Publikationer från Stockholms universitet
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Negotiating Modernity and Gender Norms in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories “Cat in the Rain” (1925) and “Hills Like White Elephants” (1927)
No full textDespite being celebrated for his iceberg approach to composition and influential works, Hemingway’s media-created masculine image stirred controversy about his portrayal of gender roles. Some critics accused him of being misogynistic and incapable of depicting women as complex as men, whereas others noted that his fictional women are comprehensive and nuanced for their historical context. Indeed, critics focused extensively on Hemingway’s novels and left his short stories unexamined. In turn, this essay aims to examine the representation of gender roles in Hemingway’s short stories “Cat in the Rain” (1925) and “Hills Like White Elephants” (1927). The essay argues that the protagonists, especially the female protagonists, in these short stories do not completely adhere to their assigned gender roles but rather challenge them in the way they engage in dialogues, the way they act, and in their relationships with their partners. The selected short stories are analyzed by adopting the feminist theorist Simone de Beauvoir’s gender theory and the linguist Robin Lakoff’s theory about male and female language usage. These theories are useful for exploring the gender dynamics and their manifestation in the short stories. Furthermore, the essay studies the pedagogical potential of teaching “Hills Like White Elephants” in a Swedish upper-secondary classroom through multiple classroom activities such as pre-reading activities, group work and discussions, and feedback. The literary analysis through the theoretical lens of Beauvoir and Lakoff shows that the protagonists both conform to and defy gender norms. The female protagonists are subordinate and denied autonomy, but they strive for freedom and attempt to assert themselves in resistance to their authoritarian male partners. Moreover, they seek to embrace their femininity through either hair lengthening or maternity. Although the male protagonists are egocentric and superior, they are largely passive and irresponsible in comparison to their female counterparts. Thus, Hemingway portrays gender not as static and definite, but rather dynamic and vague since the protagonists carry both masculine and feminine traits which they manifest in different situations. By revealing the complexity of gender, these short stories are fruitful to foster students’ critical thinking and discussions on gender roles
Molecular insights into the evolution of sea spray aerosol chemistry : From laboratory to the Eastern North Atlantic
No full textSea spray aerosol (SSA), primarily formed through bubble bursting at the ocean surface, represents one of the largest natural sources of atmospheric aerosols. SSA particles influence Earth’s radiation budget directly by scattering shortwave solar radiation and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. In addition, SSA particles play a key role in atmospheric chemistry by providing surfaces for heterogeneous and multiphase reactions, thereby altering the oxidative balance of the atmosphere. Despite their significance, characterizing the physicochemical properties of SSA remain challenging, as ambient measurements are often complicated by mixing with anthropogenic and other natural sources, even in remote marine environments. This limitation has motivated the use of laboratory experiments, where SSA can be generated under controlled conditions. However, discrepancies exist between the properties of laboratory-generated SSA and those of ambient marine aerosol. Understanding the causes of these differences, and whether they can be bridged, forms the central objective of this thesis. To this end, we deployed a sea spray simulation tank to generate SSA and used a potential aerosol mass (PAM) chamber to simulate atmospheric aging. We coupled this setup with a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS) with iodide as reagent ion and conducted a field campaign on Graciosa Island in the Azores archipelago (eastern North Atlantic). We analyzed the chemical composition of nascent (freshly generated) and aged SSA, comparing them at the molecular level to ambient marine aerosols. This field study, which forms the basis for Papers II, III, and IV of this thesis, revealed that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) co-emitted with nascent SSA are primarily CHO and CHOF compounds, including fatty acids, carboxylic acids, and perfluorocarboxylic acids. We also detected gas-phase urea and dihydroxyurea, which may contribute to marine new particle formation (NPF). Our findings also indicate that the oxidative conditions in the PAM chamber are harsh and favor nucleation of the co-emitted gases over condensation onto existing particles. This was confirmed by the dominance of formic acid – a likely fragmentation product – in the gas-phase composition of aged SSA. Importantly, this work provides the first evidence that SSA particles can serve as a source of gas-phase per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This finding opens new avenues for investigating the volatilization of other low-pKa compounds that may partition into the gas phase under the acidic conditions typical of SSA particles. It suggests that SSA-mediated transport of such species could play a larger role than previously thought. In addition, we examined the particle-phase composition of nascent and aged SSA, which were dominated by CHO and CHON compounds – likely fatty acids and amino acid derivatives – consistent with previous studies. Ambient marine particle-phase aerosols, however, were enriched in glyoxal and CHON compounds, likely products of photochemical aging. Because CIMS was the main analytical tool used in this study, we also delved into developing a deeper understanding of the instrument and identified the key parameters that affects its sensitivity (Paper I). These parameters include reactor pressure, reactor temperature, sample gas temperature, and the voltage gradient in the ion optics downstream of the reactor. For a fixed reactor geometry, we demonstrate that maintaining uniform values for these parameters allows sensitivity, normalized to reagent ion, to serve as a fundamental and transferable metric. This approach could simplify calibration requirements and facilitate cross-study comparisons. Furthermore, we show that collision-limited sensitivity under such conditions can be translated across different reagent ions and polarities, laying the groundwork for future harmonization and parameterization efforts. Taken together, this thesis deepens our molecular-level understanding of SSA and its role in atmospheric chemistry, with practical insights into how we can better measure and compare these complex systems in both laboratory and field settings
Experiences of the Swedish doctoral programme towards early interventions 2018-2025 : implementation, achievements, lessons for the future
No full textThe research school towards early interventions is a multidisciplinary and multisite programme that received funding from the Swedish Research Council with the aim to develop courses and supervise students working on early interventions projects in early childhood education. It was the first time that the discipline of Special Education received a grant of this type in Sweden; early intervention in early childhood education was underdeveloped and the grant was a great opportunity to make the field grow. Eleven PhD students have been enrolled in the programme and several other have been involved in the courses. The aim of the poster is to describe the implementation of the PhD programme, the curriculum developed, and to report quantitative and qualitative analyses of achievements in terms of theses, published articles, and some preliminary evaluations of the impact of the school both in research and professional training. Based on these experiences recommendations for future efforts are provided.
