Studia Historiae Scientiarum
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O symetrii zjawisk fizycznych, symetrii pola elektrycznego i pola magnetycznego
Full text linkIn the work, the classical concept of symmetry limited to geometric objects (figures, solids), which originated from ancient Greece, has been extended to allow for symmetry studies in other types of objects. By introducing concepts of limit point groups and kinematic elements, which characterize a studied object, it was determined what types of symmetries an electric field and a magnetic field exhibit. It was established that, in order for a phenomenon to occur, a characteristic symmetry of a medium must be consistent with the characteristic symmetry of the phenomenon occurring in it. It was also determined that elements of symmetry of causes must be reflected in the symmetry of the induced effects.W pracy klasyczne pojęcie symetrii ograniczone do obiektów geometrycznych (figur, brył), znajdujące swoje źródło w antycznej Grecji, zostało rozszerzone tak, by możliwe było badanie symetrii innych rodzajów obiektów. Poprzez wprowadzenie pojęcia granicznych grup punktowych i elementów kinematycznych charakteryzujących obiekt, którego symetria jest badana, określono, jakiego typu symetrie wykazują pole elektryczne i pole magnetyczne. Ustalono, że aby możliwe było zachodzenie jakiegoś zjawiska, to charakterystyczna symetria ośrodka musi być zgodna z charakterystyczną symetrią występującego w nim zjawiska. Stwierdzono, także, że elementy symetrii przyczyn muszą znaleźć odzwierciedlenie w symetrii wywołanych skutków
The prominence of Danzig Academic Gymnasium as a cornerstone of scientific developments in Gdańsk
Full text linkThe Danzig Academic Gymnasium (1558–1817) was one of the first Protestant schools at the college level in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It became one of the most famous educational institutions in Europe of the 16–18th centuries. For almost 260 years, it attracted one of the best professors and students of the era. We concentrate on the achievements in science, the role of the City Council Library in the academic life in and outside of the Gymnasium, and highlight the activities of the Danzig Naturalist Society. In this survey, we feature important representatives of the scientific disciplines present in the Gymnasium, both faculty and their students, as well as Gdańsk scientists in general. We outline the lasting impact of the Danzig Academic Gymnasium on the intellectual life in Gdańsk, the Pomerania region, and some intellectual circles in Europe
The First Institutional Encyclopaedia in Ukraine
Full text linkThe article discusses the first four volumes of the Encyclopaedia of Shevchenko Scientific Society. It traces the genesis of the idea of this publication in Ukrainian science of the 20th and early 21st century. The article also clarifies the concepts and methodological principles of the encyclopaedia and outlines its structure and content. We conclude that the Encyclopaedia … is a highly informative publication dedicated to one institution with a unique nature and scope
Looking Forward, Looking Back: Re-Connecting of Urban Planning Education in Lviv
Full text linkThe article outlines the development of a new network assembled by the chair of urban planning at the Lviv Polytechnic institute after the collapse of the USSR. It focuses on the actions of individual people who contributed to institutional changes and used various resources to create and maintain a set of connections.The tradition of urban planning education in Lviv begins with a Chair of Urban Planning created in 1913 at Lviv Polytechnic. However, after WWII and the incorporation of the city into the Soviet state, Lviv Polytechnic went through radical changes. Urban planning was restored as an architectural sub-specialization only in 1966, while a separate department of architecture was organized only in 1971.After perestroika and the disintegration of the Soviet Union (1985‒1991), the Chair of Urban Planning relatively quickly reoriented its activities from Moscow’s to Kraków’s, Wrocław’s, Vienna’s or Berlin’s perspective. This was primarily due to personal contacts, which step by step became institutionalized, and due to the “imaginary continuity” between contemporary urban planners and the pre-war Lviv architectural school.
