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The Pedestrian Traffic of the Inner Courtyards in Graz
Get PDFThe UN World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision report has explained that 54% of the world’s populationlived in cities. And based on the forecasts by 2050 this rate will be 66%. All this is due to that in the metropolitan regions high level economic activity is taking place and their services getting better quality. Besides of that the cities are not only information and service nodes but also varied cultural and educational centers which providing a lot of opportunities for occupational change or to learn new professions which could be attractive to the high qualified people too. Therefore the cities of the future will have to face significant demographic and sociological problems because besides moving into the city various ethnic and religious groups according to the characteristic of the western countries the urban population shows an aging trend. And in addition the increasing number of the disabled people whose mobility even in a crowded city must be ensured. Therefore the public spaces will play an even more significant role in the cities life because this is the “space” in every city where regardless of gender, age, religion, qualification, etc. all social classes can be found. This is especially true for the public squares and parks where people can not only meet with each other from the different social groups but they can dialogue with each other as well; actively orpassively relaxing, having fun, etc. All of this can significantly contribute so that these groups could get know each other. However the public spaces of the cities including the squares and parks looking at their size are bounded. So for the expansion of the public spaces alternative routes could serve as opportunity. One of these are the inner courtyards, which are similar to the squares and could have restaurants, terraces, benches, etc. In a framework of a scholarship in April 2019 I had the opportunity to study the pedestrian traffic of the inner courtyards of Graz in Austria. The study had proved that the inner courtyards could be used as a public open space but their traffic is not only influenced by the there located stores, restaurants, offices, functions etc. Therefore in my presentation with the example of four in Graz located inner courtyards would like to show how can become an inner courtyard well used and successful in cities
Nanjing Golou Campus as Interface of Public Space and Learning Environment
Get PDFTraditionally a campus comprises the buildings of a college or university and the surrounding area: its usage and interpretation mainly focused on its purposes and utilisation by students and faculty. Often perceived and interpreted as scholastic island the article illustrates the role of a campus as important item of the public realm and its importance for the surrounding neighbourhoods and everyday practices of its inhabitants. The article discusses the Golou Campus in Nanjing (China) as a best practice example to show how the facilities of a university campus can be intensively used by the inhabitants of the surrounding suburbs and the academic staff and students
DevOps Competences for Smart City Administrators
Get PDFA fledgling and still scattered knowledge stream on multi-disciplinary Smart city phenomena is developing. For the development of smart cities intellectual minds and a synthesis of quite diverse competences are required to shape cities to becoming smart with the overall objective to ever more improve the quality of life of its citizens in the most efficient and sustainable way. Both, the master minds and operators behind this development need to embark on an intensive change process, unlearn ingrained behavioral patterns and internalize an innovative competence set. This research is aiming to address the shortage of both, digital and transferrable skills that are needed for the various smart cities’ sectors differentiated by more strategic roles of Smart City Planner and Chief Digital Officer as well as the more operational IT Officer. This studyaddresses the gap of competences by providing preliminary quantitative and qualitative research findings of the still ongoing DevOps project
Flächenkonflikte urbaner Mobilität – mit Flexibilisierung zu mehr Raumpotenzial?
Get PDFDieser Artikel ist eine literaturbasierte Analyse des Konzeptes der Flexibilisierung in der Planung von
Verkehrsflächen zur Schaffung von mehr Raumpotenzial. Bei der Aufteilung des öffentlichen Raumes mit
seinen dominierenden Verkehrsflächen wurden jahrzehntelang nicht die Verkehrsmittel des
Umweltverbundes bevorzugt, sondern vor allem flächenintensive Verkehrsarten wie den privaten Pkw: Das
ist das Ergebnis der einseitigen Orientierung am autogerechten Paradigma der 1960er und 70er Jahre. Um
Räumen in der Stadt im Sinne der aktuellen Debatte um ‚Flächengerechtigkeit‘ neue Nutzungen
zuzusprechen, braucht es zeitgemäße Ansätze unter Zuhilfenahme neuer Planungsphilosophien. Dabei
müssen innovative Wege der infrastrukturellen und regulativen Gestaltung gefunden werden.
