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Subjektiven Verkehrsstress objektiv messen – ein EmoCycling-Mixed-Methods-Ansatz
Get PDFAls ein Baustein für eine postfossile Mobilität gewinnt das Fahrrad zunehmend an Bedeutung. Um den Anteil der Radfahrenden in der Stadt und auf dem Land weiter zu fördern, steht neben der Verbesserung der objektiven Verkehrssicherheit auch die Steigerung des subjektiven Sicherheitsgefühls der Radfahrenden im Mittelpunkt. Oftmals bildet das subjektive Gefühl von Unsicherheit für Personen, die bisher wenig bis überhaupt nicht Fahrrad fahren, und damit für die Steigerung des Radverkehrsanteils in Stadt und Land von hoher Bedeutung sind, eine Barriere für eine häufigere Nutzung des Fahrrades. Bisher ist die Analyse des subjektiven Sicherheitsgefühls jedoch nur eingeschränkt möglich. Für eine objektive, quantitative Messung der subjektiven Sicherheit fehlten bislang geeignete Methoden. In verschiedenen Studien wurden Radfahrende zu ihrem subjektiven Sicherheitsgefühl befragt. Durch solche Befragungen können jedoch nur eingeschränkt konkrete Standorte und Situationen identifiziert werden, an denen sich Radfahrende besonders unsicher fühlen. Die vorliegende Arbeit adressiert diese Forschungslücke und wendet einen Mixed Methods Ansatz zur quantitativen Messung des subjektiv beim Radfahren empfundenen Stresses an. Zum Einsatz kommt die Methodik des EmoCyclings, welche aus biostatistischen Daten physiologische Stressreaktionen des Körpers identifiziert und diese lokal verortet. Die Stressmomente beim Radfahren werden nach den Testfahrten mittels einer Interview-Analyse verifiziert. Mit dieser Methode werden subjektiv „unsichere“ Standorte und Situationen für Radfahrende identifiziert.
Um das subjektive Verkehrssicherheitsgefühl von Radfahrenden zu erhöhen, ist stressarme, objektiv sichere und qualitätvolle Radverkehrsinfrastruktur erforderlich. Von Interesse ist, ob Personen, die bisher wenig bis überhaupt nicht Fahrrad fahren, verschiedene Führungsformen des Radverkehrs unterschiedlich stressarm empfinden. Erkenntnisse über stressarme Infrastruktur könnte helfen, das subjektive Gefühl von Unsicherheit als eine Barriere für die häufigere Nutzung des Fahrrades zu überwinden. In der vorliegenden Studie wird untersucht, wie sich das subjektive Sicherheitsempfinden und der gemessene Stress bei Radverkehrsinfrastruktur im Seitenraum (eigenständiger Radweg, getrennter Geh- und Radweg etc.) oder Infrastruktur auf der Fahrbahn (Radfahrstreifen, Schutzstreifen, Fahrradstraße, Mischverkehr etc.) für verschiedene Nutzergruppen wie interessierte Radfahrende, Alltagsradfahrende und furchtlose Radfahrende unterscheidet.
Bei Personen, die das Fahrrad bisher kaum nutzen (interessierte Radfahrende) und Alltagsradfahrenden konnten mehr Stressmomente bei der Nutzung der Radverkehrsinfrastruktur auf der Fahrbahn im Vergleich zum Seitenraum nachgewiesen werden. Die Nutzergruppe der furchtlosen Radfahrenden empfindet hingegen bei der Infrastruktur auf der Fahrbahn weniger Stress. Die Erkenntnisse können genutzt werden, die objektive Verkehrssicherheit für den Radverkehr zu erhöhen und das subjektive Sicherheitsgefühl der Radfahrenden zu fördern
The Liveable Life in Slums
Get PDFMore than 1 billion people of the world’s urban population lives in slums. One in eight people. The locus of global poverty moves to cities, with the majority in the developing world. Low incomes, poor infrastructure and rising exclusion are just minor stimulators that contribute to a poor quality of life. Long since nations, governments and local administrations recognised the need for higher living standards for each and every citizen. The focus on creating worldwide sustainable livelihoods peaked in 2015, with the international acceptance of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), followed by the New Urban Agenda (NUA) in 2016. Liveable areas became a priority and the concept of liveability evoked a new sense for sustainable improvements of human life. Still, liveability remains a complex concept that includes a variety of elements and can be measured through a set of sub-dimensions and encompasses objective indicators , as well as subjective indicators . Problematic is the fact that in most cases liveability indicator’s are measured and quantified for whole regions, rather than individual neighbourhoods, “you can live in a city that ranks high in terms of quality of living and still suffer from a low quality of life because of unfortunate personal circumstances […]” . The extent of disparity in perceptions of a liveable life is mostly limited to formal settlements, whereas in countries, as India a large proportion of the population lives in informal settlements.
