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Urban Resilience Thinking. Dealing with Epistemic Uncertainty in Smart City Development
Get PDFThe term resilience is used in various contexts where it is mostly considered within the boundaries of the system under consideration. Relevance of resilience thinking is emphasized in the UN Sustainable Development Goals– especially Sustainable Cities and Communities and Climate Action– and the UN Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, which explicitly mentions resilience as a keypriority. Thus, resilience and system transformations must be considered together if sustainability developments should prevail in the long-term.
We propose Urban Resilience Thinkingas a design approach that sensitizes for transformational dynamics on different temporal scales from the short-term to thelong-term, for relations between physical resilience and socio-cultural issues of urban well-being, and for interdependencies between local urban resilience and global sustainability. Crucial to Urban Resilience Thinking is the consideration of potential multiple stable states in urban socio-technical systems, which poses questions with regard to dynamics of transformation between stable states, but also – more fundamentally – with regard to the criteria and values that define notions of systemic stability, risk and resilience.
In a world of changing boundary conditions (e.g. climate change) and fundamentally changing socio-technical urban systems, neither the frequency nor the consequences of various future risks can be reliably determined. This can be illustrated by the unpredictability of future urban supply risks, e.g. power supply, in smart cities with increasingly digitalized, automated and more interconnected services systems including critical services. Adding to such looming epistemic uncertainty we point to the phenomenon of creeping urban risks, such as risks associated with the built up of smart urban infrastructure, which are likely to shapefuture urban risk cultures through citizens’ gradual accommodation to emergent risks. Eventually, and in spite of short-term reactions to immediate risks in smart cities, it is creeping urban risks that deserve more research attention
Urbanism to Riverine Planning Strategy for Climate Resilient Cosmic Sacred City in India-Varanasi
Get PDFThe history of no other city is more fascinating than 4000-year history of Varanasi, which is inherent resilience in adopting itself to an ever-changing urban environment, independent of other religions and the whims and fancies of Indian culture. City is developed between two rivers i.e., Varana and Assi (Varanasi). City develops along the concave bank of river Ganges. Varanasi traces its origin to Anandvana; the forest of bliss where Lord Shiva sits in a yogic posture with his eyes closed listening intently to his wife Parvati playing the veena. He creates the cosmos contained in ‘Kashi’ with his yogic power and her music. He strikes his trident to hold the city and form three hills Omkareshvara, Vishveshvara, and Kedareshvara and place it beyond the ravages of time. He catches the sacred Ganga in his locks as she pours down from heaven (Kailash Glacier). The city originated with the creation of Manikarnika Kund (pool). Lord Shiva and Godess Parvati made Vishnu to handover “Kashi” (Kaash). “Who so ever should have died in Kashi shall reach salvation” - myth in Vedas. The name Mani Karnika refers to the jewel of Lord Shiva’s earring. The earring was studded with a pearl “MUKTA”- so the sacred place “tirtha” should confer “MUKTI”- salvation. There are hundreds of lingas in the city, however supported by Shiva’s trident are greatly revered formed radial arterial road pattern of city space. The Ganga is conceived as the Kundalini power rising through the lotus chakras in Lord Shiva’s spine as form of finger shape water channels pour in Ganga. The west bank is visualized as the spine of the primordial ‘Purusha’- man-creation of world and (Assi and Varana) Rivers are water channels intermingling with liquid power of Ganga. The city was developed in the square and circle combination. The square includes mostly temples and circle act as the circumam bulatory path around the temples. Further the expansion of the outside the square towards the panchkroshi route. The five sacred territories are further explained as the symbol of “gross elements”. This is comparable to Shiva’s dance symbolishing cosmic cycle creation and destruction as the basis of existence - sky, earth, air, water, and fire which creating pilgrimage circuits in the form of garlands consisting of different number of shrines in chain.
