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Chronicling Conceptual Shifts in Museums: Rupturing Colonial and Postcolonial Legacies in Contemporary India
No full textColonial museums in India were imposing structures used to showcase European superiority and exoticise colonial subjects. In contrast, the nationally funded museums that postcolonial India ushered in were predominantly invested in reclaiming the history of India from the colonial state and utilising it to shape their own visions of national identity and community. A recent crop of museums in contemporary India has tried to cause a rupture in such trends of museum-making in India. These newer museums inhabit a different epistemological space than their predecessors. In this context, my paper, utilising oral history as its methodology, explores the conceptual departure of these contemporary museums in India from the national and colonial museums. It examines the nature of the epistemological space in which these museums are located
Le contexte en question
No full textLe mot « contexte » désigne les contenus conceptuels les plus divers. Une classification globale permet de distinguer deux utilisations différentes de la notion de contexte : la désignation de l’ensemble du texte qui entoure un élément de la langue et l’ensemble des circonstances dans lesquelles se produit un fait ou un processus.
***Le contexte en question*** présente le « contexte » sous tous les aspects pertinents pour les théories du langage. Une approche historique est adoptée, elle retrace son émergence et évolution de l’Antiquité à nos jours.
Les chapitres de cet ouvrage représentent des disciplines aussi diverses que la philosophie, la philosophie du langage, la linguistique, la linguistique computationnelle ou l’histoire des sciences du langage, et apportent leur point de vue sur l’objet qu’est le contexte. Les objectifs sont d’expliquer l’importance du contexte à travers la signification des signes et des énoncés linguistiques, ainsi que de présenter l’évolution de cette compréhension sur une longue période historique
Historisches und Aktuelles über Forschungen zur Kommunikation und menschlichen Informationsverarbeitung
No full textWhat kind of god does Buber’s “I-Thou” offer to the world
No full textThis article has three main goals: (1) To explain in a clear and comprehensible way the difficult basic-word “I-Thou”, which is the basis of Buber’s concept of dialogue, and in fact is the core of his entire teaching (even though it eventually spread over many fields). My main argument in this article is that “I-Thou” is not the “dialogue” that is often spoken of in the name of Buber (not only on the popular level but also in academic circles, and even commonly among those who deal directly with Buber’s teaching) but, rather, that “I-Thou” is a pointing-toward-word—pointing the way for the one whose heart is willing to direct his life to the path of devotion to God—a life whose practical meaning according to Buber is the effort to make room for the presence of the divine (“Shekhinah”) within the stream of earthly normal life, the flow of physical, instinctive life, the flow of life as they are, within “This-World” as it is. (2) This article attempts to follow the sources in Buber’s writings to clearly explain Buber’s faith (which Buber saw as the core of the movement of Hasidism that preceded him). Who is the God that Buber clings to? Why did Buber try to replace the common appellation “God” with a new term of his own: “The Eternal Thou”? (3) It aims to show how the researchers who tried to present Buber as a social or political thinker and removed from his teaching the centrality of his faith entirely distorted his teaching and displaced from it the core of the foundation on which all of Buber’s teaching rests
Der informelle Trilog als Teil des demokratischen Legitimationsdefizits im europäischen Integrationsprozess?
No full textDie vorliegende Arbeit untersucht erstmals, auf welche Weise sich die Teilnahme der Europäischen Kommission am frühen informellen Trilog auf das Gesetzgebungsverfahren der Europäischen Union (EU), das institutionelle Gleichgewicht zwischen Europäischem Parlament (Parlament), Rat der EU (Rat) und der Europäischen Kommission (Kommission) sowie die demokratische Legitimation im EU-Gesetzgebungsverfahren auswirkt.
Ausgehend von dem in Artikel 294 AEUV geregelten Ordentlichen Gesetzgebungsverfahren, über die Entstehung und Entwicklung des Trilogs werden die mit dem Trilog bzw. seiner Verlagerung verbundenen Verfahrens- und Funktionsänderungen nachvollzogen und die daraus resultierenden Konsequenzen herausgearbeitet.
Im Hinblick auf das EU-Gesetzgebungsverfahren wird festgestellt, dass mittlerweile maximal die Hälfte der zur Verfügung stehenden Stufen des Gesetzgebungsverfahrens genutzt werden und dass der legislative Willensbildungsprozess aus dem gesetzlich geregelten Verfahren zwischen zwei Co-Gesetzgebern in den ungeregelten Trilog verlagert wird.
