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Vertikales Wachstum im Städtebau
Get PDFDer Megatrend Urbanisierung stellt Stadtplanerinnen und Architekten vor die Herausforderung, auch in Zukunft die räumliche und strukturelle Gesamtentwicklung einer Stadt anhand den drei Säulen der Nachhaltigkeit auszurichten. Immer mehr Menschen zieht es in dicht besiedelte Gebiete, die Attraktivität der Großstädte wirkt auf die jungen Generationen gar wie ein Magnet. Aus der steigenden Nachfrage einer zentralen Unterkunft im Ballungsraum resultiert jedoch ein Ungleichgewicht aus sozialer, ökologischer und ökonomischer Betrachtungsweise. Ist der Zugang teurer Innenstadtwohnungen vermehrt der oberen Einkommensschicht vorenthalten, müssen sich einkommensschwächere Haushalte mit den frisch versiegelten Wohnflächen im Agglomerationsgürtel zufriedenstellen.
Der bezahlbare Wohnraum, eine ausgewogene Bevölkerungsdichte sowie der Erhalt von Grünflächen – all diese Faktoren bedarf es folglich unter dem Deckmantel der nachhaltigen Städtebauentwicklung zu vereinen. Ein bauliches Mittel zur Reduzierung der anhaltenden Problematik bildet das vertikale Wachstum. Die Aufstockung eines bestehenden Gebäudes mindert zum einen die Flächenversiegelung in der Breite; weiterhin wird neuer Wohnraum dort geschaffen, wo er die größte Beliebtheit erfährt. Die theoretischen Voraussetzungen dieser Erweiterungsmaßnahme im Bestandsbau lassen sich über drei Instrumente charakterisieren: tragfähige Gebäudestatik, rechtliche Zulässigkeit, lokaler Wohnraumbedarf vorhanden. Zeigen Fallstudien und abgeschlossene Beispiele ein hohes Wohnraumpotenzial durch vertikales Wachstum auf, bremsen rechtliche Herausforderungen eine großflächige Praxisanwendung. Um im Interesse der nachhaltigen Städtebaupolitik jene Baumaßnahme eines flächenschonenden Wohnraums häufiger zu realisieren, bedingt es zunächst einer selbstbewussten Auseinandersetzung mit den Bestandsobjekten. In der Folge helfen vereinfachte Genehmigungsprozesse (vgl. Wien ), eine stärkere Aufklärung sowie finanzielle Anreize, potentielle Investorinnen und Investoren für das Bauen im Bestand zu gewinnen. Abschließend können industrielle Vorfertigungen Baukosten, Produktionszeit und das Baumaterial nachhaltig beeinflussen
Towards the Evaluation of Possible Indicators for the Provision of Green Spaces in Settlements to Promote Physical Activity among the Population
Get PDFPublicly accessible and usable green spaces in cities and smaller settlements are important for promoting physical activity and consequently for maintaining and improving public health. Adequate provision of such spaces is crucial for planning of a quality living environment. Research to date has identified different aspects in linking public health and green spaces. However, the problems of existing approaches and methods include inconsistencies in evaluating different aspects of public spaces for physical activity, lack of inclusion of social and health benefits of green spaces in green space indicators, and lack of integrated approaches towards defining the provision of green spaces to promote physical activity. Accordingly, a solid spatially explicit indicator for assessing the provision of settlements with green spaces for physical activity is non-existent. The purpose of this paper is to present the literature review and methodological framework developed within the Slovenian research project titled Development of indicators for the assessment of the provision of settlements with green spaces for outdoor physical activity that addresses aspects of public green spaces and related indicators for assessing the adequacy of the conditions provided by urban green spaces for different types of physical activity. We have defined three basic types of physical activity, namely: activities that are carried out in one place, activities that cover distance for leisure of recreation, and activities that cover distance to reach a goal (i.e., daily active mobility). Guided by this definition, we conducted a literature review to examine: (1) which spatial aspects of enabling or promoting physical activity are addressed by existing green space indicators, (2) to which spatial scale and to which spatial planning levels are indicators linked and, (3) whether indicators address different types of physical activity. Based on the findings, suggestions are made to develop a more spatially explicit indicator to assess the provision of green spaces in settlements for the three types of physical activity. Such an indicator can strengthen the long-term monitoring of the condition of publicly accessible green spaces for recreational use by the population
Small Lexicon on Ecology (for those Interested in Cities)
Get PDFSome notions about ecology show that if there is not a corpus there is an interesting and pertinent debate. We quote: on the environment itself, negative commons, mistake of the isolated system, dealing with the symptoms and not the causes (the tragedy of the horizons), and on the Opinion, Great Reversal, laws of opinion, greenwashing and the return of enclave economy. The cities are concerned by the two different stakes, adaptation and mitigation. Also, the question is posed of the places where ecological awareness can appear
