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Investigating the Main Factors of Neighbourhood Morphology Affecting Social Cohesion: SEM-PLS Analysis Approach
Get PDFIn a particular geographic location, a collection of individuals who share the same services and a certain
amount of social cohesion is referred to as a neighbourhood. This research was conducted to present a model
that examines several hypotheses regarding the impact of neighbourhood morphology and its main factors on
the social cohesion of a neighbourhood and its subdimensions. To assess the extent of each factor of
neighbourhood morphology affecting social cohesion and its subdimensions, a mixed research approach was
followed. A structured questionnaire survey was undertaken on a random sample of residents of two
neighbourhoods in New Borg Al-Arab City in Egypt with the involvement of 193 participants. After
performing a measurement model analysis on the gathered information, the data were then subjected to a
structural model analysis using Smart PLS 3.2.6. Internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and
discriminant validity are evaluated during the assessment of reflective measurement models in PLS-SEM.
After proving the reliability and validity of the measurement models, the structural model is evaluated
including examining the model's prediction ability and the links between its constructs. Regarding the main
hypothesis, we concluded that neighbourhood morphology significantly affects social cohesion. Moreover,
the subdimensions of neighbourhood morphology affect the subdimensions of social cohesion resulting in 22
hypotheses
Hochauflösendes Monitoring der Flächennutzungsentwicklung in Städten und Regionen mit dem IÖR-Monitor
Get PDFREAL CORP 2023 Proceedings/Tagungsband
18-20 September 2023 – https://www.corp.at
ISBN 978-3-9504945-2-5. Editors: M. SCHRENK, V. V: POPOVICH, P. ZEILE,
P. ELISEI, C.BEYER, J. RYSER, H. R. KAUFMANN – Ljubljana, Slovenia 1021
Hochauflösendes Monitoring der Flächennutzungsentwicklung in Städten und Regionen mit dem
IÖR-Monitor
Gotthard Meinel
(Dr.-Ing.Gotthard Meinel, Leibniz-Institut für ökologische Raumentwicklung, Weberplatz 1, 01217 Dresden, [email protected])
1 ABSTRACT
Es wird der Monitor der Siedlungs- und Freiraumentwicklung (IÖR-Monitor) und seine Entwicklung
vorgestellt. Er visualisiert die Flächennutzungsentwicklung in einem interaktiven Viewer. 90 Indikatoren in
15 Indikatorkategorien stehen zur Verfügung und werden in Form von Karten, Tabellen, Statistiken und
Entwicklungsgraphen visualisiert. Die Indikatorwerte werden für administrative Gebietseinheiten vom Bund
bis zu den Gemeinden und Gemeindeteilen und in unterschiedlicher Rasterauflösung bis zu 100 m-Rastern
gezeigt. Die Zeitreihen beginnen ab 2000 und umfassen inzwischen 18 Zeitschnitte. Exportfunktionen
ermöglichen vertiefte statistische Auswertungen und WebGIS-Dienste die Einbindung der Daten in
Geoinformationssysteme. Der Beitrag geht anfänglich auf die wichtigste Datengrundlage ein, das Amtlich
Topographisch-Kartographische Informationssystem (ATKIS Basis-DLM). Dieses beschreibt die
topographischen Objekte der Landschaft im Vektorformat nach der AAA-Modellierungsvorschrift der AdV
flächendeckend für Deutschland in hoher räumlicher Auflösung. Diese Datengrundlage hat viele Vorteile im
Flächennutzungsmonitoring gegenüber den Nutzungsinformationen des Liegenschaftskatasters ALKIS,
welches Grundlage der amtlichen Flächenstatistik ist. Am Ende wird auf ausgewählte Indikatoren zur
Beschreibung der Nachhaltigkeit der Entwicklung eingegangen. Das betrifft die Zeitreihe zur
Flächeninanspruchnahme, zur Siedlungsdichte, zur Entwicklung der Flächen für Freiflächen-Photovoltaik
und die bauliche Entwicklung in Überschwemmungsgebieten
Gender-Sensitive Use and Development of (Digital) Participation and Analysis Tools for Equal Access to Open Spaces
Get PDFIn view of the growing threat posed by the effects of climate change on cities and regions, politicians and the
public administration are increasingly called upon to create environmentally and climate-friendly as well as
just framework conditions in urban spaces (IPCC 2022). The Covid-19 pandemic has underlined that urban
green infrastructuresnot only benefit biodiversity, but arealso socially significant. In addition to providing a
range of ecosystem services (MEA 2005), they equally support the diverse usability of urban landscapes,
thus affirming the right to the (climate-just) city for all (Heindl 2022). Especially in denser settlement areas,
where green and open spaces with important social and recreational functions are only available to a limited
extent, different, sometimes contradictory needs of diverse social groups can lead to conflicts of use.
