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Is the New Silk Road Enhancing Urban Expansion? Spatio-Temporal Analysis with Remote Sensing Data
Get PDFThe world population is growing, and a majority of the population is and will be living in urban areas. Nearly 90 percent of this growth takes place in Asia and Africa. However, urbanisation processes are not distributed evenly. Mostly they are concentrated in prosperous regions, at infrastructural nodes, or along trade routes. The so-called New Silk Roads are new trade routes where massive investments are currently made to connect China with the world. The aim of this study is to analyse the dynamics of spatial urbanisation in spatial proximity to the New Silk Roads. In detail, we want to test the hypothesis whether higher spatial growth rates are recorded for cities along these routes than for cities in the same region but away from the New Silk Roads.
For this task, we apply remotely sensed data. In this study, we extracted urban areas from multitemporal Landsat data for the time period of 1990 to 2019. We classify settlements using a Random Forest (RF) supervised classification technique. We used Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) texture features together with spectral indices as feature set. We derive training data for our classifier by a stratified sampling method using geoinformation from the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) and the ESA annual Land-cover data. The resulting consistent classifications of urban areas have temporal intervals of 5 years, i.e. 1990,1995, 2000, 2005,2010,2014, 2019 and feature high accuracies.
We selected cities with over 300,000 inhabitants. We define cities in proximity to the New Silk Roads (NSR cities) within a 100 km distance vs. cities with at least 100 km distance from the NSR (non-NSR cities); these cities are located in China, central Asian countries such as Kazakhstan, including Iran, Turkey, and Russia. We quantitively analyse spatio-temporal urban expansion trends for both groups, NSR, and non-NSR cities, for testing our hypothesis. To do so, we applied various urbanisation indices such as Overall Built-up Changed Area (OBAC), Annual Expansion Area (AEA), and urban Expansion Rate (ER).
Generally, our results reveal that spatial urbanisation is increasing over the last almost 30 years in all cities among our sample. The spatial comparison of our two groups of cities reveals that our hypothesis can be confirmed: from 2014 to 2019, urban expansion in cities along the New Silk Road was significantly faster with an annual expansion rate of 339 km2 compared to 113 km2 in cities spatially distanced from the New Silk Roads. This trend did not exist before the year 2010
Exploring 4IR Technologies as a Solution to Improve the Traffic Flow on the Roads: a Case of the City of Johannesburg
Get PDFGlobally, countries are challenged with traffic congestion and many solutions have been done to encounter this challenge. Many developed countries have managed to deal with the challenges of the traffic congestion through the implemented strategies by each country with challenge. This paper is set to study the drivers of the traffic congestion which results to numerous negative impacts and address the environmental and socio-economic challenges created by high usage of private vehicles in the City of Johannesburg, South Africa. Further, the authors consider solutions to reduce traffic congestions through the assistance of the 4IR technologies. The methods selected on this study follow both quantitative and quantitative approach using different graphs for traffic analysis illustrating the traffic data, and the use of ArcGIS software will be deployed to create a map indicating roads with high volumes of traffic. The preliminary results indicated that many private vehicles on the roads have a greater contribution in traffic congestion especially when accidents happen, rotational load shedding in the city, different peak hours of the day which this has a negative impact on the economy as it reduces the productivity of the city. The implications of the study indicate that the usage of private vehicles is more reliable than the use of public transport which results to high traffic congestion volume during different intervals and there are less technological efforts deployed to reduce the ever-rising challenge of traffic. However, the study recommends the adaptive traffic signals, real-time traffic monitoring, smart corridors, and pedestrian tracking systems with advanced V2I technologies. With this, there are possibilities of reducing the traffic congestion in the City of Johannesburg
Finding Suitable Measures for Mobility Behaviour Change
Get PDFThis paper presents a decision support tool for public authorities and planning experts developed within the scope of the transnational project SaMBA, which focuses on reward and pricing policies to induce changes in the mobility behaviour of citizens. The tool presents incentive-based measures to promote low carbon mobility and raise awareness of the value of behaviour change policies as a foundation of strategic planning. Based on a user-defined goal and characteristics of the target area with influence on mobility or mobility behaviour, a list of recommended measures including details regarding implementation and impacts derived from best practices is provided. The tool is implemented with Microsoft Excel, which allows access for a wide audience, and ArcGIS, which provides additional analysis and visualisation options for users with GIS experience. The goal was to develop an extendable planning tool, which can be used as a foundation of the identification of potential measures and action areas