How can Climate Learning be Initiated? Piloting Unconventional Interventions in Neighbourhoods
Get PDFBottom-up initiatives by citizens and communities are essential to increase acceptance of, and engagement in
climate related actions. Yet, conventional approaches for raising awareness often fail to provoke a change in
perspectives and actions. The CLEANcultures project conducts disruptive interventions in neighbourhoods
to stimulate transformative learning processes to tackle climate change bottom-up at the neighbourhood
level. The aim is not only to provide the neighbourhood with facts about the climate crisis, but also to trigger
the citizens' emotions and attitudes, ultimately encouraging individual and collective action. Building on
Transformative Learning Theory, local knowledge shall be activated, accepted norms questioned and
alternative narratives of change co-created. A mixed-methods approach in two urban districts of Graz and the
rural municipality of Admont combines 14 stakeholder interviews and a standardised postal survey of about
770 households with unconventional and interactive discussion formats involving 20 to 30 citizens per
intervention.
In the urban districts, commuter traffic, increasing heat stress, soil sealing and the decline of green spaces
pose the biggest challenges. By contrast, the rural area struggles with insufficient public transport and lack of
protection against extreme weather events. In line with Transformative Learning Theory, residents were first
invited to critically assess their prevalent practices, prejudices and assumptions. Residents were confronted
with the perceived climate-related threats in their direct surroundings as they appeared in the interviews and
survey results, in order to generate reflection and self-examination. Next, the residents were engaged in
iterative and interactive phases of stimulus, discussion, and reflection to discover local capacities to address
the identified issues. The goal is to point out to the neighbourhoods their own possibilities for action and to
strengthen their collective efficacy. The first intervention consisted of an impromusical play in which the
climate-related problems were conveyed and reframed in a humorous way. The second intervention involved
representatives of different religions who discussed various perspectives on ethics of climate responsibility
with local citizens. Both interventions invited the audience to engage in an interactive and open discourse.
As part of the transformative learning process, people realised that they were not alone in their thoughts and
fears, and they were supported in developing ideas on how to get personally involved in their
neighbourhood. Many mentioned that they were surprised by the relevance of climate-related issues in their
residential surroundings. While citizens as individuals often do not feel heard and hardly see options for
meaningful and effective contributions, the sense of belonging to a like-minded group can be empowering to
explore new roles, relationships and actions. Working closely with (local) politicians also illustrated to
decision makers the importance of the climate crisis in their neighbourhood and reinforced joint discourse. In
all, unconventional interventions provide a promising entry point for introducing neighbourhood-level
transformation processes in terms of climate change awareness, empowerment, and citizen involvement in
decision-making
Programmmanagement als Grundlage zur Umsetzung von Stadtentwicklungskonzepten
Get PDFDie aktuellen Herausforderungen der Stadtentwicklung in Deutschland sind komplex und vielseitig:
Digitalisierung und Energiewende, Strukturwandel und Zuwanderung, Wohnraumknappheit und
demografischer Wandel, um nur einige zu nennen. Mit ihren Verwaltungen haben Kommunen eine
Schlüsselfunktion zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen inne. Zu viele Behörden dienen jedoch als
reine Abwicklungsapparate und können selten eigenständig Innovationen anstoßen oder größere Wagnisse
zur Bewältigung der Herausforderungen eingehen. Aktuell werden unter anderem Ansätze zu nachhaltigen
resilienten Smart Cities, ob blau oder grün, diskutiert und erprobt. Die Förderlandschaft fokussiert somit auf
vorherrschenden Zeitgeist und verleitet Kommunen dazu, auf gewisse Trends aufzuspringen. Aus dieser
Grundkonstellation heraus stellt sich die Frage, wie für Städte langfristig und nachhaltig Handlungsoptionen
entwickelt werden können, um die resiliente Stadtentwicklungsplanung agil und innovativ zu bewältigen.
Untersucht wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen erfolgreicher nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung und der
organisatorischen, strukturellen und prozessualen Leistungsfähigkeit von Mittelstädten in Deutschland.
