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Making Indian Cities Resilient during and after Covid-19 Pandemic through Flexible Planning Approach
Get PDFIn the advanced scientific world of information in the innovative medical knowledge age, the Covid-19
pandemic raised many questions of human existence at the dawn of the twenty first century. On top of it,
countrywide lockdown to save humanity at the cost of a shrinking economy shattered the hope of survival of
many. The paper is an attempt to find a flexible way forward for post Covid-19 city planning and
management by analysing the impact of real time mobility data of Mumbai and Delhi. It also proposed the
Integrated Spatial Hierarchical Emergency Functional System (ISHEFS) to integrate the horizontal and
vertical functions of the city and various stakeholders/ government departments in a single platform for
efficient and effective recovery from the future pandemic. It highlights the establishment of the ISHEF
system at neighbourhood and city level and how it will provide for the collection and analysis of spatial and
factual ground level information in order to establish a common ground to address the pandemic situation for
effective governance and community empowerment.
The ISHEF System provides the flexibility to take decisions on the ground by understanding and analysing
the existing situations. Hence, the paper discusses the flexibility of the ISHEF System which enables the
field team to observe and analyse the real time challenges of transforming objectives and methodology to
suit to the real time field situations and to be able to act in the shorter period of time as fast as possible to
provide the solutions. The present hierarchical model will demonstrate successful city solutions for building
a flexible, rapid, efficient and effective resilient city
Towards Climate Resilient Coastal Cities: a Framework to Deploy Nature-Based Solutions in the Urban Planning Strategies of the North Coast Cities in Egyptp
Get PDFCoastal zones of the Mediterranean region are severely affected by the effects of extreme climatic events,
along with human-induced pressures, which causes their growing vulnerability. That leads to the urgency for
sustainable and resilient long‐term strategies for coastal development projects. In Egypt, the North Coast
zone is considered a hotspot for climate-related changes. It is undergoing a series of new urban development
projects expanding the urban areas along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. As anthropogenic consequences
along its coasts increase, the need for sustainable Nature‐Based Solutions (NBS) will increase accordingly.
Recently, adaptive management strategies have been considered an important tactic to atone the unknown
environmental conditions that coastal areas struggle with. Adaptive management was exploited to lessen
such uncertainty by incorporating adaptive management into climate change adaptation strategies. In
response to this need, this paper proposes a framework for nature-based solutions. It consists of four stages,
it is founded on a novel approach that combines system analysis and building scenarios. Moreover, the first
stage mainly depends on using the structure of the DPSIR (Driving force–Pressure–State–Impact–Response)
model to improve ecosystem services and generate the evidence-base for the environmental, social, and
economic benefits of nature-based solutions for implementation. The last two steps mainly reflect the
adaptive management process and it is well-suited to capitalise on the transformational character of naturebased solutions’ as it encourages “breakthrough” leaps rather than incremental improvements.
In essence, this framework aims to employ nature-based solutions in urban planning strategies to increase
the climate resilience of coastal cities and. in particular, to identify suitable and less suitable strategies to be
deployed in each zone. The framework has yet to be tested in a real-world case study; instead, this paper
intentionally focuses on describing its structure, goals, and methodology, discussing its features, and framing
its role from a climate resilience standpoint. As a result, the paper lacks a results section. Finally, conclusions
are drawn regarding its potential adoption and further development
Assessing Urban Water Security in the City of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo: a Quantitative Analysis
Get PDFAccess to urban clean and potable water has been one of the major priorities, as cities pursue and seek to
achieve sustainable development goals worldwide. Globally, urban water insecurity is a threat faced by the
majority, however, residents of cities in the developing world; particularly low income households are the
most affected and are in severe despair. Notwithstanding the abundance of surface and underground fresh
water and also efforts by local governments to improve urban water provision, urban clean water
accessibility remains a pipe dream for the majority of urban dwellers in the Democratic Republic of Congo
(DRC). Currently, very little is documented and known about the levels of water service delivery and
coverage in DRC cities. Consequently, this paper assesses water security, specifically focusing on the state
of water supply and water management. A case study research design was adopted to investigate the level of
water supply in Lubumbashi the second largest city in the DRC. The work also applied a quantitative
research approach and questionnaires were administered to gather data on water availability, water
accessibility and other variables. A Survey Monkey was applied to gather data from four hundred and eleven
participants and the data was analysed using categorical aggregation and content analysis. Findings reveal
