos posibilidades de utilizar servicios de salud. A pesar de la marcada concentración de proveedores de salud en zonas urbanas, encontramos que la presencia de personal de salud (excluyendo a médicos) en entidades públicas rurales incrementa la posibilidad de utilización de servicios preventivos y curativos.
Conclusiones: Los esfuerzos para transformar el sistema de salud deben reducir barreras sociales, culturales, financieras; y las desigualdades en la distribución de recursos humanos en salud, particularmente en elárea rural. Consideramos que la orientación comunitaria y familiar de los servicios, y el incremento de espacios de participación ciudadana son necesarios para reducir dichas inequidades.OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at analysing socioeconomic inequity regarding the use of health services in Ecuador, inequity regarding the geographic distribution of healthcare-related human resources and reflecting on the challenges concerning equity which the Ecuadorian health system is currently facing.
METHODS: The Ecuadorian Demographic, Maternal and Infant Health Survey (2004) was used as the main data source, as its sample was representative of the Ecuadorian population. Multilevel multivariate analysis (MLWiN 2.02 statistical software) and spatial data analysis regarding health resources (GeoDa 1.0.1) were used for estimating the effects of using health services.
RESULTS: It was found that social, economic and geographic inequity limited access to health services in Ecuador. People living in low economic resource households or indigenous housing and people living in rural areas (many of them having all three characteristics at the same time) had less possibility of using health services. In spite of a marked concentration of health-service providers in urban areas, it was found that the presence of healthcare personnel (excluding doctors) in rural public entities increased the possibility of using preventative and curative services.
CONCLUSIONS: Efforts at transforming the Ecuadorian health system must be aimed at reducing social, cultural and financial barriers and inequality regarding the distribution of healthcare-related human resources, particularly in rural areas. Community and family orientation of the services and increasing spaces for citizen participation are necessary for reducing such inequity.This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia and can be found at: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0124-0064&lng=en&nrm=iso.Keywords: Healthcare-based resources, Health service accessibility, Health service, Health equity, Servicios de salud, Accesibilidad a los servicios de salud, Recursos en salud, Equidad en salu
Structure and Format of Call Numbers.ppt
No full textThis set of presentations was used in July-August, 2007, to train staff at Oregon State University in the application of the Library of Congress Classification system and related shelflisting practices. The presentations cover basic notation, cuttering, geographic cutters, special formats such as continuing resources, congresses, and biographies, and many other topics
Trailing Blackberry Genotypes Differ in Yield and Postharvest Fruit Quality during Establishment in an Organic Production System
Full text linkFour blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) cultivars (‘Obsidian’, ‘Black Diamond’, ‘Metolius’, ‘Onyx’) and two advanced selections (ORUS 1939-4 and ORUS 2635-1) were evaluated during the establishment years of an organic production system for fresh market. The planting was established in Spring 2010 using approved practices for organic production and was certified organic in 2012, the first fruiting year. Plants were irrigated using a dripline under a woven polyethylene groundcover (weed mat) installed for weed management. Liquid fertilizers injected through the drip system were used at rates of 56 kg·ha⁻¹ total nitrogen (N) in 2011–12 and 90 kg·ha⁻¹ total N in 2013. Genotypes differed in the level of nutrients measured in primocane leaves. Tissue phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) concentrations were within the recommended standards, but tissue calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and boron (B) were deficient in some or all genotypes. Although two cultivars and both advanced selections responded well in terms of plant growth and yield to the organic production system used, yields in ‘Onyx’ and ‘Metolius’ were considered low for commercial production. In contrast, the higher yielding ‘Obsidian’ and ORUS-2635-1 appeared to be the best suited for organic fresh market production as a result of larger fruit size, greater fruit firmness, higher sugar-to-acid ratios, lower postharvest percentmoisture loss in ORUS-2635-1, and the longest number of marketable storage days at 5°C in ‘Obsidian’.This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the American Society for Horticultural Science and can be found at: http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/.Keywords: Firmness, Brix, Shelf life, Rubus, Titratable acidity, Percent soluble solids, Storage, p
Truffle abundance in riparian and upland mixed-conifer forest of California's southern Sierra Nevada
Full text linkWe compared the abundance, diversity, and composition of truffles in riparian and upland areas within a
mixed-conifer forest of the Sierra Nevada of California. We sampled for truffles in a single watershed over two seasons
(spring and summer) and 4 years to determine whether truffles were more abundant and diverse in riparian than upland
sites in old-growth, mixed-conifer forest. Truffle frequency, biomass, and species richness were greater in riparian sites
than in upland sites in both spring and summer samples. Species composition of truffles also was different between
sites, with nine and one species found exclusively in riparian and upland sites, respectively. Distance between the center
of truffle plots to logs and trees was lower and soil moisture was greater in riparian sites compared with upland
sites, suggesting that log density, tree proximity, and soil moisture may influence truffle production in these habitats.