Hierzu wurden gemischte Methoden angewendet, die sowohl deduktive als auch induktive Ansätze
verfolgen. Wie für gemischte Ansätze üblich, ist die Forschungsarbeit problemorientiert aufgestellt und zieht
Rückschlüsse aus verschiedenen Blickwinkeln.
Verknüpfung zu Wissenschaft und Forschung, Kooperationen zwischen Städten, Netzwerke mit der
Wirtschaft, Austausch mit der Bevölkerung, sowie interne Kommunikation und Wissenstransfer sind die
entscheidenden Faktoren, die untersucht wurden. Festgefahrene und veraltete Strukturen sind daher
aufzubrechen und Städte auf diesen Wandel vorzubereiten, um mit innovativen und agilen Impulsen
aufzuschlagen und die Stadtentwicklung kontinuierlich voranzutreiben.
Zu einzelnen Herausforderungen der Stadtentwicklung liegt eine Vielzahl an Forschungsarbeiten vor, jedoch
fehlen Anknüpfungspunkte zu den Alltagsrealitäten der Verwaltungen. Es gilt also, die interdisziplinäre
Lücke zu schließen und eine Methodik zu entwickeln, welche die Anpassungsfähigkeit hinsichtlich
Stadtentwicklung nachhaltig und kontinuierlich verbessern kann. Demzufolge darf der Fokus nicht auf die
planerische Lösung der Probleme selbst gerichtet werden, sondern muss auf die Erneuerung der
Rahmenbedingungen von Stadtentwicklungsmanagement gelenkt werden: strukturell, organisatorisch und
prozessual.
Die Studie startet mit dem klassischen Top-Down-Ansatz, also einer deduktiven These. Diese These gründet
auf dem Meinungsbild aus nichtwissenschaftlichen Quellen, welche Aufschluss über das Lager der Kritiker
geben und die Daseinsberechtigung der Arbeitbegründen.Nach intensiver Literaturrecherche erfasste eine
erste Impulsphase die vorherrschenden Bedingungen in teilnehmenden Kommunen der „Zukunftsstadt“.
Anschließend erfolgte eine Feldforschung in vier Untersuchungsräumen (kommunale Planungsämter), um
eine stichhaltige Grundlage zur Beweisführung zu erhalten und die Relevanz von nachhaltigem
Stadtentwicklungsmanagment zu unterstreichen.
Der folgende induktive Ansatz erschien zunächst weniger strukturiert als der deduktive, weshalb hier der
Standard für Programmmanagement1 des Project Management Institute (PMI) zur Strukturierung
unterstützend verwendet wurde. Durch die angewendete Szenariotechnik wurde den untersuchten
Kommunen ein großer Freiraum überlassen, denn die persönlichen Erfahrungsschätze der
Gesprächspartnerflossen in die Analyse ein und ergaben eine dichte qualitative Datenerhebung. Hierwaren
deshalb widersprüchliche und paradoxe Ergebnisse möglich. Methodisch wurden neben semi-strukturierten
Interviews, Dokumentenanalysen, Fallbeispiele und Observationen pandemiebedingt virtuelle Workshops
durchgeführt. Mit Beobachtungen zu strukturellen, organisatorischen und prozessualen Rahmenbedingungen
in der Stadtentwicklung wurde das Wechselspiel zwischen Ursache und Wirkung weiter herausgearbeitet
und mündete in einen resilienten und nachhaltigen Leitfaden für Stadtentwicklungsmanagement
Implementierung von Waldinseln im Bereich der gründerzeitlichen Innenhöfe von Graz
Get PDFViele Städte in Europa sind seit jeher von Platzproblemen betroffen. Die Etablierung von Grünflächen
innerhalb urbaner Gebiete stellt eine komplexe Herausforderung dar, die oftmals einschneidende
Veränderungen in dicht besiedelten Arealen erfordert. In diesem Kontext erweist sich die Stadt Graz als
bemerkenswerte Ausnahme, da sie über eine beträchtliche Anzahl unbebauter Innenhöfe im Stadtzentrum
verfügt. Nichtsdestotrotz ist Graz, wie viele andere städtische Zentren, den Auswirkungen extremer
Wetterereignisse ausgesetzt. Insbesondere während der Sommermonate treten Extremhitze, intensiver
Starkregen und ähnliche meteorologische Phänomene auf, die erhebliche Herausforderungen darstellen. Eine
Möglichkeit diesen entgegen zu wirken stellen Waldinseln in den Innenhöfen der gründerzeitlichen
Bebauung von Graz dar
The Impact of Free Municipal Wi-Fi on the Citizens’ Right to the City, Good Governance, and Service Delivery in an African Context: the Perspectives of the Residents of Pretoria Central Business District (CBD) in the City of Tshwane, South Africa
Get PDFJust after the year 2010, big cities in South Africa started to introduce programmes to provide free data,
especially to their disadvantaged communities. This came in the context of a broader appreciation that access
to data is no more a luxury, but rather a basic necessity for daily livelihood in the context of the fourth
industrial revolution. The increasing explosion of the fourth industrial revolution is been driven partly by the
pervasive digitization of things, which results in big volumes and a variety of data flowing from
heterogeneous sources at increasing velocity. In this regard, all eight (8) metropolitan municipalities in South
Africa (Buffalo City, Tshwane, Johannesburg, eThekwini, Ekurhuleni, Mangaung, Nelson Mandela Bay, and
Cape Town) are currently implementing free Wi-Fi programmes to improve access to data. Some of the