Professors who left the city right after WWII gained symbolic importance and helped to establish a common ground between the milieu of Lviv Polytechnic and Polish technical schools in the 1990s. During the time of social and political changes, looking into the past became a quite successful strategy, which helped the institution to gain symbolic capital and survive. The history of Lviv Polytechnic, stripped from all potential conflicts and sharp divisions, helped to build new connections after the old ones no longer provided stable positions. Knowing foreign languages became one of the basic means or resources that people needed to feel connected and to participate in scientific exchanges.The sources of the article include oral history interviews with academics in the field of architecture, memoirs, and other published materials related to the history of the Chair of Urban Planning at Lviv Polytechnic
Rethinking Research in the Chemical Industry: Organizational History of Centre de Recherches d’Aubervilliers (1953‒2020)
Full text linkSolvay’s Centre de Recherches d’Aubervilliers (CRA) is one of the oldest active private-sector research centers in industrial chemistry in France. During the seventy years of its existence it collaborated with some of the most significant French and European chemical companies. Established in 1953, the center’s research and development organization around huge discipline-oriented laboratories proved itself remarkably resilient. Not merely reflecting the R&D policy of the company that owned it at a given moment, the evolution of the center’s research organization followed its own particular path. The research priorities in any given moment were always a place of encounter between top-down requirements of the company’s directorship, and bottom-up thematic trajectories. The CRA’s organizational history gives us unique insights into broader tendencies in chemical research in the second half of the 20th century, such as specialization of laboratories, introduction of market-driven research as well as decentralization and multiplication of hierarchies. The case study can be of interest to historians of science, due to the fact that the history of private research centers remains largely understudied, and to science policy scholars who want to understand the interconnectedness of factors that influence the organization of R&D structures in an institution
Natural Sciences in Academic Vienna in the 1990s: From “[Peripheral] Outpost Near the Iron Curtain” to “Central Hub”
Full text linkIn 1999, four editorials in the journal Biological Chemistry commemorate how, since the 1980s, Vienna has transformed from a “[peripheral] outpost near the Iron Curtain” to a “central hub” for life science research.A closer look at these texts reveals the explicit and implicit role of drawing maps for and within science, depicting centers, peripheries and ‒ in this case ‒ geopolitically real and allegorical “iron curtains”.Based on this observation and the issues it raises, I re-examine the pertinent empirical material covering relevant times, places, (sub-) disciplines and institutions, as well as the period after 2000. I deal with “molecularization” in biology, (sub)disciplinary differentiation, internationalization, as well as changes in public-private relations and a pair of complementary concepts of innovation and tradition. Thus, I retrace the establishment of a techno-epistemic culture in a local, disciplinary context.
I conclude that guiding principles such as excellence and internationality are understood and implemented in academia in locally and historically bounded ways, and I argue that a critical re-examination of empirical material can substantially enrich our approach to such topics
The Communist Way: a Look upon Soviet Archaeology in Occupied Latvia
Full text linkThis article examines the history of archaeology in Latvia during the Soviet occupation (1940–1941; 1944–1991), trying to understand the consequences brought in the field of archaeology by the single-party led experiment of communism. The research is based on archival studies and uses the historical method, source criticism and historiography. Author explains the nature of the prescribed theoretical and methodological guidelines as well as actual implications of the ‘communist way’ in archaeology. The article challenges the common belief that archaeology and prehistory were ideologically freer than other branches of history during the Soviet era
Ewolucyjna transformacja czasopisma. Część 9
Full text linkThe article outlines the ninth phase of the development of the journal “Studia Historiae Scientiarum” (previous name “Prace Komisji Historii Nauki PAU” / “Proceedings of the PAU Commission on the History of Science”).
Two basic ways of developing scientific journals have been distinguished: as a purely scientific enterprise or a purely business enterprise – the journal “Studia Historiae Scientiarum” follows the former model.
Information is provided on the following matters: the journal’s evaluation by the “ICI Master Journal List 2020” (released at the end of 2021), the evaluation by the Ministry of Education and Science of Poland (released on December 1 / 21, 2021), the evaluation by Scopus (released on 5 May 2022), and the evaluation by the SCImago Journal Rankings 2021 (based on the data from Scopus released on April 2022).
Additionally, the number of foreign authors and reviewers of the current volume of the journal is quoted.
From volume 21 (2022), the journal “Studia Historiae Scientiarum” has implemented additional organizational solutions: a CC BY license for the texts of articles (retaining the possibility of other licenses for illustrations), the CrossMark service and the publishing option, the so-called FirstView Articles.Naszkicowano dziewiąty etap rozwijania czasopisma „Studia Historiae Scientiarum” (wcześniejsza nazwa „Prace Komisji Historii Nauki PAU”).
Wyróżniono dwa podstawowe sposoby rozwijania czasopism naukowych: jako przedsięwzięcie czysto naukowe albo przedsięwzięcie czysto biznesowe – czasopismo „Studia Historiae Scientiarum” realizuje ten pierwszy model.