Aryan group marched and cleared dense forests, established settlements along the Ganga plains between 1500 B.C to 800 B.C established textile industry, agriculture, brick architecture, crafts and merchantile. In second stage of development during 500 B.C habitant settled along rivers as being mode of transportation of goods for trade. In third stage during 4th Century people settled on the western margin of the ridge that lined the Ganga and also along the streams that lay inland. Most of the ponds and lakes were converted into jalatirthas associated with both Puranic and other deities. In fourth stage from 8th century to 10th century A.D. Pratiharas and Gandavals settled towards west and south-west. Construction of 350 temples confirmed the growth of Vanaras as religious nucleus of North India. City expanded upto Lolarka Kund in the south. The inscriptions of this period mention seven ghats along Ganga. 6 Km. stretch is fascinating with 86 ‘ghats’ – platforms of 12 Km. with wide along the river Ganges performs rituals, cremation, washing, fishing, simply resting etc. Further Chines invasion, conquerers Mughal architectural plethora shows the habitation in Varanasi. Maratha’s rule rebuilded the shrines. In 19th century Britishers replaced Maidagin Tank by a company garden in cantonment area. Machodari tank was drained into the Ganga through underground channel and the site was turned into the park. Close by a new market was developed. Bisheshwarganj was established in 1830, today's greatest grain market. Railways, bridges, improved sewage, and drainage system modified urban fabric of Varanasi. City was improved as social, educational, political power centre. Areas adjacent to the ghat and the old city exhibit dense development due to its proximity to ghats and their longevity of existence which has become the cultural fabric of the city. Maze of buildings and narrow streets along the length of ghats, temples, shrines, dormitory for pilgrims, shops, restaurants, and hotels crowed the cramped spaces of the city. Streets just wide for two people to walk. Impact on cultural integrity of old city is due to increased population from 1.2 million to 6 million within 175 Sq. Km area premises in festive seasons. The growth of peripheral areas is likely to be more in comparison to other parts of the city. Most planned development increased in pakka houses which rapid encroachment of vacant spaces, ill-drained areas. Gadaulia drain, Machodari tank disappeared and replaced by parks as a result. River Assi become sewage drain. The city has grown in the north and north-west direction towords Sarnath.
But with all malice the land of Varanasi is considered to be 'blessed land' because it was quite above normal flood level. In the flood plain site between the Ganges River, Ring Road, and Banaras Hindu University, a riverism planning strategy is using a combination of soil from cut and fill operations and dredged river silt to build the ‘fingers’. The low-ground areas between the fingers will become capable of draining water to the river during monsoons while serving as ground for urban agriculture during the rest of the year. Infrastructure and transportation is also being proposed along the spine of the fingers, which will enable people formerly living on the low-grounds to have better connections with the city and its infrastructure, and live with resilience, harmony and improved economic opportunity. Restoration of Ghats, schools and temples surrounding kunds will coordinate tree nurseries. Varuna will be a site of community based nurseries to mitigate urban flood and regain its bliss of anadvan. Turning River Assis into a cleaning biotope. Self sustain water management through four water origin clouds (rains), nallahs (flows), kunds (holdings) and aquifers (deep holdings) will be made through productive terracing, trash catchment for reslient sacred cityscape
Interaktives Erzeugen von thematischen Karten mit CentropeMAP und CentropeSTATISTICS
Get PDFCentrope ist eine grenzüberschreitende-Region zwischen den Staaten Österreich, Slowakei, Ungarn und Tschechien. Seit dem Jahr 2005 gibt es das Geoportal CentropeMAP mit dem Folus auf Daten auf regionaler und Gemeindeebene, um grenzüberschreitende Aufgabenstellungen in der Planung zu erleichternDazu werden Datensätze aus den aneinander grenzenden und in der Centrope-Region vereinten Landesteilen in einer gemeinsamen Oberfläche darstellt und grenzüberschreitend betrachtet.