Die Änderungen beim institutionellen Gleichgewicht sind eng mit der Verlagerung des Trilogs und damit des legislativen Willensbildungsprozesses verbunden. Dieser wurde aus dem gesetzlich geregelten formellen Trilog am Ende des Verfahrens in den gesetzlich nicht geregelten, informellen Trilog zu Beginn des Verfahrens verschoben. Bei derart grundlegenden Veränderungen bietet es sich an, den geänderten Kontext, die Änderungen bei den am Willensbildungsprozess Beteiligten und die tatsächlich von der Kommission wahrgenommene Rolle im Trilog genauer zu betrachten. In diesem Rahmen wird auch der Frage nachgegangen, was es mit dem Nimbus der Kommission als ehrliche Maklerin auf sich hat. Wie sich herausstellt trägt die Kommission diesen Nimbus (mittlerweile) zu Unrecht. Sie hat einen aktiven Part im Willensbildungsprozess und damit eine Funktion (mit-)übernommen, die das Primärrecht dem Rat und dem EP als Co-Gesetzgeber vorbehält. Ihre Teilnahme am Trilog bedeutet somit zugleich einen erheblichen Eingriff in das institutionelle Gleichgewicht.
Die Auswirkungen auf die demokratische Legitimation von Trilog und Gesetzgebungsverfahren sind mindestens ebenso bedeutsam. Die Beteiligung der durch Wahlen demokratisch nicht legitimierten Kommission am Trilog stellt eine Legitimationslücke im Trilog dar. Diese wirkt sich auf das gesamte EU-Gesetzgebungsverfahren aus. In der Folge steigt das Legitimationsdefizit des EU-Gesetzgebungsverfahrens allein aufgrund der Teilnahme der Kommission am Trilog erheblich an. Eine Entwicklung, die den Bemühungen der vergangenen Vertragsänderungen, die EU auf eine demokratischere Grundlage zu stellen, zuwiderläuft bzw. sie sogar zunichte macht.Le présent mémoire est le premier à analyser les conséquences de la participation de la Commission européenne au trilogue informel, ayant lieu à un stade précoce de la procédure législative de l’Union européenne (UE), sur cette même procédure, sur l’équilibre institutionnel entre le Parlement européen (PE), le Conseil de l’Union européenne (Conseil) et la Commission européenne (Commission) ainsi que sur la légitimité démocratique dans ladite procédure.
Dans un premier temps, nous donnerons un aperçu de la procédure législative ordinaire régie par l’article 294 du TFUE, puis nous nous pencherons sur la genèse et l’évolution du trilogue. Nous examinerons ensuite les changements, au niveau de la procédure et du rôle de la Commission, liés au trilogue et à son déplacement à un stade précoce de la procédure et enfin, nous en exposerons les conséquences.
En ce qui concerne la procédure législative de l’UE, on peut constater que désormais, on recourt tout au plus à la moitié des étapes possibles de cette procédure. On peut également observer que le processus de formation de la volonté législative n’a plus lieu dans le cadre de la procédure régie par la loi, entre deux co-législateurs, mais qu’il est déplacé vers le trilogue informel.
Les changements au niveau de l’équilibre institutionnel sont étroitement liés au déplacement du trilogue à un stade précoce de la procédure et, par là même, au déplacement du processus de formation de la volonté législative. Ayant lieu initialement à la fin de la procédure législative, dans le cadre du trilogue formel prévu par la loi, celui-ci a été déplacé en début de procédure, vers le trilogue informel, qui, lui, n’est pas régi par la loi. Étant donné qu’il s’agit là de changements essentiels, il convient d’observer plus précisément le contexte modifié, les changements au niveau des acteurs impliqués dans le processus de formation de la volonté législative ainsi que le rôle réellement joué par la Commission au sein du trilogue. Dans ce cadre, nous aborderons également la question de la réputation de la Commission comme « honnête courtier » ou médiateur impartial. Il apparaît en effet que la Commission jouit (désormais) à tort de cette réputation. Elle joue un rôle actif dans le processus de formation de la volonté législative. Ce faisant, elle a (co-)assumé une fonction que le droit primaire réserve au Conseil et au Parlement européen en leur qualité de co-législateurs. Le fait qu’elle participe au trilogue représente, dans le même temps, une atteinte considérable à l’équilibre institutionnel.