The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the holistic approach to identify liveable life indicators within the framework of a fieldwork study in slums of Bhubaneswar (Odisha, India). The identification of indicator’s aim to act as a lever within participative slum upgrading through the formulation of a Liveable Life Index. It hypothesizes that community perceptions of a liveable life are the most influential indicators and they perform weakest in slum upgrading. The area of research is Bhubaneswar, the capital of the Indian state Odisha and centre of pilot projects of “Odisha’s Liveable Habitat Mission”. The method developed includes focus group discussions in slums of Bhubaneswar to identify liveable life indicators. Further, it includes Expert Interviews with slum upgrading experts to identify perceptions of liveable life indicators and anticpted best practices for upgrading. The study’s primary research framework enables slum upgrading strategies to be viewed from two different perspectives. Splitting perspectives is important as congruent and divers perspectivies can be analysed to transform hidden potentials into sustainable opportunities
Types of Morphological Configurations of the City across the Globe – a Remote Sensing based Comparative Approach
Get PDFThe spatial configuration of the built city is like DNA – it is unique to each city. And yet, it could be shown, that spatial configurations of cities are very similar in certain geographical regions on our globe and, in turn, very different from other regions. In this study, the classification scheme of local climate zones (LCZs) is applied to spatially map the morphological appearances of the cities across the globe. We empirically explore their spatial configurations using different city models and three alternative data representations. We use a single spatial unit model to compute a global land use mixture, a monocentric model to compute density diffusion, as well as to describe a concentric land use mixture at intra-urban scale. We then, for each data representation, cluster cities using k-means to extract typologies of urban morphology. While the results show 1) the geographical congruence of some types of urban morphology, they also show that there are also 2) strong intra-regional variabilities, and 3) multiple cross-regional types. These point to deeper premises than the geographical location of the respective city as main encoder for the city’s DNA. Through the comparison of the results obtained for the three data representation, we discuss these various aspects
About Ecology in the City: an Attempt of Classification of the Political Trends
Get PDFThe transition to an eco-compatible society is analyzed in terms of causes and reasons. At each time there is a “vision of Nature” made up of knowledge of the causes and knowledge of the reasons. There were successively the “geometrical Nature”, then the “artificial Nature” and today the “sustainable Nature”. The transition is long-lasting and complex because we have to pass from “artificial Nature” to “sustainable Nature”. The approach is applied to the Information Theory (that is to say the contribution of Information Technologies to the transition) and the precautionary principle. In the conclusion, the topic of political ecology in the cities is evoked
Once Upon a Time a Genius Loci Conceived a Place
Get PDFAmongst the concepts employed in urbanism perhaps the most magical is genius loci. This paper, initially, will briefly recall some basic postulates of the old Roman concept, calling the published works of one of its more enthusiastic authors, Norberg-Schulz. Next, it will focus on the Real Corps 2021 call for papers statement that ‘more than 6 billion people will live in cities in 2050’, together with ‘how quality of life can be maintained and improved’ in this situation. On perusing about creating habitats for the Third Millennium, the paper observes two of the actions most typically employed in the changing cities realm. These practices usually comprise two remarkably simple actions: inventing and reinventing places – preferably in locations blessed with a touch of genius loci. Place is certainly my most challenging subject in contemporary urbanism, and recent literature in the topic is prodigal in presenting practical examples of the two circumstances, examining them as ‘placemaking’, in the case of inventing new places; and ‘resilience’ of disused spaces, in the case of reinventing them. In my personal writings I have observed both thoughts, trying to appraise them under two of the consequential configurational patterns they will tend to assume: punctuated creations and punctuated