Das Geoportal verfügt über eine umfangreiche Erweiterung zur Darstellung statistischer Daten: Mit dem interaktiven grenzüberschreitenden Statistikinformationssystem CentropeSTATISTICS könenn Bevölkerungs-, Wirtschafts- und Landnutzungsdaten innerhalb der Centrope-Region, d. h. grenzüberschreitend zwischen vier Staaten, verglichen, analysiert und graphisch dargestellt werden.
Der Schwerpunkt von CentropeSTATISTICS liegt auf Daten der Gemeindeebene; dadurch unterscheidet sich CentropeSTATISTICS deutlich von fast allen anderen grenzüberschreitenden Statistikportalen, die oftmals nur grob nach NUTS-3- oder NUTS-2-Regionen gegliederte Zahlen anbieten und so kaum Mehrwert gegenüber den gesamteuropäisch frei verfügbaren Eurostat-Tabellen bieten. Mit der Möglichkeit, Daten auf Gemeindeebene anzuzeigen und im Geoportal zu visualisieren, ist auch eine kleinräumige Betrachtung sinnvoll möglich.
Der Funktionsumfang von CentropeSTATISTICS ist in den letzten Jahren stetig gewachsen. Um die Einstiegshürde flacher zu gestalten, wurden im Jahr 2021 Videotutorials veröffentlicht, die einige Arbeitsschritte innerhalb von Centrope vorzeigen und so neuen Benutzern einen leichteren Zugang zu diesem komplexen Werkzeug ermöglichen
The Possibility of Qualifying the Courtyards of Religious Buildings as Open Public Spaces: a Case Study of the City of Brčko
Get PDFOpen public spaces are those parts of an urban morphology that make the city whole. These spaces essentially represent integral parts of the city's urban structure, and as such, they are always in the process of change and transformation. With the rapid expansion of cities in recent years, the planning and development of open public spaces in many cities and states have been neglected. At the same time, more and more attention is on the construction of new residential and commercial buildings. Therefore, it is important to find an open space in an already built urban space that has the potential to become a new open public space, such as inner courtyards of residential buildings or courtyards of religious complexes. Although they are open spaces, the courtyards of religious complexes are not considered public space. Religion, and therefore the religious complexes, has a significant role in people's lives, and their role has changed during the turbulent era of war and afterwards. Nowadays, religious communities mostly use the courtyards for their own needs, without users' ability to satisfy their needs for socializing, creating new social relationships, and recreational activities. Due to the characteristics of other public spaces, these courtyards potentially represent ideal parts of the urban structure that can become a new open public space in the city. Also, the advantage of these open spaces around religious complexes is that they already have urban landscape elements. Using the criteria for determining the quality of open public spaces, equipment, availability, and other spatial characteristics it is possible to decide whether the courtyards of religious complexes can meet users' needs. The territory of the city of Brčko was chosen for the case study because there is a large number of religious complexes that belong to different religious communities and which differ from each other in their internal structure. By analyzing the courtyards of religious complexes, with the help of the criteria for determining the quality of open spaces, it is possible to assess the potential of these courtyards to become new open public spaces
Assessing the Impacts of Urban Determinants on Physical Activity Engagement: An Applied Study on Residents of Alexandria City, Egypt
Get PDFPlanning of cities during this decade is oriented to car use, and therefore physical environment that encourages physical activity in the streets is neglected and drastically affected. Studies showed that features that have the strongest effect on residents differ from a community to another depending on culture, social norms and others. This paper identifies the built environment factors that have the most significant influence on engaging residents to physical activity in Alexandria City, Egypt. It also investigates the barriers and facilitators that the residents face while commuting the city. In this study two surveys were conducted, the first (survey I) assessed the value and frequency of participation of residents to physical activity in Alexandria city and identified the specific facilitators and barriers that affects their participation in any kind of physical activity. The second survey (survey II), followed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Long Form (IPAQ-LF) to measure the current level of the residents’ physical activity. The two surveys are complementary and both revealed the relationship between urban environment features and the associated impacts on physical activities of residents. The results demonstrated the level of physical activity of residents, the satisfaction level of main features with a photo demonstration and locations that affect the ability to frequently engage in physical activity in Alexandria city. It is resulted that urban and street design is the highest motivator that could increase the physical activity of residents. The “availability of open and green areas” has the least satisfaction level from residents, but it is the highest influencing facilitator for physical activity. “Congestion of streets”, “lack of time” and “pollution” are from the significant barriers that reduce the engagement of residents in any form of physical activity
Gründerzeitliche Innenhöfe als Ressource zur Verbesserung des Mikroklimas
Get PDFEinige Bezirke von Graz weisen eine für die Gründerzeit typische Blockrandbebauung auf. Innerhalb dieser Blöcke sind große Freiflächen mit nur wenig Verbauung erhalten geblieben. Da Grünflächen einen großen Teil dieser Innenhöfe einnehmen, sind sie das Objekt dieser Forschung, in der herausgearbeitet werden soll, welche klimatisch beeinflussenden Merkmale für gründerzeitliche Grazer Innenhöfe charakteristisch sind.