Thereby, “vulnerable” persons or groups1, who on average already have less access to high-quality green and
open spaces anyway (Honey-Rosés et al. 2020), often give way to the more dominant user groups. In this
context, approaches such as gender-sensitive planning and design (Terraza et al. 2020, Tummers et al. 2019)
as well as attempts to design and manage public spaces sensitively according todiverse everydayneeds of the
heterogenous urban populationare becoming increasingly important.
The research project "DraussenDaheim"2(DDH) [German for: “At Home Outside”] is therefore developing a
methodology and toolbox from a gender- and group-specific perspective, which serves not only the
participatory evaluation of urban public spaces, but also the simulation-based development of different
planning scenarios,which can, for example, be incorporated into space-time management concepts. Digital
participation and simulation tools as well as tailor-made workshop designs are applied in the context of two
Austrian use cases(Vienna, Zell am See) to identify spatio-temporal use patterns and group-specific
requirements for the multifunctional use of space. In addition, the usability of the compiled tools (on the part
of usersand process facilitators) is tested. The methodology to be developed also builds on knowledge from a
well-tested target group segmentation approach with a special focus on active mobility (Markvica et al.
2020) to more accurately capturethe mobility and information needs of the (vulnerable) groups involved.
This contribution gives a comprehensive insight into the project, its conceptual and methodological
approach, and provides first results of use case specific surveys and tool-tests. From this, key findings are
derived that address the potentialof the gender-sensitive use and developmentof(digital) participation and
analysis tools to supportequal and environmentally friendly access to open spaces in residential
environments
BlueGreenStreets – Adapting Urban Streets for Climate Change
Get PDFStrategies for the adaptation of cities to the consequences of climate change such as dry periods, heat waves
and urban flooding are needed. As urban streets account for about 25% of the area in inner-city
neighbourhoods, they also have to be included. In the project BlueGreenStreets concepts are being developed
to increase the resilience of cities by means of blue-green infrastructure in urban streets. The basic
philosophy is to develop streets as 'multi-talents', taking into account not only the traffic function but also the
requirements of urban drainage and green infrastructure. Concepts for the multidimensional redesign and
retrifiting of existing streets in urban neighbourhoods are being developed, and tested in pilot projects. Two
innovative solutions “the street as a drain” and “stormwater tree pits” are presented in detail
Living and Working in a Healthy Environment: How Sensor Research in Flanders can Help Measure and Monitor Exposure to Certain Environmental Factors
Get PDFPeople's daily living environment has an important influence on their physical and mental health. That living environment consists of many different components, as it is both a spatial or physical environment, and the result of many other processes (socio-cultural, economic context and individual characteristics and lifestyles). Overall, the pressure on the physical environment is very high, especially in densely populated and highly urbanised area’s such as Flanders, the northern part of Belgium. In urban environments, for instance, many spatial demands come together (space for housing, economy, mobility, green and blue infrastructures, etc.). The spatial layout of our cities can influence our health (e.g. whether or not we live nearby green spaces or in an environment that promotes active mobility, social contacts, if there are sources that impact the air quality, etc.), and of course our behaviour.
The relation between health, living and working environment and spatial planning is complex. Therefore, the Flemish Department of Environment & Spatial Development has prepared a framework in 2019 to better capture that complex relationship, which we will briefly discuss in this paper. Broadly speaking, a policy committed to healthy environments may choose to make interventions that protect people's health from certain external factors (e.g. air pollution or environmental noise) or that enable and promote healthy lifestyles (e.g. physical activity, food,…). Next to that, providing citizens with up to date information is an important task of the government.