Vor diesem Hintergrund soll in dieser Publikation der Fokus auf die Flexibilisierung von
Verkehrsinfrastrukturen gelegt werden. Flexibler Städtebau zeichnet sich durch seine Fehlertoleranz aus. Es
wird eine Basis bereitgestellt, die den Aus-, Rück- und Umbau zulässt. Sowohl für aktuell bestehenden
Flächenkonkurrenzen als auch für die sich stark wandelnden und noch schwer kalkulierbaren Entwicklungen
urbaner Mobilität können flexible Verkehrsinfrastrukturen ein Lösungsweg sein. Daher lautet die
Forschungsfrage dieser Arbeit: „Ist der Ansatz von Flexibilisierung der Verkehrsflächen ein Lösungsweg,
um im Kontext städtischer Mobilität aktuellen Herausforderungen der Flächenkonkurrenz zu begegnen?“ Mit
Hilfe einer Literatur- und Dokumentenanalyse soll die Fragestellung beantwortet und diskutiert werden.
Im Rahmen der Publikation werden zunächst die aktuellen Herausforderungen städtischer
Flächenkonkurrenz im Kontext der urbanen Verkehrswende dargelegt. Darauffolgend wird der
städtebauliche Ansatz der Flexibilisierung definiert und abschließend auf die Gestaltung städtischer
Verkehrsflächen angewandt. Als Untersuchungsbeispiel dient die Seestadt Aspern, welche in ihren
Planungsdokumenten Flexibilität berücksichtigt. Die Publikation wird literaturbasiert eine Übersicht über die
Möglichkeiten und Chancen sowie die Schwächen des Konzepts gegenüberstellen. Abschließend folgt die
Diskussion der Frage, inwiefern sich Ansätze der flexiblen Raumplanung im Sinne der Herausforderungen
der Verkehrsinfrastrukturplanung als zielführend erweisen können
Following the Smartness: Leipzig as a Follower City in a Horizon 2020 Smart Cities and Communities Lighthouse Project
Get PDFFor the European Union, smart cities are cities socially, environmentally and economically sustainable, preparing to be the catalysts of innovative changes for the world. Accordingly, the European Commission (EC) has a series of programmes to support the transition from cities to smart cities, such as the Horizon 2020 programme for research and innovation. The Triangulum project is one of the first projects in this programme, which trusts on the idea of replicating solutions to reduce the risks for decision-makers and business alike. The goal of replication within these projects is to enable the Follower Cities to replicate the implementation of smart solutions done in the Lighthouse Cities. Triangulum developed the concept and framework of an extensive replication process that relied on workshops, city assessments, on-site visits and other tools, with dedicated personnel, time and budget. Through the funding possibilities of these programmes, the EC mobilises the smart city policy, providing the chance for cities to embark on the smart city world. Leipzig (Germany) is currently a Follower City within the project. It has changed from a shrinking city to the fastest growing city in Germany and now faces the challenges to accommodate the growing population, secure a new economy while improving its liveability and sustainability, with its ageing infrastructure and financial limitations. By seizing the momentum of growth, Leipzig seeks to overcome its restraints, especially the limited financial resources, exploring its potentials and thus following a new sustainable path through the smart city idea. This paper aims at identifying the real benefits of the 'replication' process designed within the project. By looking closely at Leipzig as a Follower City in Triangulum, it is possible to reflect on the meaning of replication in the European smart city context
Land as a Scarce Resource, Work and Workspaces as a Common. The Case of the Metropolitan Region Amsterdam
Get PDF“The city needs work, work needs the city” (Bobbe, CEO Housing Corporation De Key, Amsterdam 2018). One could argue that since urban designers took a critical stance towards modernism and functional zoning, mixed use became one of the most advocated success factors for thriving urban developments. Yet, how to approach mixed use at different scales of the city and its metropolitan region is still a challenge for all actors of the quadruple helix. This is the case, for instance, for several recent Dutch urban developments. Since 2014 the Dutch economy ranks among the fast-growing economies in Western Europe, driven by a sturdy consumer trust and steady growing domestic expenditures (Statistics Netherlands CBS). Around 2016, the housing market started expelling work activities from city boundaries as if it were a hinder to its growing demand for room. Our urge to