Les conséquences sur la légitimité démocratique du trilogue et de la procédure législative sont tout aussi importantes, sinon plus. La participation de la Commission - qui n’a pas de légitimité démocratique assise sur des élections - au trilogue constitue un déficit quant à la légitimité du trilogue. Celui-ci a un impact sur l’ensemble de la procédure législative de l’UE. Par conséquent, l’importance du déficit en ce qui concerne la légitimité de la procédure législative de l’UE augmente considérablement par le seul fait que la Commission participe au trilogue. Ceci est une évolution qui va à l’encontre, voire réduit à néant, les efforts déployés lors des précédents amendements du Traité pour conférer à l’UE une base plus démocratique.This study is the first to examine the impact of the European Commission's participation in the early informal trilogue on the legislative procedure of the European Union (EU), on the institutional balance between the European Parliament (Parliament), the Council of the EU (Council) and the European Commission (Commission) as well as on the democratic legitimacy of the EU legislative procedure.
Starting from the ordinary legislative procedure regulated in Article 294 TFEU, via the origins and development of the trilogue, the procedural and functional changes resulting from the trilogue and its shift are traced and the consequences resulting from this are worked out.
Regarding the EU legislative procedure, it is stated that no more than half of the stages available for the legislative process are still being used and that the legislative decision-making process is being shifted from the legally regulated procedure between two co-legislators to the unregulated trilogue.
The changes to the institutional balance are closely linked to the shift of the trilogue and thus of the legislative decision-making process. It was moved from the formal trilogue at the end of the procedure, which is regulated by law, to the informal, unregulated trilogue at the beginning of the procedure. With such fundamental changes, it makes sense to consider the changed context, the changes for those involved in the decision-making process and the role actually played by the Commission in the trilogue. As part of this, the Commission's reputation as an honest broker will also be reviewed. As it turns out, this reputation is not justified (any more). The Commission has taken an active part in the decision-making process and thus (co-)assumed a function that primary law reserves for the Council and the EP as co-legislators. Its participation in the trilogue therefore also means a considerable intervention in the institutional balance.
The effects on the democratic legitimacy of the trilogue and the legislative process are at least of the same importance. The participation of the Commission, which has no democratic legitimacy through elections, in the trilogue creates a legitimacy gap in the trilogue. This has an impact on the entire EU legislative process. As a result, the legitimacy deficit of the EU legislative process increases considerably simply due to the fact that the Commission participates in the trilogue. A development that runs counter to - or even destroys - the efforts of past treaty amendments to put the EU on a more democratic basis
Effects of plyometric jump training on measures of physical fitness and lower-limb asymmetries in prepubertal male soccer players
No full textBackground
High level of physical fitness is a paramount soccer performance factor. As such, developing key components of physical fitness such as sprinting, jumping, and change of direction (CoD) at an early age empowers both short- and long-term performance success. Although previous research in prepubertal male soccer players has reported physical fitness performance enhancements following plyometric jump training (PJT), the effects on inter-limb asymmetries remain unclear.
Objective
To assess the effects of PJT on measures of physical fitness and inter-limb asymmetries in prepubertal male soccer players.
Methods
A total of 27 participants were recruited, and randomly assigned to either a PJT group (n = 13; age = 12.7 ± 0.2 years; maturity offset = -1.6 ± 0.7) or an active control group (CG) (n = 14; age = 11.8 ± 0.4 years; maturity offset = -2.51 ± 0.61). The training intervention lasted eight-week and was conducted during the in-season period, with twice-weekly sessions. Physical fitness tests were conducted before and after the intervention, including the 505 change-of-direction (CoD; [505 CoD test]), countermovement-jump (CMJ) height, standing-long-jump (SLJ) distance, and single-leg hop test for distance with dominant (SHTD-D) and non-dominant legs (SHTD-ND). A jump-based asymmetry score was calculated as the difference between HTD and HTND.
Results
ANCOVA analysis revealed significant between-group differences in all physical fitness measures at post-test. Specifically, the PJT group showed significant large improvements in CMJ height, SLJ distance, HTD and HTND, and CoD speed (d = 0.84 to 2.00; ∆1.05% to 16.85%). Moreover, the PJT group showed a significant, small reduction in the inter-limb asymmetry score (d = 0.43; ∆-45.21%). In contrast, no significant changes were reported in the CG between pre-and post-tests (d = 0.07 to 0.24; ∆0.21% to 0.98%).