Die Entstehung der Innenhöfe wird beleuchtet und festgestellt, durch welche Umstände es zu diesen durchschnittlich 0,62 Hektar großen Freiflächen kommen konnte. Das Untersuchungsgebiet bezieht sich auf die Innenhöfe der sechs Bezirke von Graz, die einen besonders großen Anteil an gründerzeitlicher Bebauung haben. Durch eine Fotodokumentation wurden 131 Innenhöfe von Graz aufgenommen. Alle der ausgewählten Innenhöfe weisen folgende Merkmale auf: Sie befinden sich in einem der Grazer Bezirke, der zum großen Teilen gründerzeitliche Bebauung aufweist, sie sind von gründerzeitlicher Bebauung umschlossen, sie werden vor allem der Funktion Wohnen zugeordnet oder sind zum Großteil von Wohnungen umschlossen, die Innenhöfe sind ganz oder zum Großteil geschlossen.
Bestimmte, dem Mikroklima zuordenbare, Häufigkeiten wurden anhand dieser Fotodokumentation mittels deskriptiver Analyse ausgewertet. Die Blöcke und Innenhöfe sowie ihre Bebauungen wurden über GoogleMyMaps vermessen. Als Ergebnisse lassen sich bestimmte Merkmale wie Bebauung, Grad der Versiegelung sowie Vegetation innerhalb der Innenhöfe in den jeweiligen Bezirken erkennen.
Diese großen privaten Freiflächen stellen eine wichtige Ressource für ein angenehmes Mikroklima im städtischen Wohnbereich dar. In Zukunft wird die Erhaltung sowie die Verbesserung dieses Naturraumes eine wichtige Aufgabe darstellen, da es zu immer mehr Wärmeinseln im urbanen Bereich kommen wird. Durch ein verstärktes Bewusstsein für die Relevanz der begrünten Innenhöfe im Stadtbereich könnten mehr Anreize für klimarelevante Projekte entwickelt werden
Integrating User Needs in Sustainable Neighbourhood Transition of the Smart City – Expanding Knowledge and Insight among Professional Stakeholders
Get PDFClimate neutral and social inclusive cities are set high on the European Agenda. The smart city approach is considered to be one measure within socio-technical systems to reach this ambition. In recent years, smart city initiatives were criticised for having fallen short of their objectives to meet user needs and public value creation (Hollands, 2008; Cardullo et al., 2019). Besides accelerating citizen participation activities, we assume that capacity building among professional stakeholders with the help of (social) learning can contribute to the development of more citizen-centred solutions in the built environment. Especially when resources or citizens availabilities are limited, capacity building among professional stakeholders can be an important contribution to get a better understanding and insight of public value creation in the built environment.