secondary cities in South Africa have also followed suit. Non-governmental role players have also started to
provide free wireless internet sites as well. These efforts are most commendable in an African context,
noting that the average internet penetration level in Africa is approximately 43.1%, compared to the global
average of 66.2%. Significantly, these interventions are also commendable because they are in sync with the
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, that of building sustainable cities and communities. However,
from an empirical research perspective, the impact of such incredible initiatives on imperatives such as
improving the citizen’s right to the city, good governance, and enhanced service delivery in an African
context is yet to be fully understood. So, the question is: to what extent can free municipal Wi-Fi to assist
citizens to realize these three development imperatives, viz: realize their right to the city, good governance,
and enhanced service delivery? To this end, this study empirically investigated the perspectives of the
residents in the Pretoria Central Business District (CBD) in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. The City of
Tshwane is the Capital City of South Africa. This study utilized a case study design and is qualitative in
nature. Both primary and secondary sources were used. Fifty (50) residents in the Pretoria CBD responded to
a randomly administered online survey. The results were analyzed by categorical aggregation and content
analysis. The findings reveal that the Pretoria CBD residents feel that the Tshwane free Wi-Fi is making
more impact in enabling the citizens to enjoy the informational right to the city and good governance, and
lesser compared to improving service delivery. In conclusion, the researchers recommend an expansion of
more free Wi-Fi sites in the Pretoria CBD to accommodate an increasing student population in the area, to
make the Pretoria CBD more liveable, and sustainable, and to entrench social justice. However, the City of
Tshwane would need to find an innovative funding model because the free Wi-Fi programmes are not cheap
Community-Based Ecotourism Principles as a Framework for Community Development in Protected Areas
Get PDFTourism is one of the most important sources of national & international income in the World. One type
which has the potential to contribute to the sustainable development of local communities and alleviation of
poverty levels is Ecotourism. Ecotourism implies responsibility to the environment, resident communities,
and a duty to respect, invest, and develop local cultures. This definition not only suggets that there should be
a recognition of and positive support for the conservation of natural resources, both by suppliers and
consumers, but also that there is a necessary social dimension to ecotourism. The term ‘community-based
ecotourism’ (CBET) takes this social dimension a stage further. This is a planning paradigm where the local
community has substantial control over, and involvement in its development and management, and a major
proportion of the benefits remain within the community. CBET is considered the logical link between the
environment, the local community, and the tourism industry. It has become the newest planning process
approach in tourism development, devised to support community involvement, improve their living
standards and protect natural resources which is the main current problem resulting from the mass tourism
industry in Egypt. Since 2002, also the year when eco-tourism was internationally promoted by the UN the
Egyptian government began to seek new strategies and plans to actively support the participation of local
communities in ecotourism development initiatives in Egypt’s rich biodiversity and numerous protected
areas. However, the actual implementation of involving communities in decision making is poorly achieved,
which impacted negatively on the effectiveness and sustainability of these initiatives. This paper proposes an
integrated community-based ecotourism framework. This was done through a theoretical study of the main
principles and stratergies of community ecotourism that have been successfully applied in developing
countries by using the Egyptian protected areas classifications which determine the applicable community
participation types for effectively involving local communities in protected areas. Subsequently the
framework can be applied to specific destinations and recommend action points for their development
according to each area‘s needs and variable circumstances. Once developed, this integrated planning tool can
be used to devise a local urban development plan by the local government and other organisations in
protected areas to improve the physical and social environments and to create a better understanding of the
relationship between tourism and community
Nature Based Solutions: More than Just Greening the City?