Our study underscores the importance of riparian areas for truffles, a primary food source for northern flying squirrels
(Glaucomys sabrinus) in the Sierra Nevada of California.Keywords: Sierra Nevada, Riparian, Truffle
Patterns of color phase indicate spawn timing at a Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus spawning aggregation
Full text linkNassau grouper Epinephelus striatus are a large bodied, top level predator that is ecologically important throughout
the Caribbean. Although typically solitary, Nassau grouper form large annual spawning aggregations at predictable times in specific
locations. In 2003, The Cayman Islands Marine Conservation Board established protection for a newly rediscovered Nassau
grouper spawning aggregation on Little Cayman, British West Indies. The large size of this aggregation provides a unique opportunity
to study the behavior of Nassau grouper on a relatively intact spawning aggregation. During non-spawning periods Nassau
grouper display a reddish-brown-and-white barred coloration. However, while aggregating they exhibit three additional color
phases: “bicolor”, “dark”, and “white belly”. We video sampled the population on multiple days leading up to spawning across
five spawning years. Divers focused a laser caliper equipped video camera on individual fish at the aggregation. We later analyzed
the video to determine the length of the fish and record the color phase. Our observations show that the relative proportion
of fish in the bicolor color phase increases significantly on the day leading up to the primary night of spawning. The increase in
the proportion of the bicolor color phase from 0.05 early in the aggregation to 0.40 on the day of spawning suggests that this color
phase conveys that a fish is behaviorally and physiologically prepared to spawn. Additionally, 82.7% of fish exhibiting dark or
white belly coloration early in the aggregation period suggests that these color phases are not only shown by female fish as was
previously posited [Current Zoology 58 (1): 73–83, 2012].This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Current Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and can be found at: http://www.actazool.org/.Keywords: Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus, Nuptial coloration, Spawning aggregation, Spawning behavio
Conducting Research with Tribal Communities: Sovereignty, Ethics, and Data-Sharing Issues
Full text linkBackground: When conducting research with American Indian tribes, informed consent beyond conventional institutional review board (IRB) review is needed because of the potential for adverse consequences at a community or governmental level that are unrecognized by academic researchers. Objectives: In this article, we review sovereignty, research ethics, and data-sharing considerations when doing community-based participatory health-related or natural-resource-related research with American Indian nations and present a model material and data-sharing agreement that meets tribal and university requirements. Discussion: Only tribal nations themselves can identify potential adverse outcomes, and they can do this only if they understand the assumptions and methods of the proposed research. Tribes must be truly equal partners in study design, data collection, interpretation, and publication. Advances in protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) are also applicable to IRB reviews, as are principles of sovereignty and indigenous rights, all of which affect data ownership and control. Conclusions: Academic researchers engaged in tribal projects should become familiar with all three areas: sovereignty, ethics and informed consent, and IPR. We recommend developing an agreement with tribal partners that reflects both health-related IRB and natural-resource-related IPR considerations.Keywords: American Indian, sovereignty, tribal, informed consent, IRB, intellectual property, data sharing, research ethicsKeywords: American Indian, sovereignty, tribal, informed consent, IRB, intellectual property, data sharing, research ethic
Culturing experiments to determine the nutrient requirement for exopolymer production in Lentisphaera araneosa (Presentation PDF version).pdf
No full textLentisphaera araneosa is a marine microorganism, and its production of expolymer plays an important role in marine ecosystem. The exopolymer production in L. araneosa is studied by measuring the growth of bacteria (in cells/mL) and the viscosity of the medium (in centistokes) under different treatments. The treatment without serine and the treatment without glucose both allow higher cell growth and higher TEP production than the control group. These two treatments may lead to a new nutrient recipe for the cultivation of L. araneosa.Keywords: Lentisphaera araneosa, Exopolymer, CulturingKeywords: Lentisphaera araneosa, Exopolymer, Culturin
Sadler_R_Kumbe_1981_Plate1.tif
No full textThe Middle and West Forks of Little Sheep Creek in the southern Tendoy Range have incised valleys across Cenozoic structural features exposing strata that range in age from the Mississippian to the Neoene. Paleozoic strata are 1,349 m thick and belong to the Mission Canyon Limestone, the Big Snowy, Amsden, Quadrant, and Priosphoria FormationS. The Scott Peak Formation of the White Knob Group of Idaho is allochtononous and forms the upper plate of the Medicine Lodge thrust. Paleozoic and Triassic strata of the thesis area represent sedimentation across a transition zone between a stable craton to the east and the Cordilleran miogeosyncline to the west. Regional unconformities are recognized locally at the top of the Mission Canyon Limestone and the Phosphoria and Thaynes Formations, but not at the top o the Big Snowy, Amsden, or Quadrant Formations, Mesozoic strata have a total thickness of 1,404 m and belong to the Dinwoody, Woodside, and Thaynes Formations, the newly recognized Gypsum Spring Tongue of the Twin Creek Formation, the Sawtooth and Rierdon Formations of the Ellis Group, the Morrison and Kootenai Formations, the