that inadequate access to clean and potable water is mainly caused by shortages of the hydraulic networks
within the population of the city and the inefficient water distribution by the local government. From the
study it is also evident that low income households face severe water stress since they totally rely on the
municipality water provision and cannot afford to have boreholes. Furthermore, it is clear that households
with no pipes in their yards have to walk to their neighbouring houses to have access to clean water. The
study also highlights that the city of Lubumbashi is under severe urban water distress and is far from
achieving sustainable development goals related to access to clean water for all. In conclusion, it is
recommended that an adequate inclusive planning and a methodological approach at the municipality level
must be adopted and implemented as a matter of urgency in order to achieve efficient and adequate water
provisions to its residents. There is also need to promote awareness in order to improve water security as
efforts are made to provide viable suggestions which in turn improve water provision in the city and promote
and achieve sustainable urban development in the DRC in the city of Lubumbashi. . The study identified and
assessed the undesirable access conditions to clean water by the households
Exploring the Challenges and Opportunities of Farm School Infrastructure in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
Get PDFSouth Africa is a country that has a rich history of segregation of races driven by a minority government.
Through the ill system of apartheid, several aspects of human life became intolerable, one of which was the
education system. The introduction of the Bantu Education Act of 1953 indoctrinated African learners by
educating them to perform menial tasks and manual labour, becoming subservient to the white minority. This
“knee on throat” system further oppressed Africans, making it difficult to progress and preserving the idea of
education being a privilege and not a right. The act played out at various “black” schools in South Africa,
especially farm schools, which created an economic benefit for the farmers. The farm school became a
factory to create a new labour force, whose parents were smoke screened to believe paid education would
benefit their children. In 1994, a new dawn for all the people of South Africa promised hope and freedom.
The government promulgated laws that would benefit citizens’ human rights and allow those who needed
them the most. The redress of education policies aimed at giving all South Africans a fair opportunity for
education; however, this is seldom the case in most of the country’s impoverished rural and farm schools.
The government, through legal frameworks, aims to convert schools on commercial farms to normal stateowned and managed institutions, removing the dependence on the farm owners. However, this process has
been arduous, and the farmers’ kick has been great to the extent that children and teachers are restricted from
entering the premises. Regular intervention by police and government officials assists; however, this is not
long-term management of deep-seated problems. Although the government has taken many steps in the right
direction, at the very core, farm schools still suffer from infrastructural issues that are so profoundly
entrenched in the buildings that it is difficult to dismantle. Perhaps, like most of South Africa, the apartheid
regime is built in brick and mortar. These farm schools, in most instances, do not comply with the basic
regulations of the South African Schools Act of 1996. However, these schools continue to operate and
educate students across the country. Using a phenomenological paradigm and a qualitative approach, this
research uses semi-structured interviews conducted at two farm schools in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa, to
gather rich data from participants. This study is limited by cost and time. The researcher used a purposive
sampling technique to identify four participants who were probed on different aspects of the farm school
infrastructure and experiences working and using the facilities. This research aims to understand the
challenges and opportunities that farm schools offer. Findings from the data reveal that although farm
schools have several infrastructural challenges, the staff and community adapt the use of these buildings to
suit the needs of the activities, albeit with challenges. The researcher proposes adaptive reuse of the
infrastructure to suit a school’s programme and provide space for a community
Black Box Babyboomer” – Was kommt auf Kommunen zu? Decision Support System mit Hilfe mathematischer Erreichbarkeitsmodellierung medizinischer Versorgungsstandorte
Get PDFLebensqualität in ländlichen Räumen ist insbesondere daran geknüpft, welche Angebote der Daseinsvorsorge
vor Ort bestehen oder in angemessener Zeit erreichbar sind. Ein Aspekt gleichwertiger Lebensverhältnisse ist
eine gleichwertige Gesundheitsversorgung. Gerade die ambulante medizinische Versorgung nimmt vor dem
Hintergrund einer im Zuge des demografischen Wandels älter werdenden Gesellschaft eine Schlüsselrolle
ein. Das bevorstehende Rentenalter der Generation der Babyboomer aus den geburtenstarken Jahrgängen
1955 bis 1969 mit jeweils mehr als einer Million Geburten pro Jahr droht in Deutschland je nach lokaler
Ausprägung der Bevölkerungsstruktur die Versorgungssituation vor allem in ländlich geprägten Gemeinden
zusätzlich zu verschärfen. Die durch Alterungsprozesse steigende Anzahl älterer Menschen führt zu einer
entsprechenden Erhöhung der Krankheitslast und einem steigenden Bedarf an medizinischer Versorgung.