In elaboration of this assumption, we set the spotlight on Zero Emission Neighbourhoods (ZEN) as one smart city approach to reach more climate neutral cities through an integrative approach to transform socio-technological systems. We ask how citizen needs could be better integrated in the development of smart city projects within the built environment. In particular, we investigate how professional stakeholders, such as developers, landowners, planners, civil servants can gain more insight and knowledge of citizen needs and values to create solutions that are in line with their demands and thereby foster public value creation in a better way. Building on theoretical concepts for innovation and learning and findings from a case analysis of a Norwegian neighbourhood in transition, we present a concept for a workshop as a tool to detect market preferences through insight in citizen needs. We thereby contribute to elaborate on learning within multi-stakeholder settings and especially capacity building among professional stakeholders. Additionally, we provide practical guidance for using a tool that can be seen as a contribution to approaches towards stakeholder participation as well as for a methodology of local context-based tools for social learning
Integrierte Betrachtung einer nachhaltigen Wärme- und Kältebewirtschaftung von Stadtquartieren
Get PDFDer Kampf gegen den Klimawandel wird zunehmend zu einer Aufgabe der Stadtplanung. Klimaneutrale Gebäude reichen nicht aus – die Klimaneutralität muss ebenso auf der Ebene des Stadtquartiers erreicht werden. Dafür sind Stadtentwicklungskonzepte mit Energiekonzepten zu kombinieren, mit Aussagen zur dezentralen Gewinnung sowie zur Verteilung und Speicherung von erneuerbaren Energien. Der Fokus dieses Papers liegt auf der Wärmeversorgung von Stadtquartieren; die Mobilität sowie die Stromversorgung werden nicht betrachtet.
Die ökologische und technische Effizienz von wärmeeffizienten urbanen Systemen erfordert eine kompakte und dichte städtebauliche Struktur. Dabei sind die vielseitigen Zusammenhänge und Wechselwirkungen zwischen Nutzern, Gebäuden, technischer Infrastruktur und der Umwelt zu berücksichtigen. Mit dem Prozess der „Energieleitplanung“ kann diese enge interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit gesteuert werden. Dieses Vorgehen gewährleistet, dass neue oder optimierte technische Systeme frühzeitig im Planungsprozess berücksichtigt werden. In der Energieleitplanung müssen inhaltliche Ziele und Indikatoren formuliert werden, wie die energetischen Vorgaben mit den Instrumenten der Stadtplanung umgesetzt werden können. Die Stadtplanung übernimmt dabei eine Koordinationsfunktion für andere Disziplinen,um die energetisch optimierte Planung in einem iterativen Prozess zu steuern.
Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojeks „Integrative Betrachtung einer nachhaltigen Wärmebewirtschaftung von Stadtquartieren im Stadtentwicklungsprozess“ (IWAES), gefördert vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), wird analysiert, wie ein ausgeglichener Wärme- und Kältehaushalt auf Quartiersebene hergestellt werden kann. Dies soll anhand der „Sowieso-Infrastruktur“ erreicht werden, hier mit einem thermisch aktivierten Hybridkanal. Neben seiner primären Funktion der Abwasserentsorgung soll der Kanal auch Abwärme und Abkälte im Stadtquartier transportieren. Hierfür muss der thermisch aktivierte Hybridkanal im Verteilungs-, Entzugs- und Einspeichermodus operieren können. Restbedarfe sollen durch im Quartier generierte erneuerbare Energien gedeckt werden, z.B. Solar- und Geothermie oder Photovoltaik.
Als Untersuchungsgebiet dient das Bahnkonversionsprojekt Rosenstein in Stuttgart (ehemals „Stuttgart 21“). Das städtebauliche Konzept der Stadt Stuttgart ist hinsichtlich der „Wärmedichte“, die sich unter anderem aus der baulichen Dichte und Kompaktheit ergibt, zu überprüfen und ggf. anzupassen.Stadtplaner, Bauingenieure und Energieingenieure arbeiten im Projekt eng mit kommunalen Vertretern sowie privatwirtschaftlichen Unternehmen zusammen. Neben den technischen Details des Hybridkanals und des Verteilsystems werden somit auch Schnittstellen zwischen den Disziplinen definiert, um den Prozess der Energieleitplanung weiterzuentwickeln
Mobility Inequality in a Small Town in Central Poland. The Case Study of Zgierz
Get PDFOver the past decades, the number of cars has been increasing around the world rapidly. In effect, the demand for road space and space for parking has also been growing. At the same time, especially in town centres, space is limited, which leads to many urban conflicts.
