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A Historic Institutionalist Research on the Protection of Plot Pattern in Chinese Historic Cities, taking Nanjing as an Example
Get PDFLand plots are widely recognised as an essential conservation element of historic cities. However, theprotection of plot pattern was in a long time neglected in Chinese urban conservation. China’s historic cities have experienced drastic transformation since the socialist revolution of 1949, resulting in a fundamental change in traditional urban forms. Based on historic institutionalism theory, the research explores the transformation of protection of plot pattern in Nanjing, a typical Chinese historic city. According to the changes of main institutions, including land development system, regulatory planning system and conservation planning system, the changing roles of plot in urban conservation can be divided into three stages. The three main attributes of plot, including a morphological element, a control unit of land use and a unit of property, have different performances in each stage. However, a path dependence has been formed through the institutional transformations
Nutzen der Digitalisierung auf eine nachhaltige Landschafts- und Raumentwicklung: Ergebnisse einer breit angelegten Delphi-Umfrage in der Schweiz
Get PDFDigitalisierung verändert die Anforderungen an den Raum, dessen Nutzungen und damit Raum und Landschaft selbst. Für Technik und Fachplanungen kristallisieren sich die Entwicklungstrends allmählich heraus. Doch wie sich die Digitalisierung auf den Raum und die Planung konkret auswirkt, ist momentan noch kaum erforscht. Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung werden in den Bereichen Mobilität, Energie und Versorgung besonders deutlich, aber auch in Bezug auf Freizeit und Erholung und die flächenhaften Nutzungen werden Trends in der Fachwelt diskutiert.Hier erste Antworten und Hilfestellungen für die Planung in den Gemeinden und Regionen zu finden, um deren Handlungsfähigkeit im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung zu erhöhen, ist Ziel des Forschungsprojekts „NUDIG – Nutzen der Digitalisierung für eine nachhaltige Landschafts- und Raumentwicklung“ der HSR Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil / Schweiz. Als Grundlage werden im ersten Schritt aus der Literatur und aus beschriebene Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung vom Forschungsteam systematisiert und bewertet. Als Ergebnis der Desktoprecherche kann die Raumwirksamkeit der Digitalisierung und mögliche Steuerungsansätze phänomenologisch beschrieben werden, eine Evidenz oder sogar Empirie über die Raumwirksamkeit lässt sich hingegen nicht ableiten. Eine empirische Untersuchung der Raumwirksamkeit der Digitalisierung, die sich mit mehreren Disziplinen der räumlichen Planung und deren Wechselwirkungen befasst, scheint zumindest zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt nicht möglich. Um die Ergebnisse und die darausfolgenden Thesen der Literaturrecherche dennoch zu plausibilisieren wurde eine zweifstufige Delphi-Umfrage gestartet, wo Fachexpertinnen und Fachexperten der einzelnen Planungsdisziplinen gefragt sind,ihre Einschätzungen zu den Auswirkungen und dem Nutzen der Digitalisierung auf die Planung abzugeben. Das zentrale Ergebnis der Umfrage ist, dass sich die Fachdisziplinen der Digitalisierung nicht verweigern können und die Raumnutzungen und die Wahrnehmung von Raum beeinflusst und verändert werden. Die Digitalisierung eröffnet für alle Raumkategorien und die unterschiedlichen Fachdisziplinen Potenziale für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung, wenngleich die einzelnen positiven und auch negativen Einschätzungen derFachdisziplinen variieren. Dieser Beitrag soll daher einerseits die Vorgehensweise der Delphi-Umfrage beleuchten sowie die relevantesten Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen aus der Umfrage erläutern. Andererseits liegt der Fokus auf der Frage ob mithilfe der Digitalisierung und der dadurch entstehenden neuen planerischen Perspektiven, eine Trendumkehr, eine umweltverträglichere und ressourceneffizientere Raum-, Verkehrs- und Landschaftsplanung, unterstützt und wie dieser Aspekt von der Fachwelt beurteilt wird
Campus Sustainability Appraisal in Nigeria: Setting up Sustainable Attributes for Higher Educational Institutions
Get PDFSustainable campus development has gained the attention of several policymakers and urban planners within the past decades with different campuses across the world claiming to be sustainable or have adopted initiatives of becoming sustainable. The different tools for assessing sustainability in higher education cannot be utilised in all institutions across the globe due to factors such as regional variation. This paper established and formalised a systematic approach to comprehensively review sustainability indicators identified in 13 campus sustainability assessment tools. Thereafter, Twitter social media and an online big data analysis tool were utilised in selecting environmental-based sustainability indicators for higher educational institutions in Nigeria. The rise in the use of social media amongst tertiary institution stakeholders ensures that a better understanding of environmental challenges can be derived from the perspectives of these stakeholders. The findings from the comprehensive review of the selected 13 tools reveal that there are variations in the sets of their sustainability indicators and selection process. None of the tools have compatible indicators for campus sustainability appraisal and none of the tools utilised social media and big data technology to arrive at the adopted set of indicators for their appraisal framework, threshold, and rating. We identified energy, environment, transport, infrastructure, waste, and water as the major categories for sustainability indicators in Nigeria. The current research gap identified from literature strongly justifies the purpose of this study that setup sustainability indicators that are peculiar to tertiary institutions in Nigeria that will bring about an appraisal framework and also give room for campuses to compare their sustainability performance and interchange of standard practices