counteract was driven by two main assumptions. On the one hand, urban livelihood cannot solely rely on housing - workspace is essential just as much; on the other hand, “work landscapes” are currently changing at incredible speed and there is lack of vision about future spatial impact. This led to a design research MensenWerk (People’s Work) focused on the Metropolitan Region of Amsterdam (MRA), carried out through qualitative methodology, based on archiving, interviews, study ofbest practises, and workshops on site. The claim of the research is that the current transition of work is not only of social and economic relevance, but also an urban spatial matter, strictly entwined between scarcity of room, land use efficiency and complementarity of urban activities. First, we analysed current situations and next possible developments. Then, we sought for urban strategies, tools and typologies to keep and integrate most of the working activities (production as well as services) in the city in order to contribute its urban resilience. It all revolved around the question: how do we now create urban frameworks for future mixed used living environments? As a provisional epilogue and opening of anew phase of the research we would like to introduce a new understanding of work and workspaces as a Commons
Erweiterte typologische Betrachtung als Werkzeug zur Integration von Nachhaltigkeitsaspekten in Stadtplanungsprozesse
Get PDFNachhaltigkeitsstrategien im Gebäudesektor fokussieren sich aktuell hauptsächlich auf quantifizierbareEffi¬zienzmaßnahmen. Daneben erscheint es notwendig, die Struktur von Quartieren selbst einer kritischen Analyse zu unterziehen und für die Entwicklung integraler Planungsansätze nutzbar zu machen. Als entscheidend für dessen Wirksamkeit muss die Anwendbarkeit unter Alltagsbedingungen gesehen werden. Dies beinhaltet notwendigerweise Schematisierungen, die sich in der Stadtplanung traditionell im Konzept des Typus reprä¬sentieren. Setzt sich dieser Ansatz – wenn er auf die Perspektive interner räumlicher Organisation beschränkt ist – der Kritik aus, Rückkopplungseffekte zu ignorieren, erscheint die Erweiterung des Typus-Konzepts durch eine Kombination von Nachhaltigkeits- und Raumstrategie als geeignetes Werkzeug das komplexe Bezie-hungsgeflecht nachhaltiger Stadtplanung handhabbar zu machen. Ein zentrales Element dieses Ansatzes besteht in der Definition relevanter Parameter und deren Berücksich¬tigung in frühen Prozessphasen. Die Bewertung urbaner Räume nach Nachhaltigkeitskriterien stellt Planung vor vielfältige Herausforderungen, deren Ursachen in der Komplexität und der Kontextabhängigkeit des Unter¬suchungsgegenstands wurzeln. Dennoch kann nur ein systemischer Ansatz das notwendige transformative Momentum erzeugen, dass zur Integration von Nachhaltigkeitsaspekten in Planungsprozesse notwendig ist. In diesem Spannungsverhältnis operieren Analysetools, wie beispielsweise Arups „City-Resilience-Index“. Sie zeigen Möglichkeiten auf, komplexe städtische Systeme zu erfassen und in ein Bewertungssystem zu über¬führen. Dabei liegt der Fokus weniger auf einem linear-wertenden Vergleich, als auf einer ganzheitlichen quantitativen und qualitativen Analyse der Ist-Situation. Diesen Ansatz nicht nur retrospektiv, sondern pro¬aktiv zu nutzen, bildet die Grundlage der im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts EnStadt:Pfaff entwickelten Strategie zur Entwicklung nachhaltiger Quartierstypologien. Aus der Überlagerung des skizzierten Analyseansatzes mit dem Konzept städtebaulicher Typologien auf Quar¬tiersebene – das nicht exklusiv, sondern systemisch mit Bezug des einzelnen Moduls zur Quartiersumgebung verstanden wird – lässt sich ein Entwurfstool ableiten, das trotz Schematisierung eine ganzheitliche Betrach¬tung städtischer Systeme und integrale Planung ermöglicht. Unterschieden werden dabei drei Arten von Quartierstypologien: Gebäude, Verkehr und Freiraum. Für jede Typologie wurde ein mehrstufiges Bewer¬tungsschema entwickelt, das für drei Betrachtungsdimensionen – Form, Programm und Kontext – Ziele de¬finiert und über eine indikatorenbasierte dreistufige Bewertungsmatrix Rückschlüsse auf deren Integration zulässt. Die Definition der Zielsetzungen gründet auf den aus den 17 SDGs abgeleiteten Anforderungen ökologischer, ökonomischer und sozialer Nachhaltigkeit, die durch punktuelle Integrationvon technischen und prozessualen Aspekten ergänzt werden. Die Grundlage hierfür bildet die Analyse erprobter Bewer¬tungs¬strategien der Integration von Nachhaltigkeitsaspekten