Ist der Onlinehandel Wettbewerbstreiber oder gar "Rettungsanker" für unsere Städte? Eine modellgestützte Analyse der Determinanten des Einkaufsverhaltens im Multi- und Cross-Channel-Kontext
Get PDFMulti- und Cross-Channel-Retailing gewinnen stetig an Bedeutung, weshalb ein gesteigertes Interesse an der Erklärung des (räumlichen) Einkaufsverhaltens im Multi-Channel-Kontext besteht. Die Standorttheorie des Einzelhandels liefert hier, ebenso wie bisherige Modelle der Einkaufsstättenwahl, keine Antworten, da in beiden Fällen “nur” der stationäre Einzelhandel berücksichtigt wird. Die Forschung zum Multi-Channel-Einkaufsverhalten beschäftigt sich zwar mit den Einflussgrößen der Kanalwahl, berücksichtigt aber weder die vorhandene räumliche Angebotsstruktur des stationären Handels noch die Möglichkeit von Cross-Channel-Einkäufen. Weitere Forschungslücken liegen in der seltenen Verbindung der Erklärungsansätze des Einkaufsverhaltens sowie in methodischen Problemen (z.B. hinsichtlich Repräsentativität von Befragungen). Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die wichtigsten Eckpunkte eines laufenden Forschungsprojektes, in dem die genannten Aspekte aufgegriffen werden. Anhand mehrerer Einzelhandelsbranchen werden die Determinanten der Einkaufsstättenwahl im Multi-Channel-Kontext untersucht, d.h. unter den Bedingungen, dass sowohl stationäre als auch Online-Anbieter zur Verfügung stehen und außerdem viele Anbieter Cross-Channel-Shopping ermöglichen. Die empirische Grundlage der Untersuchung ist eine schriftlich-postalische Befragung zum Einkaufsverhalten in zwei deutschen Untersuchungsgebieten. Die Analyse individueller Einkaufsentscheidungen und -ausgaben erfolgt mit Hilfe eines mikroökonometrischen Modells zur Einkaufsstättenwahl, das eine deutliche Erweiterung bestehender Modellansätze darstellt. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich u.a., dass die Kanalpräferenz (stationär oder online) weniger von demographischen Faktoren abhängt, sondern von individuellen Einstellungen und dem Wohnort. Die Einkaufsstättenwahl wird vorrangig durch anbieterabhängige Transaktionskosten (z.B. Fahrtzeit, Liefergebühren) und deren Charakteristika erklärt. Es zeigt sich z.B. die Relevanz der Cross-Channel-Integration von Handelsbetrieben, wenngleich der „click and collect“-Service tendenziell überschätzt wird. Der Modellansatz und die Ergebnisse des Projektes haben praktische Relevanz, u.a. für die Raumordnung, betriebliche Standortplanung sowie das Citymarketing
Methods for Regrouping Economic Activities into Meaningful Clusters
Get PDF“The Flemish territory is characterized by a large urban sprawl […]. Even last years, an additional 6 hectares of undeveloped space is being built on daily. As a consequence open space is highly fragmented in Flanders“ (Pennincx, De Maeyer, Leroy, & De Mulder, 2021). As a strategic objective, the Flemish spatial government aims at a transition towards a net zero landtake daily by 2040. In this context, our spatial economy research group takes the choices and behaviour of individual companies and their use of space as a starting point. The main goal of the research is informing policy and supporting decision making by discerning spatial patterns, related to economic locations, and more precisely by focusing on the spatial environment of these locations.
Over the years, we developed a the business-oriented approach for local spatial-economic policy and location advice for companies (Giaretta, Zaman, Pennincx, & De Mulder, 2019; Zaman, Pennincx, & De Mulder, 2020). For this, we need the exact location of the activity and the exact activity of every economic site. However,this information is difficult to gather from the only area-wide economic administrative database for the whole territory of Flanders (VKBO) (Gruijthuijsen et al., 2018). This area-covering database is used for major spatial-economic analyses, but it falls short in precision at the detail level needed for our work. We have carried out quite a lot of research in recent years to get to know the terrain situation by creating a field inventory. A key element of the research is the search for the right spatial synthesis of the data collected at the level of the parcel: through economic ecotopes and market segments we sought to combine the (economic) parcels into meaningful groups with similar characteristics. We described this step in previous papers (Giaretta et al., 2019; Zaman et al., 2020).
Although the past research is interesting for the local policy makers of the mapped area’s, we still need to find a way to also make meaningful statements on spatial economic patterns for other areas in Flanders that have not been mapped. Producing this area-covering map for Flanders is rather important, as it will enable us to translate the analyses and the knowlegde we have gathered to (regional) policy. Although being thourough and rather precise, the visual inventory method has some drawbacks: it is time consuming and at this point, it cannot be easily applied to the entire area of Flanders. We therefore opt to first assess if we can extract useful statements regarding economic patterns from administrative databases.
The main research question is whether the synthesis of the mapping data into the economic ecosystems or economic segments can be reproduced with the administrative database. Obviously, the results from the administrative database and the inventory will not be 100% alike. However, we believe it is possible come to spatial economic meaningful groups, even using the administrative database. The purpose of this grouping remains the same as with the inventory work and economic ecotopes and segments: being able to inform policy choices related to economic locations.