Niedergelassene Ärztinnen und Ärzte bilden hierbei das Rückgrat einer bedarfsgerechten flächenhaften
Versorgung, von denen wiederum die Hausärztinnen und Hausärzte als Generalisten mit kleinräumiger
Verteilungsstruktur erster Ansprechpartner für Patientinnen und Patienten sind. Gleichzeitig gehören viele
Ärztinnen und Ärzte heute selber zur Generation der Babyboomer. Trotz angestrebter Gleichwertigkeit
verdeutlichen Analysen der Hausarztdichte und der durchschnittlichen Erreichbarkeit von Hausarztpraxen
bereits heute große regionale und lokale Disparitäten.1
Die flächendeckende Sicherstellung der
hausärztlichen Versorgung droht damit vor allem in ländlichen Räumen mit niedriger Bevölkerungsdichte zu
einer nahezu unlösbaren Herausforderung zu werden. Gleichzeitig setzt eine geringere Bevölkerungsdichte
eine gewisse räumliche Größe der Einzugsbereiche von Praxen voraus, um einen wirtschaftlichen Betrieb
gewährleisten zu können. Durch Verlängerung der Anfahrtswege, welche im ländlichen Raum ohnehin eine
Hürde darstellen, wird der Zugang zu medizinischen Angeboten gerade für mobilitätseingeschränkte
Menschen zusätzlich erschwert.
Bisher existiert wenig Datenmaterial zu dem Wohnstandortverhalten der Babyboomer nach ihrer Verrentung.
Hier setzt der interdisziplinäre Forschungsansatz des von der Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung geförderten Projektes
“Ageing Smart - Räume intelligent gestalten” an.2
Ein Teilprojekt des Forschungsverbunds beschäftigt sich
mit der Gesundheitsversorgung in insgesamt vier ausgewählten Modellkommunen im suburbanen und
ruralen Raum und untersucht dort die Erreichbarkeit von Einrichtungen der Gesundheitsversorgung als
wichtigen Wohnstandortwahlfaktor. Perspektivisch wird das Teilprojekt über Befragungen auch das künftige
Wohnstandortverhalten der Babyboomer sowie die sich daraus ergebende Bedeutung der Erreichbarkeit der
Einrichtungen untersuchen. Dieser Beitrag thematisiert die Generierung von Zukunftsszenarien zur
Entscheidungsunterstützung mit Hilfe datenbasierter, auf mathematischer Optimierung beruhender
Erreichbarkeitsmodelle für oben genannte medizinische Einrichtungen sowie deren konkreten Nutzen wie
beispielsweise das Aufzeigen von Lücken innerhalb der derzeitigen Versorgungslandschaft oder eine
Resilienzabschätzung der einzelnen Versorgungsstandorte hinsichtlich der zunehmenden Überalterung
Creating Future-Proof Spaces for Megacities by an Impact-Oriented Participative Approach – Case Study Experiences from India
Get PDFA lot is discussed how climate change puts threats on future urban and rural spaces. Indeed, this is highly
relevant and needs to be reflected in the creation of these spaces in the frame of impact analyses. In addition,
it seems even more relevant to integrate the human component into the processes of driving future real estate
in order to shape spatial transformation in rural and urban spaces jointly and sustainably in a “better way”.