Multicriteria Assessment of Urban Development Projects – from Objectives to a Project Priority List
Get PDFImpact assessment is a crucial basis for decision-making. Characterization of projects, identifying objectives and indicators for the justification and comparison of alternatives represent essential elements of any impact assessment. Comparing alternatives against a set of objectives and criteria addresses different impact types, understanding merits of each option, and establishing a preference ranking calls for a framework to integrate information on effects and impacts, with values and preferences of decision-makers and stakeholders. This paper refers to a study on “Integrated Urban Design Concepts” for the World Bank Consultancy for pilot cities under the “Uzbekistan Medium-Size Cities Integrated Urban Development Project” (MSCIUDP, World Bank, 2018). The focus of the paper is on multicriteria assessment that allows for a ranking of urban development projects for cities in Uzbekistan to enhance urban sustainability. The approach starts with the definition of a set of urban development objectives related to selected projects for several Uzbek cities. Based on the defined objectives, a set of indicators is extracted which allows describing the benefits on economic prosperity and well-being of society and on environment and climate improvement. Based on theassessment urban development projects shall be selected to be implemented in the pilot cities to foster their urban centrality. The paper describes the suggested projects for one of the Uzbek cities, the selected indicators to examine wether the urban development objectives with their related criteria are met, and discusses details on quantifying, weighting and merging the indicators to achieve a final priority list
Urban Structure Transformation between the Role of Urban Planning Methods and Real Estate Market Force – Case Study: the New Millennial Cities in Egypt
Get PDFOver the past forty years, many new cities have emerged in Egypt, including millennial cities. It noted that there are many urban changes in these cities since the beginning of their inception until now. Includes city area, patterns, characteristics, rates and percentages of land uses within the city, the decrease or increase of some elements ratios, disappearing of other uses, in addition to transfer of some uses from its usual place to another inside the city. Many reasons have led to these changes as: the change of housing policies especially that deals with systems of subsidization, emerging of new housing patterns and models, and the strong participation of private sector in development of cities and residential areas. The research aims to monitor the changes and urban transformations occurring within the major millennial cities within Greater Cairo region in Egypt since the beginning of its inception at late 1970th up to now, studying the different reasons that led to these changes, then deriving some indicators and set guide lines and put foundations and standards that Helps to develop urban planning of major new cities structure in Egypt
Urban Regional Social Community Detection Using Location Based Social Network Big Data
Get PDFIn this paper, we propose a methodology of applying location based social network (LBSN) Big Data to detect urban regional social communities (URSCs) and analyze their activation levels. For this, we first construct a social spatial network (SSN) based on the LBSN Big Data of a city. Then, by applying a modularity optimization algorithm to the SSN constructed, where modularity is a measure to check the strength of clustered networks, we detect the boundaries of the URSCs. The activation level of each detected URSC is further analyzed based on a diversity index, i.e., Shannon entropy. For experiments, we apply the proposed methodology to the city of Seoul where the LBSN Big Data is collected from Foursquare social networks. Through the experimental results, we observe that the detected URSCs match well with the URSCs known by the Seoul citizen from which we can confirm the effectiveness of our proposed methodology in detecting USRCs and analyzing their activation levels
Reshaping the Urban Experience: Prospects for Digital Streetscape towards better Livability in Public Spaces
Get PDFAs addressed through the literature on urban planning and design, urban livability concepts generally focus on the issue of “quality of life”. Streetscape design is a good tool that can be used to create a sense of place and improve the urban quality. Thus, streetscape design and urban livability are strongly interconnected. But this connection needs desirable and attractive urban spaces that could interpret and reflect its richness. However, urban spaces are now exclusive domain managed almost entirely for traffic flow which makes them lose their distinctive character as places for people. Furthermore, with the continuous growth of internet usage, people’s needs of public spaces have differed. These needs have to be specified. New possibilities of use and new atmospheres should be also created to cope with their new needs. Therefore, cities around the world are progressively working on developing new strategies to face the 21st century’s challenges. In this context, the paper raises the question of how urban spaces can be enhanced, depending on streetscape’s improvements, to promote livability for its users. Based on the fundamental idea that streets are places for people more than just being arteries for traffic, the paper proposes the “Digital Streetscape” concept as a hybrid model that correlates the advantages of three techniques to meet the contemporary needs of people as well as to rejuvenate cities. On a broader level, the paper aims to conclude a set of guidelines and recommendations to improve the main elements of streetscape design that are derived from the theoretical study. This is carried out to identify the most suitable design concepts and options that can be adopted in the design of future urban spaces to produce new generation of livable communities