Our cities are automobile-dependent, which means that transportation and land use patterns favour car users and at the same time create less accessible circumstances for other means of transport, particularly for pedestrians and cyclists. It excludes vulnerable and marginalised groups and harms the majority of inhabitants.
There is a need for a different distribution of the forms of mobility, in particular in terms of sustainable development and climate change mitigation.
It finds confirmation in many European agreements. The European Union has been dealing with sustainable development and mobility for several years. The results of it are the Green and White Papers. The newest documents like the European Green Deal and the New Leipzig Charter focus on sustainable transformation, which leads to climate neutrality. The main aim is to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. It also concerns the topic of urban mobility.
In Poland, transport problems began to increase in the second half of the 20th century. The transition to a market economy led to the decapitalization of transport networks. As a result, differences between regions increased and the accessibility of many areas in the national and European systems deteriorated. The problem concerns especially small towns, where the resignation from public transport is common. and leads to exclusion.
Zgierz is a town located in central Poland, in the vicinity of Lodz, the third-largest city in the country. Due to the collapse of the textile and chemical industries, Zgierz faced the need to transform its economic profile, which it has not dealt with yet. Moreover, the negative impact of transportation compounds the effect of the degradation. The problem is the most visible in the centre area due to the radial layout of streets and the lack of ring roads.
This study examines the negative impact of transport and mobility inequality in a small town in Poland. Using the case study method it identifies diverse aspects in which users of different means of transport are not treated equally. It analyses traffic congestion, demand for space, barriers in public spaces, road safety and air pollution. It also compares the results of analyses with European guidelines and offers some key recommendations
Popping Up Public Streets – Not for Cars, but for People by Tranformative Approaches
Get PDFThe topic of "living in the city" has been discussed for a long time. Many authors have commented on it, such as the well-known Lefebvre (1996) and Harvey (2008). Our study focuses exactly on this topic "how to make life in a city more livable". In the project "Pop-up Piazza" we have the possibility to implement transformative ideas with explorative methods. For this purpose, the project uses the instrument "tactical urbansim". The goal of the project is to test new ideas and try them out with the help of new prototypes. We focus on small selective interventions or actions like parklets, which are also combined with larger actions. In this way, we discuss whether our approaches are well received by the population before we embark on large-scale, cost-intensive changes.
Public street spaces are mostly dominated by motorized individual traffic. Our pop-up piazza transformations enable a perception of car-free space and its potential to make public space more people-friendly. Small simple and low-cost interventions should enable applications for many cities. In this project, we have developed cargo bike-based prototypes (called StreetFormators) and are now testing them in the urban spaces of Graz and Vienna. Following the principle of opensource, we also provide the StreetFormator construction plans to the public if other cities, organizations and communities want to use them. In addition to development and testing, we have focused on impact evaluation of the implementations. From this, recommendations are generated for urban planners, administrative authorities, and policy makers that indicate the benefits and desires of the public. The case studies in Graz and Vienna show that the framework conditions strongly contribute to the success of the measures. The temporary redesigns of public street space create more space for social interaction and thus fulfill an important function for neighborhoods and increasing the quality of life in cities.
Other companies and institutes are involved in the project, namely AIT (Austiran Institute of Technology GmbH), DieFahrBar, Mobilitätsagentur Wien GmbH (mobility agency) and the University of Graz (Institute of Geography and Regional Sciences). Experts from FGM-AMOR GmbH (Austrian Mobility Research) are also involved. The research project is funded by the FFG (Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft) in the field of industrial research