URBAN MENUS (urbanmenus.com) is a novel platform for participative spatial development processes
combining data understanding, data crunching, modelling, visualisation, and critical impact analysis,
operationalised in an easy-to-use, high-end interactive real-time app with 3D visuals. URBAN MENUS
quickly displays images of the future, allows a walkthrough, and evaluates effects in terms of resources and
ecology (with the carbon footprint as one recent lead indicator), society and urbanity, and profitability – as
an overall profile of resilience. This allows structured and fact-based, multi-perspective considerations on a
project, steering holistic, future-proof space optimisation and investment security.
The paper describes the experiences with impact-oriented participative spatial development processes in
Pune, India. India has a very long democratic tradition as a good basis for participative processes and we
observed a higher average appreciation of Women’s inputs compared to Europe. Yet, according to our
experience, the caste system still strongly influences the mindset and hinders equal treatment of concerns
across population segments. Furthermore, the relationship with decision makers, which play a crucial role in
development projects, is widely characterised by widespread mistrust, counteracting consensus-finding at all
levels.
To this end, our conclusion is focused on the need of an onboarding phase, making all participants familiar
with impact-thinking and creating awareness on the benefits of cooperation and the joint targets of happiness
on a resilient basis. Furthermore, the young generation and their decision makers should be involved more to
advance future spaces, combined with established classic stakeholders. Together they can yield best results,
especially if orientation is provided for instance by archetypical examples deducted from previous processes.
For India we have elaborated the following “archetypes” with high needs and potentials: a) smart rural
development based on the circular economy, b) re-definition of development around historic heritage, c) city
concepts based on new green production and mobility, and d) multi-sectoral and inclusive city enlargement
Analysing the Causes and Challenges of Urban Spatial Expansion in Windhoek, Namibia: Towards Sustainable Urban Development Strategy
Get PDFThe global population has continued to increase over the past fifty years and many scholars believe that this
trend will continue until the year 2050 or beyond. The challenge now lies with the ability of most cities
especially those within the global south to develop and provide the most needed infrastructure and services.
Namibia, with only 2.5 million people, with Windhoek, the capital city accounting for about 400 000
residents; is battling with the high rates of urbanisation since the influx of the people into Windhoek
continues to be soaring. There have been massive spatial expansions as new arrivals settle on the urban
fringes, consequently, over the years the city has been failing to keep pace in terms of basic service
provision. Though there has been some research that have studied the spatial expansion of the city within its
peri-urban areas. There is still a need for extensive research that unpacks the key causes of these urban
transformations and the challenges of the uncontrolled urban spatial growth. Thus, this paper explores and
unpacks the root causes of these spatial urban transformation. The increase of the urban population has led to
urban sprawl which has negatively affected the efforts of the city of Windhoek to provide development
infrastructures and services. Moreover, the demand for housing have also increased and those that cannot
afford to rent in the formal housing sector are pushed into the informal settlements. Thus, the city of
Windhoek faces a daunting task in the provision of basic services to its residents as this is exacerbated by the
need to adopt a pro-poor planning approach, which in many instances places financial burden on the city.
Thus, to address this challenge there is a need for the formulation and effective implementation of spatial
planning tools such as the spatial development framework and policies that will specifically guide the urban
spatial transformation in the peri-urban areas of Windhoek. A case study research design was adopted to
investigate the uncontrolled urban spatial transformations in the peri-urban areas in city. The research
employed qualitative data analysis that involved the extensive review of existing technical documents from
the City of Windhoek and peer reviewed journals articles
Exploring the Susceptibility of Gentrification in Taipei City, Taiwan
Get PDFGentrification is a dynamic process due to historically disinvested neighbourhoods experience susceptible
class displacement in spatially concentrated areas. The attraction of the physical environment might
encourage change of social class in local areas, and such replacement might push the original residents and
others who might also suceptible outward to the marginal area or even further areas. The susceptible class
includes elder, poorly educated, lower income, and people of colour, while the middle- and upper-class
residents who are relatively younger, highly educated, and higher income may be able to stay. Taipei city is
the captial and a municipality located in northern Taiwan. The population of Taipei city is around 2.5 million
in 2022, and is part of Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area which is the 40th most-populous urban area in the
world. The investment in transit and urban renewal projects have stimulated gentrification in Taipei city in
the past, present and will do so in the future. Therefore, this study attempts to explore the susceptibility of
gentrification for different neighbourhoods at two approaches in Taipei city. The first level is to identify
various stages (including early, mid- current, late) of gentrification based upon small sets of indicators based
upon real estate value and demographic changes. During the first phase, the temporal and spatial patterns of
gentrifictaion will be analysed. The second phase will then apply principle component analysis (PCA) to
explore social-economic indicators related to gentrification in various stages of genetrification. The outcome
of the principle component analysis can help monitor changing conditions among various stages of
gentrification and come up with an appropriate public response to the negative impacts of gentrification
The Contribution of Public Spaces to Climate Change Adaptation in Austrian Cities
Get PDFCities and urban areas are particularly affected by the impacts of climate change, especially by rising
temperatures and more frequent and heavier rainfall events. Adapting spatial development to the
consequences of climate change is being increasingly anchored as a goal in Austrian and European policies
and planning strategies. Larger cities are active in setting strategic climate change adaptation (CCA) goals
and implementing measures at local scale. Urban green and blue infrastructure (UGBI) and their ecosystem
services (ESS) are one of the most effective measures for coping with the consequences of climate change.