Podano m.in. informacje o ewaluacji czasopisma w „ICI Master Journal List 2020” (koniec 2021 r.), przez MEiN (1 grudnia / 21 grudnia 2021 r.), w Scopus (5 maja 2021 r.) oraz w SCImago Journal Rankings 2021 (oparty o dane z bazy Scopus z kwietnia 2022) oraz liczbie zagranicznych autorów i recenzentów bieżącego tomu czasopisma.
Od tomu 21(2022) czasopismo „Studia Historiae Scientiarum” wdrożyło dodatkowe rozwiązania organizacyjne: licencję CC BY dla tekstów artykułów (zachowując możliwość innych licencji dla ilustracji), usługę CrossMark oraz opcję wydawniczą, tzw. „Artykuły FirstView”
Początki chemii teoretycznej w Polsce – rola Profesora Kazimierza Gumińskiego
Full text linkThis article discusses the advent of theoretical chemistry in Poland and the biography of its founding father, professor Kazimierz Gumiński. The presentation follows chronological order of the discoveries that gave rise to the onset of quantum chemistry, and the political history of that time, namely World War II and the Stalinist period. These general circumstances indirectly triggered the foundation of the Chair of Theoretical Chemistry at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków on September 1, 1952, which is viewed as the beginning of Polish theoretical chemistry.Most information herein is based on Gumiński’s report concerning the first ten years of the institution’s activity; the report is appended as an annex. The original and demanding training Gumiński imposed on his disciples is described from the author’s personal experience.Artykuł osadza początek chemii teoretycznej w Polsce i życiorys jej twórcy, profesora Kazimierza Gumińskiego, w chronologii odkryć, które doprowadziły do powstania chemii kwantowej oraz w politycznej historii tamtych czasów, mianowicie drugiej wojny światowej i okresu stalinizmu. Te właśnie okoliczności zewnętrzne pośrednio doprowadziły do utworzenia, z dniem 1 września 1952, Katedry Chemii Teoretycznej na Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim w Krakowie. Większość informacji tutaj zawartych pochodzi ze złożonego przez Gumińskiego sprawozdania z pierwszych 10 lat funkcjonowania tej katedry. Jest ono załączone jako aneks. Oryginalne a wysokie wymagania stawiane przez Gumińskiego swoim uczniom autor relacjonuje z własnego doświadczenia
Juda Kreisler (1904–1940s?): A Bio-Bibliographical Sketch of a Lviv Physicist and a Popularizer of Science
Full text linkWe present a detailed biographical account and analysis of works of Juda Kreisler (1904–1940s?), a theoretical physicist from Lviv. He was born in Tlumach (Ukrainian: Тлумач, Polish: Tłumacz, Yiddish: טאלמיטש ), nowadays a town in Ivano-Frankivsk oblast in the western part of Ukraine. In 1923, Juda Kreisler finished a gymnasium in Stanislaviv and entered the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Lviv (Wydział Filozoficzny Uniwersytetu Jana Kazimierza [UJK] we Lwowie) in order to study physics. In 1932, he was promoted to the doctoral degree in physics under the supervision of Professor Stanisław Loria. For a short period in the 1930s, Juda Kreisler worked at the Department for Theoretical Physics of the University of Lviv, and returned to the University in 1940, after the Soviets had reorganized it upon taking over Lviv in September 1939. His fate remains unknown: he is listed among murdered by Nazis Jewish employees of the University of Lviv in 1941–43.
Dr. Kreisler authored four scientific papers and four abstracts of conference presentations delivered at the Congresses of Polish Physicists in 1932–36. There is, however, another field, where he was extremely prolific in the late 1930s. We have discovered 122 of his popular articles in “Chwila” (English: “Moment”), a local daily newspaper published by the Jewish community in Lviv during 1919–39. These articles covered various subjects, that can be tentatively divided into the following major topics: chronicles and personalia; history of science; discoveries, new studies and inventions; the applied value of science (for medicine and economy in particular); interconnection between science and war; organization of scientific life; Hitler’s Germany and the problem of so-called ‘Aryan science’. While various branches of physics formed the largest part within disciplines reflected in Juda Kreisler’s articles, he also discussed biology, chemistry, meteorology, and geology. The latter field is closely related to his professional career at Lviv’s Geophysical Institute of “Pionier”, a joint-stock company for the exploration and exploitation of bituminous materials, where he spent nine months in 1936