In this paper, we discuss the research that the Environment and Health research team at the Flemish Department of Environment & Spatial Development conducts in order to measure human exposure to certain factors via sensors. Those particular factors were chosen mainly because they are part of themes around which the Flemish Department can make policy. We will consider three ongoing cases: measuring the quality of the indoor environment in different types of semi-public locations (such as schools, residential care centres, cultural centres,…), measuring radiofrequency radiation from fixed transmitting antennas in urban environments and measuring noise pollution. Partnering with international research & development organizations such as IMEC (Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre) and VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), they supplied us with innovative and high-quality sensor technology. The sensors can transmit their measurement data in real time and participating parties can track the data on dashboards allowing immediate feedback and action when necessary. The results are intended to feed further research. Although not all case studies are equally advanced, we will conclude each one with possible policy actions
Building Land Register – an Important Step towards Effective Space Management
Get PDFSpace is a limited natural resource that is subject to many pressures, such as the expansion of building land to agricultural land, whereas building land within settlements often remains vacant and unused. The reasons for this are the many constraints to the development of these areas, such as inadequate plots and ownership structures, inadequate communal infrastructure, or the dilapidation of this infrastructure, which needs to be renovated (MES PILOT, 2022).
Currently, there is no adequate register of building land and its properties in Slovenia, which would provide insights into the current state of the land and provide a basis for the implementation of land policy instruments. As a result, spatial planning is not in line with the principles of sustainability as defined in the Slovenian spatial planning legislation; that is, the treatment of space as a limited good that requires comprehensive treatment, coordination, and management of its social, environmental, and economic aspects (Spatial Planning Act - ZUreP-3). The lack of data is reflected in the reckless direction of settlement and placement of investments, whithout taking into account the possible acitvation of empty building land, possibility of revitalisation of brownfields, and without foreseeing possible negative impact on the living and natural environment.
In response to the described problem of urban management in the country, the idea of creating a systematically regulated spatial data record, called The Building land Register, was developed. The Building land Register contains data on the existing state of built-up land and vacant building land. Based on the properties of the land, it will be possible to determine the presence of degradation of the built-up land; therefore it will be possible to identify areas where, by activating the already occupied space, its functionality would be restored. According to their characteristics, vacant building land is classified into land development phases, which define the possibility of actual land construction. Spatial planing Act (ZUreP-3) defines five cetegories of land development phases: 1 – unbuildable land, 2 – spatially disordered land, 3 – building land without urban ifrastructure provided, 4 – unorganized buildable land and 5 – buildable land. In order to classify land into these five categories, it is necessary to know the current state of communal infrastructure, planned spatial development, and limitations in space (ZUreP-3, explanation to Article 142.)
Establishing Building land Register is the first step in effective urban management at all levels (local, regional, and national). To achieve this goal, collaboration of all levels of urban management is necessary, in addition to providing high-quality data about the building land.
This article states the reasons for the establishment of the Building land Register, the importance of data in the management processes of space, the content of the Building land Register and the method of its establishment provided for in the Slovenian spatial legislation
Facades Solar Screens Impact on Daylighting Performance in Buildings
Get PDFCities in hot climates feature clear skies most of the year, guarantting the provision of daylight into the interior. With the use of large glazed façades, controlling the penetration of solar radiation that contributes to thermal discomfort with passive solutions is acheived through the use of shading devices.These devices decrease energy loads of mechanical cooling. The facade solar screens is one of the shading strategies used and reported to be succeful in such hot climatic regions, blocking solar radiation while allowing visual access to external views. Such a strategy of screening the opennings with perforated surfaces has cultural and historical significance in multiple urban environmnets, demonstrated by the use of the traditional mashrabeya which are the inspiration for contemporary screens design. However, throughout the last decade, a large body of research has been concerned with the negative impact of solar screens on daylighting performance in internal spaces, leading to an increase in energy loads of artifical lighting.