Greenery in Cities and Controlling the Reasons of Urban Heat Islands – a Sustainable Approach for the Spaces of the Future in Controlling Urban Heat Islands
Get PDFAmid the current global climate change, countries are facing a critical challenge in consideration of dealing with its consequences. In Bahrain, the urbanization process has been of grave consequences upon the urban open spaces quality. Therefore, a low percentage of vegetation and “CONCRETE FORESTS” occurred, which acts as heat absorbents towards the building' inner spaces. Consequently, overpriced monthly electrical bills were resulted due to the excessive energy consumption in cooling the building. Furthermore, these cement blocks emit heat towards the surrounding urban spaces, deteriorating the urban quality of the city. Lamentably, these factors have released socio-economic and environmentally unsustainable perception of cities in Bahrain. In the old part of Manama city, the capital of Bahrain, we find this problem very clear. According to the field survey, most of these buildings' facades either have no or minor climatic treatments. Paints and lesser types of thermal insulation; as well as; using natural materials in building blocks is the existing treatment-seeking least insulation impacts. The research presents the green walls upon buildings’ facades as a cooling method of the interior spaces during summer and for a thermal insulation technique as well. This technique will add value in controlling the reasons of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) and overcoming as well in Bahrain
Modelling Milieu-specific Housing Demands for Augsburg Oberhausen using BPD-MOSAIC
Get PDFPlanning and developing new residential areas is a knowledge-intensive and challenging undertaking. One particular challenge is to adequately anticipate both the quantitative and qualitative needs and preferences of the future residents early on in the planning process. At such an early stage it is usually not possible to know exactly who the future residents will be and therefore hardly feasible to take individual housing needs and preferences into account. Formulating a comprehensive vision statement that serves as a guideline for the development of the new residential area is therefore of utmost importance. Drafting such a statement requires the developer to address a number of issues: Who could be the future residents? What are their socio-demographic characteristics? What target groups should be addressed? What are their housing needs and preferences? Which conceptual requirements result from this for the planning of the future residential area? Answering such questions requires an in-depth understanding of local and regional housing demand dynamics. While housing demand statistics provide a rough estimate as to how much new construction is needed to meet the existing demand for housing, they tell us very little about who the future residents might be and what qualitative requirements they have. To fill this gap, the area developer Bouwfonds Property Development has developed a model called BPD-MOSAIC. The model, which builds on a geodemographic data set, is a tool to assess the potential housing demand for a specific residential project by identifying target groups together with their typical housing needs and preferences, and forecasting the probability of these groups moving in. The findings should help to develop and market the future residential area according to the needs and preferences of particular target groups, and thereby reduce the risk of maldevelopments. Using Augsburg Oberhausen as an example, the following paper aims to discuss the capabilities and constraints of the model as a data-driven decision-making support tool for planning new residential areas
Grätzlrad Wien: Nutzerinnen- und Nutzerstruktur und Nutzungsverhalten in host-basiertem Lastenrad-Sharing
Get PDFLastenräder, die insbesondere in urbanen Räumen eine umweltfreundliche Transportalternative zum motorisierten Individualverkehr gelten, sind bisher jedoch ein Nischenprodukt. Das Teilen (Sharing) von Transporträdern bietet die Chance, einige der Nutzungshürden zu überwinden. Neben der damit möglichen Umgehung der relativ hohen Anschaffungskosten wird damit auch eine Möglichkeit zum Ausprobieren von Transporträdern geschaffen. Die dadurch gesammelten Erfahrungen zu den Einsatzmöglichkeiten bilden eine wichtige Grundlage für die Intention zur künftigen Nutzung von Lastenrädern. In host-basierten Systemen übernehmen in der Regel lokale Kleinbetriebe (z. B. Gastronomie, Einzelhandel) Wartung und Verleih der Räder. Beim Projekt Grätzlrad in Wien erhielten zehn Unternehmen bzw. Organisationen eine hohe Förderung für die Anschaffung eines Transportrades unter der Bedingung, dieses für mindestens zwei Jahre kostenfrei interessierten Nutzerinnen und Nutzern zur Verfügung zu stellen. Gegen Ende dieser zwei Jahre fand eine Evaluierung des Projekts statt, die unter anderem eine Auswertung von Reservierungsdaten und eine Befragung der Nutzerinnen und Nutzer umfasste. Im Betrachtungszeitraum der ersten 18 Monate des Bestehens des Grätzlrad-Angebots fanden rund 1600 Ausleihen statt. Umweltfreundlichkeit, Fahrspaß und das Ausprobieren neuer Transportmittel stellen wesentliche Gründe für die Nutzung von Transporträdern dar. Die Struktur der Nutzerinnen und Nutzer weicht von der Gesamtbevölkerung deutlich ab, was sich insbesondere in einem sehr hohen Bildungsgrad und einer großen Bedeutung von Fahrrädern für die persönliche Mobilität äußert. Dennoch nutzte der überwiegende Teil zum ersten Mal ein Lastenrad, was den Stellenwert derartiger Programme zum Kennenlernen dieser Transportoption unterstreicht. Im Beitrag werden Erkenntnisse zu (1) räumlicher und zeitlicher Verteilung der Ausleihen, (2) Einsatzzwecken der Lastenräder und (3) verkehrliche Wirkungen des Angebots vorgestellt sowie Implikationen für die Förderung von deren weiteren Verbreitung diskutiert