Urban ecosystems are essential for the urban climate and urban residents due to their regulating (e.g.
reduction of the urban heat island effect), supporting (e.g. increase in biodiversity), provisioning (e.g. water
filtration) and socio-cultural (e.g. benefits for health, well‐being, recreation) functions.
In built-up areas, public space is one of the most important spatial resource for implementing CCA measures
and especially UGBI. While steering mechanisms on private properties often fail due to lack of authorisation,
instruments or legal regulations, the planning and design of public space is the direct responsibility of cities
as local planning authorities. However, in public space, CCA measures and UGBI have to compete with
other demands and interests, such as recreation, social interaction and communication, mobility or energy
production. As cities grow and densify, pressure on public space increases. Therefore, CCA and CCA
measures – both for private and public spaces – need to be mainstreamed into policies at all levels and
subsequently integrated into formal planning instruments and planning processes.
Our paper investigates the horizontal and vertical integration of CCA, and especially CCA in public space
(streets, squares and parks), into Austrian planning-related policies on national, federal state and municipal
level and critically reflects on the mechanisms for implementation in planning practice. The research is based
on i) a comprehensive analysis of policy documents of four Austrian federal states (Vienna, Styria, Salzburg
and Upper Austria) and cities (Vienna, Graz, Salzburg, Wels), and ii) expert interviews with members of
federal state and municipal planning administrations. The policy documents include CCA strategies that have
an impact on planning and explicit spatial development strategies. The results show a emerging
manifestation of CCA in policy documents, though not yet consistently at all levels and in all municipalities.
Measures for CCA in public space are mainly anchored at municipal level, as cities already operate actively
out of a given urgency. Despite the integration of CCA measures into the strategic planning level, our
research shows that implementation still faces obstacles in planning practice. Our study highlights the
importance of political agenda setting for the realization of CCA measures in public space and discusses
success factors and implementation gaps
Digital Public Art in Historical Urban Open Spaces: The Impact of New Technologies
Get PDFFor centuries, public art has been used to commemorate historical events, celebrate heroes, inspire citizens,
decorate public spaces, and attract tourists. It represents the current cultural and social situation and aesthetic
and artistic tendencies. Now, contemporary public art often ignores the "Do not touch" sign and encourages
users to involve in shaping art pieces to their own preferences. In this process, digital public art (DPA) takes
on a new role as a connector between people and art, and public space acts as the interaction context.
In the digital era, despite the blame attributed to new technologies for diminishing social contacts and
degrading the identity of public spaces, today's application of new technologies with public art frequently
produces astounding and surprisingly positive effects on people's feelings, perceptions, and behaviours.
Digital public art can stimulate human senses while improving non-visual aspects of space.
The study's main concern is to redefine the role of public art in the digital era to cope with the changes in
users' behaviour and the rapid changes in technology. In the context of historical urban spaces, the study
looks into the relationship between three main pillars: digital public art, urban spaces, and users' behaviour. It
investigates the role of new technologies in shaping the future of public art. It also reviews types of DPA in
historical urban spaces and their impact on boosting user interactions and urban space identity. Finally, a
comparative analysis study presents some DPA types for historical urban spaces to achieve the required
interaction and identity