Colorado Shale, and the Beaverhead Formation. Cenozoic strata are represented by the newly named Round Timber limestone (informal) of the Medicine Lodge beds (Miocene) and the Edie School rhyolite (Pliocene). Detailed stratigraphic and petrographic analyses were made of the Triassic Dinwoody, Woodside, and Thaynes Formations, the Jurassic Gypsum Spring Tongue, and the Niocene Round Timber limestone in order to determine environments of deposition. The limestones, calcareous siltstones, and silty limestones of the Dinwoody and Thaynes Formations were deposited in a shallow marine shelf environment as a result of two transgressive pulses separated by an Early Traissic regression. The Triassic seas had transgressed eastward onto the craton from the miogeosyncline. The Dinwoody arid Thaynes fauna indicate normal salinities and open marine conditions; the widespread regional distribution of the limestone-siltstone facies indicates broad equable conditions for sedimentation. Deposition was primarily a tractive process genarated by storm-driven, tidal, and long-shore currents within a maximum depth of approximately 50 m. The Early Triassic regressive phase is represented by the deposition of the variegated siltstone, sandstone, limestone, and dolomite of the Woodside Formation in a tidal flat environment. The Gypsum Spring Tongue consists of interbedded variegated siltstone, sandstone, limestone, dolomite, and limestone conglomerate that were deposited in a tidal flat and restricted marginal marine environment extending east from southwestern Montana and eastern Idaho across Wyoming arid southern Montana. The Middle Jurassic sea transgressed South across the North American continent. The Miocene Round Timber limestone was deposited in a fresh-water lake in which calcite was being deposited as encrustations on the green algae Chara and as a precipitate directly from solution. The folding and faulting within the thesis area are the result of cratonic and miogeosynclinal responses to Cretaceous-Early Tertiary orogenesis. A southwestward-plunging anticline has been refolded into northeastward-yielding, overturned, doubly-plunging folds oriented northwest-southeast. High angle reverse faults of minor displacement have occurred along the southeastern limb of Garfield anticline and within the axis of the Seybold syncline. Post-Laramide relaxation of compressional forces has caused north- and northwest-oriented normal faults that transect earlier structures. Sandstone and limestone of the Scott Peak Formation of the White Knob Group were implaced along the Medicine Lodge thrust.The Middle and West Forks of Little Sheep Creek in the southern Tendoy Range have incised valleys across Cenozoic structural features exposing strata that range in age from the Mississippian to the Neoene. Paleozoic strata are
Modeling Relative Humidity in Headwater Forests Using Correlation with Air Temperature
Full text linkMicroclimate variables such as air temperature and relative humidity influence habitat conditions and ecological processes
in riparian forests. The increased relative humidity levels within riparian areas are essential for many plant and wildlife
species. Information about relative humidity patterns within riparian areas and adjacent uplands are necessary for the
prescription of effective buffer widths. Relative humidity monitoring is more expensive than temperature monitoring
due to greater sensor costs, and it is primarily conducted for research purposes. To make relative humidity monitoring
in riparian areas more cost effective, we explored modeling relative humidity as a function of air temperature and other
covariates using linear fixed and linear mixed effects models applied to two case studies. Localizing predictions for stream
reaches using a linear mixed effects model or a linear fixed effects model with correction factor improved model predictions,
especially when large variability among stream reaches was present. A minimum of three to five relative humidity
measurements per stream reach seem sufficient to estimate the random stream reach effect or correction factor for the
linear mixed and linear fixed effects models, respectively. Including covariates that describe distance to stream and canopy
cover in addition to air temperature improved model performance. Although further model refinement is probably needed
to allow detection of small changes in relative humidity associated with changes in stand structure from partial overstory
removal, the models developed provide a means towards decreasing the costs of monitoring microclimates of importance
to riparian area function.Keywords: Localized prediction, Linear mixed effects model, Pacific Northwest, Subsampling, Riparian microclimateKeywords: Localized prediction, Linear mixed effects model, Pacific Northwest, Subsampling, Riparian microclimat
seminar+presentation.ppt
No full textButterfly bush (Buddleja davidii), an ornamental native to China, is an invasive species in Oregon and many other areas. In Oregon, butterfly bush invades disturbed areas, particularly riparian areas. The Oregon nursery industry has the highest farm-gate value of all agricultural commodities and butterfly bush is a significant plant to them. However, the nursery industry does not appear to be a major source of invasion because of their pruning production practices. Butterfly bush is a unique plant because it does not release its seed until mid to late winter. The dispersal mechanisms of butterfly bush are not well documented, but wind is one possibility. Formulations of glyphosate effectively control butterfly bushes up to two years old. Both spraying a dilute herbicide on the entire plant and painting herbicide concentrate on recently cut stumps are effective in controlling butterfly bush, but stump painting may be the preferred option in natural areas that butterfly bush invades.Keywords: Butterfly bush, Riparian, Glyphosate control, Oregon, Invasive, Buddleja davidiiKeywords: Butterfly bush, Riparian, Glyphosate control, Oregon, Invasive, Buddleja davidi