Get PDFToday’s relation between humans and nature is arguably still rooted in the enlightenment philosophy, or the
“age of reason”, asserting that nature exists to be tamed and submitted to the needs and wants of
humans(Wallace et. al. 1996). This premise shows scant concern for social, cultural or economic
consequences, let alone care for the survival of the planet. Accelerating adverse effects of climate change
and rapid decline of biodiversity demonstrate that this exploitation principle of nature by humans has severe
limitations (Folkard-Tapp H et.al. 2021). Facing this undeniable evidence, science and technology are
envisaging alternative approaches, such as applying Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) to benefit people and
nature conjointly(British Ecological Society 2021). This raises the issue whether NBS would be capable of
moving away from the antagonism between nature - narrowly understood as the physical world of plants,
animals and inorganic matter- and the human-made environment and its uses, and instead to conceive
humans and their actions as an integral part of nature.
The paper attempts to explore this question from the perspective of physical planning of cities and territories
by identifying the various and possibly contradictory characteristics of NBS and their
interventions(Sowinska-Swierkosk et.al. 2022) and to discuss whether and how NBS may differ from
previous measures to protect the environment and to combat adverse effects of climate change
(StavroulaMelanidiset.al. 2022).To this end, the paperreflects on academic deliberations on the meaning
(Osaka et.al. 2015) and purpose (Kiss et.al. 2019) of NBS and their site-specific, comprehensive, integrated
and preferably co-beneficial effects at multiple spatial scales(Johnson et.al. 2022).It aims is to review how
NBScurrently contribute to the protection of nature and biodiversity by reversing ecosystem degradation, and
how they are applied to achieve a more sustainable and liveable built environment.Finally it identifies
changes needed for the current fragmented planning system to become more NBS-friendly, and to prevent
further inequalities (Herrmann-Pillath C 2022).
The evidence-base of the paper relies on freely available references on the internet in solidarity with
academics and professionals who are willing to share their knowledge and experiences widely
Rethinking the Urban Green Spaces by the Lens of GIScience: the Experience of the Project Living Urban Parks
Get PDFIn Italy, soil sealing is a major threats in terms of soil degradation and the loss of urban ecosystem services. The increase in new artificial surfaces or settlement areas at the expense of green and rural areas is intensifying the effects of climate change, in particular extreme weather events, such as the increase in intense precipitation and heatwaves. In this context, the Municipality of Padua is a paradigmatic case study. According to the Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (2022), almost 50% of the municipal territory is completely sealed, making it the Italian city with the fifth highest values of soil sealing. To contrast the phenomenon, the EU soil strategy for 2030 suggested, among other strategies, the implementation of Nature-Based Solutions, strengthened with the participation and involvement of non-expert actors to be more efficient and effective.
This study was developed within the Living Urban Parks (LUP) project (Key Action 3, Erasmus + Programme EU) during two years of research and participatory activities (2020–2022) within the Municipality of Padua. It aims to involve youths aged 18–30 in a public process to reconceive of the urban green spaces of the city and to develop ideas and proposals for more sustainable urban planning, promoting participatory methodologies by using geographical tools (digital and traditional cartography).
More than 400 participants were directly involved in the project. All the ideas and proposals mapped during the seminars and workshops have been uploaded to the geoplatform Geocitizen. This geotool is usable on smartphones and tablets and, thanks to its interactive features and a geodatabase, allows the collection of georeferenced ideas, good practices and urban issues regarding green areas and parks. By the end of the project, 118 points had been collected on Geocitizen. Beyond the Geocitizen platform, the participants had the opportunity to test other geotools, such as Geopaparazzi and Google Earth Pro. In addition, the participants were able to present their ideas collected on the platform and directly interact with the local decision-makers who were involved to discuss and promote effective and efficient actions for the enhancement of the green areas and urban parks of the city. The use of different geographic technologies combined with participatory mapping approaches allowed an increase in the knowledge of the urban territory by making people more aware of the issue of soil sealing and urban regeneration opportunities. Finally, LUP allowed to reconception and design of green spaces to promote the restoration of degraded and abandoned areas and to propose the implementation of Nature-Based Solutions