re-creations. As for their morphological results it will be enough to recall the insertion of newly invented places, so typical of postmodernist interventions; and to the reuse of existing structures such as old brownfields, also typical in postmodern environments. Sustainability and resilience are clearly implicated in both circumstances, surely encompassing beneficial accomplishments in terms of enhancing the environment, such as to refrain urban growth from land sealing and to control urban sprawl. Finally, the paper will also address trendy planning strategies studied in contemporary literature through ground-breaking strategies known as: ‘Loose space’ (FRANCK; STEVENS, 2007), ‘Tactical urbanism’ (LYDON; GARCIA, 2015), some new phenomena I personally call ‘placeLeaks’ (THWAITES et al., 2013), and innovative reflections about urban transformations in global cities (such as London) (ALLIES; HAIGH, 2014) and on the global south (such as Porto Alegre, south Brazil, exploring a recent project under the guidance of Jaime Lerner’s team)
Smartes Wohnen für Generationen – wie Nachverdichtung Chancen für leistbares, alternsgerechtes und klimafreundliches Wohnen bietet
Get PDFStädte sind aktuell mit vielfältigen Entwicklungen konfrontiert, die sie vor neue Herausforderungen stellen. In der Stadt Wien treffen ein starker Bevölkerungszuzug und ein Wachstum der Stadt auf einen fortschreitenden demographischen Wandel und einen Anstieg an älterer Bevölkerung. Die Nachfrage nach Wohnraum, insbesondere nach leistbarem Wohnraum steigt. Neben der Errichtung von neuen geförderten Wohnanlagen ist auch die Nachverdichtung und Modernisierung bestehender Wohnanlagen ein zentrales Thema um aktuellen Herausforderungen zu begegnen, wobei insbesondere Siedlungen aus den 1950er bis 1970er Jahren in den Fokus der Stadtentwicklung und Stadterneuerung gelangen. Immer wichtiger werden dabei auch die Anforderungen an alternsgerechtes Wohnen und an die partizipative Mitgestaltung von (älteren) Bewohnerinnen und Bewohnern in Wohnanlage und Quartier. Gleichzeitig bietet sich die Chance, in Zeiten des Klimawandels, auch Klima- und Energieherausforderungen im Quartier mit innovativen Lösungen zu begegnen. Das Smart Cities Demonstrationsprojekt „Smartes Wohnen für Generationen“ ist im Kontext dieser übergeordneten Themen wachsende Stadt, alternsgerechtes Wohnen, Sanierungsbedarf im geförderten Wohnbau der Nachkriegszeit, Klima- und Energieherausforderungen und Partizipation von Bewohnerinnen und Bewohnern verortet. Konkret beschäftigt sich das Projekt mit einem Nachverdichtungsprozess in einer Wiener Wohnanlage der 1970er Jahre, um diesen mit innovativen Maßnahmenbündeln zu begleiten und einen Mehrwert für Bewohnerinnen, Bewohner und Quartier zu ermöglichen. Die Maßnahmen zielen immer sowohl auf einen sozialen als auch auf einen klima- und energierelevanten Impact ab. Dabei werden soziale, technologische, bauliche und klima- und energierelevante Aspekte berücksichtigt und auch Lernerfahrungen für weitere Projekte generiert und verfügbar gemacht
The Monitoring Canvas: a Tool for Co-Creating Actions in Mission Oriented Innovation Policies
Get PDFRecent years have seen a surge of “missions” in innovation policy. The grand, and seemingly overwhelming challenges humanity faces at the beginning of the 21st century, are typically cited as the driver behind this shift. With mission-oriented innovation policies (MOIP), policymakers choose a top-down perspective, while at the same time granting “embedded autonomy” to all actors involved: A bold and well-defined challenge is set, that gives direction to the aspired transformation and bottom-up experimentation by a large field of actors will need to solve the myriad of tasks left open. Thus, successful MOIPs will need to spark activity in multiple sectors and disciplines and keep actors involved over a long period and throughout a demanding transformation process. We present a tool for co-designing concrete actions, the smallest parts of a MOIP. We argue that due to the long timeframe of MOIPs and – if successful – the constantly changing innovation landscape, it is essential that all actors involved have a clear perception of how their actions contribute to the tragets of the MOIP. By collecting the very basic information on the context for an action, the action itself, and indicators that show whether or not an action creates an output as desired, the Monitoring Canvas secures transparency for all parties involved and allows for the continuous modification of an action. Thus, the Monitoring Canvas is not a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system, but rather its “front end” – designed for high usability