auf Quartiers- und Gebäudeebene. Dieses Vorgehen ermöglicht es, das Nachhaltigkeitspotential von Entwurfsvarianten bereits zu Beginn von Planungsprozessen sichtbar zu machen. Es liefert ein Instrumentarium, das Raum- und Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte in Abhängigkeit zueinander als gleichberechtigte Elemente von Planung definiertund für die Realisierung eines integralen Entwurfsprozess nutzbar macht. Daneben bildet es die Basis zur Entwicklung einer Toolbox exemplarischer Quartierstypologien, die in Anlehnung an Christopher Alexanders „Pattern Language“, das Konzept elementarer Bausteine der Stadtplanung durch die Integration von Nachhaltigkeitsaspekten in die Zukunft fortschreibt
Behaviour Change towards Sustainable Mobility triggered by Nudging Initiatives
Get PDFThis paper presents a comprehensive overview about methods and practice cases regarding behavioural change initiatives towards sustainable mobility triggered by nudging techniques. “Nudges refer to purposeful changes in the choice architecture that influence peoples' behaviour by making changes in the environment that guide and enable individuals to make choices almost automatically. This can be done by simplifying the information provided or by offering default choices in a way that facilitates socially desirable decisions. Thus, nudges do not try to change one's value system or increase information provision. Instead they focus on enabling behaviours and private decisions that are beneficial for society and usually in the individual's long-term interests, as well.” Lehner et al. (2016). Four types of tools are part of nudging: 1) simplification and framing of information, 2) changes to the physical environment, 3) changes to the default policy, and 4) the use of social norms. The objective of nudging originally is to promote certain behaviour, which isbeneficial for individuals as well as the society and increases the effectiveness of policy. All these techniques are well known, successful and applied in many areas such as for super markets selling their products or in politics campaigning for the next elections. Surprisingly, such techniques are less known in the field of mobility aiming at leading people towards a more sustainable behaviour. Nevertheless, isolated activities were successfully applied already as pilot actions.Regarding 1): Simplification and framing mean that information is made more straightforward. It fits the information processing capabilities and decision-making processes of the target group because not only the amount or accessibility of provided information matters, but also how the information is presented. Therefore, it matters how the situation/nudge is presented or with what words. E.g. people in a rush will try to reduce complexity regarding the information they use to make a decision. As examples in the area ofsustainable mobility information about public transport such as time tables need to be visible and easily understandable, e.g. not only at the bus stops, but at public places, restaurants, hotels, working places as well, ideally online screens with departures. Nudging through changes in physical environment is well known, for example in placement of preferred products in shelves in supermarkets. Good examples are to place sustainable mobility options with a higher priorisation on a homepage and leaflet, or to put the bus stop area closer at a destination as the car park. Defaults are set standards, which determine the result as long as the addressed person does not take action and insist in making changes, e.g.: “print double sided copy” asstandard instead of “print single pages” at a printer. An example in the area of sustainable mobility can be the strategy, if one asks in a tourism office or at the hotel reception, how to reach a specific destination, he/she get explained how to reach by means of public transport or bicycle and not by car instead of. Social norms are a strong force that influence human behaviour. However, social norms can influence human behaviour if they are salient and visible for the target group. Examples are announcements such as “in our company already xx km were cycled this month for commuting with the bicycle already, saving xx CO2 emissions at the same time” which are send out to the employees in the course of an active mobility campaign in a company
Urban Governance as a Tool for Enhancing Resilient Urban Form: Case Study Alexandria, Egypt