Conclusions
The incorporation of PJT into the training schedules of prepubertal male soccer players resulted in positive effects on various measures of physical fitness. Furthermore, our findings suggest that PJT can reduce lower-limb asymmetry, which could potentially decrease the risk of lower limb injuries.
Trial registration
This study does not report results related to healthcare interventions using human participants and therefore it was not prospectively registered
Basic counseling skills in psychology and teaching: validation of a short version of the counselor activity self-efficacy scales
No full textBackground
Counseling self-efficacy is a relevant measure to examine trainees’ beliefs about their counseling skills. This study aimed to validate three scales of the revised German version of the Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales (CASES-R) measuring basic counseling skills. To ascertain the scales’ sensitivity to change, counseling self-efficacy was assessed before and after specific training.
Method
The sample comprised 163 university students enrolled either in psychology or education. Students were examined before and after participating in training focusing on basic counseling skills. We applied confirmatory factor analysis and tested internal consistency, convergent validity, and criterion validity.
Results
Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor structure of the CASES-R scales for basic counseling skills. The scales provided acceptable to good internal consistency (α = 0.77 − 0.87). Significant relations with general self-efficacy (r =.23, p <.01) provided first indication for convergent validity. We also found a significant correlation of the CASES-R with positive affect (r =.22), and significant correlations of some subscales with empathetic concern (r =.16 −.21) and mastery goal orientation (r =.16), overall supporting criterion validity. The CASES-R scales proved to be sensitive to change, as participants’ scores were higher after (M = 6.18, SD = 1.05) than before (M = 5.37, SD = 1.16) counseling training (F(1, 309) = 42.27, p <.001).
Conclusion
We found support for the proposed factor structure and reliability of the German version of the three CASES-R scales, indicating its suitability for use in basic counseling settings. Future research should further examine the scales’ validity
Testing a model of benefit-finding and growth in youths with chronic health conditions
No full textBackground
The experience of benefit-finding and growth (BFG), defined as perceiving positive life changes resulting from adversity, is increasingly studied among youths with chronic health conditions (CCs). However, empirical evidence is scarce for explaining individual differences in BFG. The study aimed to test a model of BFG, including an interplay of personal and environmental factors and coping processes.
Methods
A sample of N = 498 youths (12–21 years) recruited from three German patient registries for CCs (type 1 diabetes: n = 388, juvenile idiopathic arthritis: n = 82, cystic fibrosis: n = 28) completed a questionnaire including self-reported optimism, social support from parents and peers, coping strategies, and BFG. The model was created to reflect the theoretical assumptions of the Life Crisis and Personal Growth model and current empirical evidence. Structural equation modeling was conducted to evaluate the incremental explanatory power of optimism, peer group integration, parental support, acceptance, cognitive reappraisal, and seeking social support over and above sociodemographic and disease-related characteristics.
Results
The model (CFI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.04; SRMR = 0.05) explained 32% of the variance in BFG. Controlling for sociodemographic and disease-related characteristics, acceptance, cognitive reappraisal, and seeking social support were directly and positively linked to BFG. All tested coping strategies significantly mediated the association between optimism and BFG, whereas seeking social support significantly mediated the relation between peer group integration and BFG.
Discussion
The study stresses the prominent role of emotion-focused coping strategies and peer group integration in enhancing BFG in youths with CCs.
Trial registration
German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), no. DRKS00025125. Registered on May 17, 2021
Spinoza and Contemporary Biology
No full textA neo-Spinozian conception of life and the mind
Published in France in 2018, Henri Atlan’s book Cours de philosophie biologique et cognitiviste: Spinoza et la biologie actuelle (Odile Jacob, 2018) represents a turning point in Spinozian interpretations of contemporary life sciences. Henri Atlan is the first in this field of research, of applied epistemology and ontology, to effectively address contemporary questions in biology and cognitive sciences. Atlan presents us with a genuine understanding of Spinoza’s monism, which is neither materialistic nor idealistic, and with an expertise in contemporary life sciences that will open an entire new field of research in Spinoza scholarship as well as in philosophy of sciences. Readers will better understand the connection between Spinoza’s Ethics, his ontology and epistemology, and modern life sciences, allowing us to rethink the relationship between ethics and modern sciences