In a first step, we examined whether and how the area synthesis (starting from the inventory and resulting into economic ecotopes and segments), that was carried out with manual work, field knowledge and expert opinion can be reproduced through automated methods, specifically through (1) statistical approach and/or machine learning and (2) a spatial predefined spatial clustering. The automated grouping results are reviewed and spatially analysed by spatial planners with territory knowledge. Only in a second step, when the grouping results on basis of the inventory are satisfying, we will rerun the method with the administrative data of the VKBO. In this paper we will discuss the first few steps of the grouping methods, in particular the distance and the activities clustering. We will outline the next steps, using the VKBO-data, assessing if we can come to meaningful economic clusters
Städtische Angsträume – Analyse zur Steigerung der gendergerechten Stadtplanung für mehr Sicherheit bei Nacht
Get PDF“In general, cities work better for heterosexual, able-bodied, cisgender men than they do for women, girls, sexual and gender minorities, and people with disabilities.”
Bei Nacht und Dunkelheit werden städtische Räume teilweise zu Angsträume, insbesondere für Frauen. Dies betrifft vor allem Orte mit wenig Beleuchtung und geringer Frequentierung, somit werden unbelebte, unbefahrene und unübersichtliche Plätze bei Dunkelheit zu Angsträume. Ebenso hat die sozialräumliche Qualität eines Ortes einen Einfluss auf das Wohlbefinden in der Nacht, häufig bedingt durch die Gegebenheiten, wer sich an diesen Plätzen aufhält und wie diese gestaltet sind (BRANDENBURG, WELZEL; 2020). Wie sind solche städtischen Angsträume entstanden? Einer These der hier gefolgt wird ist, Städte wurden von und für erwerbstätige Erwachsene, welche sich tagsüber dort aufhalten, gebaut, historisch bedingt waren das vorwiegend Männer, das bedeutet viele Faktoren, die bei Dunkelheit zu Angst und Gefahr führen kann, wurde nicht mitbedacht und somit nicht mitgeplant. Um jedoch u.a. die nachhaltigen Entwicklungsziele der Vereinten Nationen, zu denen sich auch Deutschland als UN-Mitglied verpflichtet hat, erreichen zu können, ist es unabdingbar, dass Städte und somit die politischen Entscheidungsträgerinnen und Entscheidungsträger einer Stadt zur Gleichberechtigung jedes Geschlechts beitragen. Belästigungen, Gewalt (gegen Frauen) und Diskriminierung im nächtlichen Stadtraum sind Hindernisse, um sich im urbanen Raum sicher und frei zu fühlen und damit ein Hindernis, um das Entwicklungsziel, vor allem das der Gleichberechtigung zu erreichen. Ein Ziel muss es sein, allen Gesellschaftsgruppen „die Teilhabe und Mitbestimmung in allen Bereichen des politischen, wirtschaftlichen und öffentlichen Lebens“ (BRANDO, RÜTTEN; 2020) gleich gut zu ermöglichen. Zum Entgegenwirken oder zur Prävention von Angsträumen in der Stadt, gibt es verschiedene Ansätze wie beispielsweise verschiedene Nutzerinnen- und Nutzergruppen und Beteiligungsformate sowie Gender Planning innerhalb der Stadtplanung einzubeziehen und damit eine frauenfreundliche Stadt zu gestalten. Darunter fällt u.a. eine ausreichende Beleuchtung, übersichtliche Straßen und Gehwege, die Planung der Wohngebäude so zu gestalten, dass Aufenthaltsräume zur Straße orientiert sind, um weniger einsame Straßen entstehen zu lassen, zudem sind niedrige Hecken und breite Gehwege ebenso hilfreiche Maßnahmen (BRANDENBURG, WELZEL; 2020). Jedoch lassen sich Angsträume und die Sicherheit, vor allem für Frauen nicht nur durch eine frauenfreundliche Stadtplanung steigern, ebenso können eine 24h-Governance und digitale Tools wie City Information Modelling (CIM) erfolgreiche Hilfsmittel sein, um zur nächtlichen Sicherheit und dem Sicherheitsempfinden beizutragen.