This paper aims to review the current research body concerned with the correlation between solar screens design parameters and daylighting performance. 21 articles fall under this paper’s realm. They are reviewed according to multiple comparison points, including: aims, spatial configuration of the test spaces, types and design of the tested solar screens, design parameters tackled, daylighting simulation tools, daylighting metrics, and finally, findings including parameters impact, empirical process methodolgy, and coorelation with other enviromental aspects. Thispaper discusses how the curent reviewed research body informs the design process for an environmentally conscious design of optimized solar screens with respect to daylight availability thereby promoting the use of passive design strategies towards greener cities and urban environments
Urban Stress and Bicycle Infrastructure in the City of Osnabrück – Analysing Well-Being and Infrastructure Relationships in Streetscapes through a Triangulation Approach
Get PDFActive mobility is a key factor in the mobility revolution and is thus elementary in combating the climate crisis. At the same time, however, much research is still needed to improve the situation of active mobility, especially regarding inhibiting factors in the choice of active modes of transport. Essential here is road users' positive and negative emotional experiences in different infrastructure settings.
Due to high volumes and speeds of motorised traffic, high noise and pollution levels and a lack of greenery urban space, today is often associated with increased stress and an excess of stress-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, depression, or schizophrenia (Adli, 2017). Providing data and objectifying much-discussed issues such as perceived safety in transport infrastructure is essential for decision-making at the community level (Sørensen, 2009). Such data can provide evidence to refine traffic planning guidelines and improve public space for pedestrians and cyclists. It is therefore necessary to get a differentiated picture of social and ecological considerations in the mobility sector.
The BMDV project “Emotion Sensing for (E-)Bicycle Safety and Mobility Comfort ESSEM” investigates the subjective perception of cyclists’ safety in urban traffic. With the help of iterative environmental and body-related data collection, stress points in the municipal cycling network are identified and analysed in the two model cities of Ludwigsburg and Osnabrück .
The framework given in this study applies a triangulating approach that allows statements on individual “stress” utilising biological markers (skin conductivity, skin temperature) via a sensor wristband and through standardised questionnaires. In this way, vulnerable groups can be identified, which can be better taken into account in project development and planning. This study focuses on three “stress hotspots” in Osnabrück, considering different forms of bicycle infrastructure
Refurbished Green Buildings and Net Carbon Emissions Nexus: Towards Safer and Intelligent Futures in South African Cities
Get PDFThe study explores the potential of converting existing buildings into green buildings in South African cities for environmental sustainability and economic efficiency. It compares the costs, carbon footprint, and use of recycled materials between refurbishment and new construction. Refurbishment offers advantages in these aspects but presents technological challenges. The study uses Zero Emission Neighbourhood (ZEN) and Zero Energy Building (ZEB) frameworks to evaluate sustainability in refurbishment projects. It concludes that while refurbishment is a promising strategy, standardized evaluation methods, comprehensive databases of projects, and enhanced regulations are needed to support the green building industry in South Africa
Neuroarchitecture Approach to Female Perception of Safety in Public Space
Get PDFIn the creation of public spaces, there is a lack of articulation of specific desired emotion to be elicited or
avoided, over and beyond just utilitarian functions. Moreover, there is a lack of metrics to measure such
emotions stimulated by certain design features. The neuro-architecture approach - defined as the measure of
potential feelings triggered by a designed environment in an organism tested by brain response - was adopted
in this study. The feeling of safety is listed as a key element of the design of public space. Women have
different experiences when it comes to public space, including their perceptions of safety. Perceptions of a
lack of safety in public spaces can make women less likely to occupy these spaces and miss out on the
positive effects of public space on their health and wellbeing.
This paper aims to identify the design indicators that address issues of women's fears when walking on foot.
In order to validate such indicators, a mixed method approach was used; including mobile
electroencephalography (EEG) to understand the impact of street design on women’s brain activity,
interviews and a questionnaire survey, to provide context for the neuroimaging data. Syria street - an urban
mixed-use street - in the city of Alexandria in Egypt was chosen for the study, where a group of women users
walk along and rate indicators of safety on a Likert scale. The questionnaire included 7 indicators of safety
emergent from the literature: active frontages, lighting, visibility, perimeter protection, informal control, mix
of people, locomotive pathways. Results yielded significant correlations between each of the indicators
investigated and perceived safety. Moreover, it established the ability of neuroarchitecture, as a tool, to
develop designs that elicit specific desired emotion in users of public space