Get PDFCities are continually changing in an adaptation process to overcome a diverse range of natural and man-made pressures. Natural disaster, political upheavals or economic crisis are examples of stresses that cities face and try to overcome in different ways by developing mechanisms for handling continues changes. Most of these stresses and pressures are interrelated, complicated and hard to predict in the future time. As a result of the wide range of shocks and stresses, cities may decay or collapse, affecting the lives of millions of people living within the urban areas. Therefore, to a certain extent, urban resilience is considered as one of the most essential topics within the discourses of the sustainable development as it tackles issues as risk reduction and disaster prevention. Accordingly, it was essential to develop and plan cities in ways that allow them to foster resilience to the uncertainty of the environmental, socio-economic and political changes overtime. Subsequently, the theory of resilience gained an attention within the urban field leading to the notion of urban resilience. In the last decades, Egypt as -a developing country- has witnessed several stresses due to major shifts in its political situation. Started at the 1950s with a shift from a monarchy to a socialist republic, followed by an open market system at the late 1970s, to reach a capitalist system in the early 1980s. All these major political shifts brought a wide range of urban governance forms, which in turn had significant effects on the urban form of the cities’ designed and built environment. In this context, urban governance changes in Egypt are frequent and consequent over a short period of time demonstrating the importance of tackling the issue of urban resilience. Designing and planning cities are profoundly political activities; therefore, politics should be prioritized in managing cities. Broadly, the research aims to explore the interplay between the urban governance and the resilience of the urban form over time. The research focuses on urban resilience in terms of long-term urban governance through studying the effect of the urban legislation of the different consequent systems on the city resilience. Accordingly, the research worked on developing a resilience index to measure the resilience of the urban form of a neighbourhood area in Alexandria through a time line while analysing the urban building laws that shaped this form. The study reaches a conclusion of identifying the legislation that formed the most resilient urban from over time
Klimabelange in der Bauleitplanung
Get PDFAufgrund steigender Bau- und Bevölkerungsdichten und der Ausweitung des Siedlungsflächenanteils in urbanen Räumen, einer Verschiebung der Altersstruktur und einer durch den Klimawandel bedingten Zunahme von Extremwetterereignissen wird die Stadtbevölkerung zunehmend Umweltbelastungen ausgesetzt sein. Klimaindizierte Auswirkungen (u. a. Hitzeperioden, Starkregen) werden zudem innerhalbdes Stadtkörpers in Folge hoher Versiegelungsgrade, einem verringerten Luftaustausch der urbanen Atmosphäre und einer steigenden lufthygienischen Belastung nochmals verschärft. Um diese Herausforderungen in Städten zu bewältigen, bedarf es u. a. entsprechender Lösungsmöglichkeiten in der Bauleitplanung, die mit der Flächennutzungsplanung die gesamtstädtische Entwicklung und mit derBebauungsplanung kleinräumige Bebauungs-, Erschließungs- und Freiflächenstrukturen rechtsverbindlich festlegt. Das Aufgabenspektrum der Bauleitpläne ist dabei vom Gesetzgeber u. a. mit der im Jahre 2011 in das Baugesetzbuch eingefügten Klimaschutzklausel in § 1a Abs. 5 BauGB (sog. Klimaschutzklausel) erweitert worden. Sie soll seither auch dazu beitragen, dem Klimaschutz und der Klimaanpassung, insbesondere in der Stadtentwicklung durch Konzeptionen und die konkrete Festlegung baulicher Maßnahmen angemessen Rechnung zu tragen. Der Gesetzgeber hat dafür nach und nach auch konkrete Festsetzungsmöglichkeiten zur Klimaanpassung in den § 9 Abs. 1 BauGB integriert, der die Inhalte des Bebauungsplans regelt. Daraus ergeben sich grundsätzlich gute Möglichkeiten zur Umsetzung umfassend integrierter räumlicher Klimaschutz- und Klimaanpassungskonzepte in städte- und z. T. auch hochbaulicher Hinsicht. In der Planungspraxis wird allerdings, oftmals aufgrund fehlender Betroffenheit bzw. Unwissenheit, den klimatischen Belangen wenig Bedeutung beigemessen. Daher ist eine systematische und strukturierte Vorgehensweise von Nöten, um aufdie gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Herausforderungen reagieren und agieren zu können