Daher wird in diesem Zusammenhang u.a. die Frage bearbeitet: Wie kann nächtliche Sicherheit erhöht werden, ohne einer permanenten Videoüberwachung und -auswertung des öffentlichen Raums ausgesetzt zu sein? Um dieser Frage nachzugehen sollen sozial-gesellschaftliche sowie städteplanerische Aspekte analysiert und verknüpft werden. Der Zusammenhang von baulichen Strukturen und gesellschaftspolitischen Faktoren soll herausgearbeitet werden und mithilfe von qualitativen Erhebungen wie Literaturrecherche, Best Practice Analyse und einer Umfrage beantwortet werden. Ein Lösungsweg wird in diesem Fall sein, eine Infrastruktur für eine erfolgreiche 24h-Governance zu errichten und bauliche Strukturen mithilfe von Analysen durch CIM dahingehend zu verändern und zu verbessern, dass Angsträume aufgelöst oder präventiv nicht errichtet werden (SCHAUFLER, SCHWIMMER; 2020). Beide Ansätze sollen erfolgreich miteinander verknüpft werden
The Digital World of the Future as an Evolution of the Past
Get PDFThis article presents an extension of a discussion of ideas related to the upcoming global digitalization and the role and place of a person in the digital world. The digital environment of a human being and society was discussed in a number of reports at previous CORP conferences. This work makes an attempt to determine possible forms of our future society based on an example of historical development of human society and taking into account growing digitalization of all aspects of life. The work of N. Berdyaev “The Origins and Meaning of Russian Marxism” was used as a guide on historical retrospective
The Parametric Design to Foster Cross-Border Governance
Get PDFOngoing research intends to develop a new planning tool to foster cross-border governance. It is a conceptual model that employs parametric design and new forms of communication. Its application can go beyond administrative boundaries.
Today in the world, there are increasingly complex problems that need to be addressed in a multiscalar and interdisciplinary way, as the pandemic and the environmental crisis are demonstrating.
Territorial planning is called to face challenges that require new tools integrated into territorial governance and without administrative limits. We must also help make decisions in a tight time frame and comply with the financial resources used.
The research intends to create a tool to involve local actors in the future design of the area. The method consists of using 3D images, in addition to traditional forms of representation. The parametric design permits to evaluate design alternatives better as it is more realistic. The tool must be integrated with communication forms capable of stimulating bottom-up processes and creating cross-border networks with medium to long term effects.
The problem is addressed in Chiasso, in the cross-border region between Canton Ticino (Switzerland) and the Lombardy Region (Italy). It is a relevant hub of north-south flows and has recently been affected by two projects: a new highway layout and the commercial custom's adaptation. These will have repercussions in the area and involve the social, economic, and environmental challenges for the future. There is no lingusitic barrier long this border, but no strategic planning is shared between the countries, and in the same area, there are four different planning tools.
The desired result is the recognition of a new tool for territorial planning. The first test carried out with students of the Master's Degree at SUPSI in Mendrisio (CH) underlined a greater interest by participants when using this parametric design alternatives
The Role of the Public Municipality in Urban Regeneration: the Case of Genoa
Get PDFThe conditions why processes of urban regeneration can be developed in modern-day cities have changed enormously over the last decade. Unlike the recent past, where the reuse for urban uses of former industrial areas was only based on maximising the amount of space, after the housing bubble began in 2008 and the pandemic crisis, the profit margins for operators were reduced, and today, they faced to a sharp contraction in demand and a surplus of supply. Consequently, the framework within which we carry out the investment decisions is increasingly complex and is characterised by the opposition of a potential conflict between two forces. On the one hand, the public administration which seeks to take full advantage of the urban transformation processes to improve the quality of life for citizens; on the other, the private entity that has the aim of maximising the profits obtainable from the intervention and to minimise business risk. Therefore, to ensure the overall feasibility of an intervention, urban viability must correspond to economic and financial sustainability. The paper analyses the role of public strategies in urban regeneration interventions through the analysis of a case study in the city of Genoa. Currently, in the city some urban transformation interventions are being implemented; most of them (and the most relevant) are all aligned along the border between the city and the port. The role of the public administration is not limited to that of regulation, but the local municipality also acts as a financier (of public works) and as owner of the areas (which it makes available in concession). In this way, an attempt is made to make the city more competitive in the international real estate market. It is essential to reduce risk and cost factors compared to the private investor. The question then arises of how to evaluate the potential public benefits of these transformation operations
Planungsgrundlagen für das Energie- und Klimakonzept in Niederösterreichs Gemeinden
Get PDFIm Niederösterreichischen Raumordnungsgesetz ist mit Rechtswirksamkeit vom 1.1.2023 ein Energie- und Klimakonzept auf örtlicher Ebene verankert. Im Vorfeld werden landesweit einheitliche fachliche Grundlagen für die Gemeinden erarbeitet. Sie umfassen vornehmlich die energieraumplanerischen Standorträume, die sich besonders für die Nah- und Fernwärmeversorgung (aus erneuerbaren Energieträgern) und für die klimafreundliche Mobilität eignen. Die Anwendung dieser Planungsgrundlagen wird in einem Handlungsleitfaden dokumentiert und von Weiterbildungs- und Beratungsangeboten für die Raumplanerinnen und Raumplaner und Entscheidungsträgerinnen und Entscheidungsträger auf örtlicher Ebene begleitet