Construction Automation: Post-Pandemic Integrated Robotized Construction Sites
Get PDFThe interest in automation and robotics in the construction field has grown significantly in the last decade. Smart cities and smart construction depend mainly on applying the concepts of industry 3.0 and 4.0 which adopt the smart construction concepts. They include automation, 3D printing and robotics. Virtual and augmented reality along with the internet of things (IoT) can be useful tools for applying automation and coordination between the operators, engineers and autonomous machines. Construction faces problems after the pandemic due to large on-site crew and machines being used by workers side by side; thus automation is an efficient solution for construction after the pandemic providing a safe environment for working.
This paper is an analytical research work focusing on using robotics and autonomous machines on-site in different construction tasks to mitigate the pandemic effect. It analyses the impact of on-site automation and the challenges facing it. The case study presents a methodology for using integrated on-site robotics and machines and analyses their impact on tasks planning and execution. It ends up with a concept for applying integrated robotised construction on-site depending on smart construction concepts; thus reducing problems that arise when using single tasks robots as site planning and interference of robotics. Also this allows reducing on-site workers and applying social distancing responding to WHO measures as well as solving congestion on site which is necessary for the pandemic constraints
Developing Cultural Heritage Plan in Response to Future Challenges: Case of Lamu-Town World Heritage Site, Kenya
Get PDFSpatial justice is a term that advocates for the equal distribution of resources and privileges that are not easily accessible by the commoners due to various reasons such as financial constraints, poor education among others (UN-Habitat, 2018). Choosing Lamu Town as a case study, one of the best preserved Swahili settlement would best bring out how spatial justice would play a significant role in the preservation of cultural heritage. The term commoners in this research refers to the indigenous people. With the promising future of Lamu since its initiation of Lamu Port – South Sudan – Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET) among many other development projects that are neighboring the town, the threat to the heritage site due to uncontrolled developments expedites. The role of urban planning in spatial justice applying in Lamu Town would be to provide a sense of acceptability, support, compliance and suitability for the commoners in Lamu. Putting in mind the boundaries of sustainability in cultural preservation for future generation. The research employed qualitative study methods, such as; conducting primary dataset that includes online survey questionnaires with 40 participants and 10 physical survey questionnaires, interviews with 5 local experts, photo observation and on desk survey. According to the data collected so far, there is a larger concern for the declination of cultural heritage due to urban developments. Secondly, all aspects such as land, housing, water, electricity and waste system are inadequate for the rapid growth of population.To conclude, the contribution of this research is to highlight on the importance of spatial justice and its role in safeguarding cultural heritage that not only plays a significant role in economy but as well as protecting a far greater value which is identity
Machine Learning for Land Use Scenarios and Urban Design
Get PDFGeographic Information Systems (GIS) are becoming a more common tool in the practice of urbanism and urban design. Usually, GIS is used to visualize geo-located data to gain inside into the urban fabric, to either plan interventions within it, restructure it, or extend it. One problem for a data-driven planning process with GIS is how to turn the gained data into knowledge to drive a project.
This paper discusses the use of super- and unsupervised machine learning to develop land-use scenarios for a vacant site within the city parameters of Berlin. Unsupervised learning is used to find cluster which shares certain characteristics. This interpretation of the data helps to make more informed decisions.
As an example, for supervised learning, a neural network was trained to develop land-use scenarios fully autonomously. Autonomously generated land-use scenarios are an essential step to bridge the gap between the analysis and the design phase of urban development and enable the use of artificial intelligence in the planning process