Book Review : Menezes, Alzenir. Instrumentos Musicais nasLínguas Bantu e Herança no Português do Brasil.Amsterdã: LOT, 2024
No full textEsta resenha analisa a tese Instrumentos Musicais nas Línguas Bantu e Herançano Português do Brasil, de Alzenir Menezes, destacando suas contribuiçõese limitações no campo da linguística histórica e da etnomusicologia. A obrapropõe uma investigação lexical abrangente sobre nomes de instrumentos musicaisem línguas bantu e sua projeção no português brasileiro, com base emreconstruções temáticas, dados do BLR3 e classificações onomasiológicas. Oscapítulos dedicados às línguas bantu demonstram rigor metodológico e riquezadocumental, enquanto o capítulo voltado ao contexto brasileiro apresenta lacunasimportantes no uso de fontes e na articulação com comunidades locais. Aresenha destaca a abordagem interdisciplinar de Menezes e sua articulação entrelinguagem, música e identidade cultural, ao mesmo tempo em que aponta assimetriasanalíticas e ausência de dados atualizados. Apesar dessas limitações,a tese representa uma contribuição relevante e inaugura caminhos promissorespara pesquisas futuras sobre a herança linguística africana na diáspora
Jura novit curia och underrättelsekravet : En analys av principen om jura novit curia och dess förhållande till Europakonventionens underrättelsekrav enligt artikel 6.3.a) vid förändrade rättsliga kvalificeringar
No full textFor a long time, the legal principle of jura novit curia has had an indisputable and unshakeable place in the Swedish legal system. However, its position has been called into question due to the European Convention. Through the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights it has been made clear that article 6.3.a) of the Convention imposes a requirement on the court that may seem incompatible with the meaning of jura novit curia. The requirement is to notify the accused in case of legal recharacterisations of the indicted act. While some authors argue that jura novit curia is limited by this, the Supreme Court has recently ruled that this is not the case. This difference of opinion raises the question of the meaning of the legal principle of jura novit curia and the notification requirement, and in turn the relationship between them. This is the subject of this thesis. This essay is threefold. The first part examines the meaning and function(s) of jura novit curia. The second part examines the notification requirement. The third part examines the relationship between these two, based on the conclusions in the previous parts. The method used is the legal dogmatic method. Regarding the first part, doctrinal sources are read and collated in order to ascertain the meaning and function(s) of the principle. Regarding the second part, rulings from the European Court and the Supreme Court are analysed. The third and last part consists of a comparison between the findings in the first and second part. The findings are correlated to each part. Regarding jura novit curia, the thesis concludes that the meaning of the principle is fourfold. The principle consists of a duty on the court 1) to know the applicable law and 2) to apply the applicable law correctly. In addition, the principle consists of freedom from 3) proving the content of the law and 4) the legal provisions invoked. Regarding its function, it is noted that the principle counteracts the risk of perversion of justice, thereby maintaining loyalty to the applicable law – as a guarantee of legal certainty. Regarding the notification requirement, the thesis draws several conclusions about the scope of the notification, the court's approach, the timing of the notification, and the importance of the defendant's own insights. Finally, regarding the relationship between these, the thesis finds that the notification requirement does not interfere with the obligation to 1) know and 2) apply applicable law. With regard to the freedom 3) from evidence of the content of the law and 4) the legal provisions invoked, no restriction is found
Lärmiljöns betydelse för högstadieelevers matematikutveckling : En kvalitativ intervjustudie med speciallärare med specialisering mot matematikutveckling
No full textA cluster-randomized controlled trial of a teacher-coaching intervention : a pilot study aimed at supporting classroom climate and student development
No full textThis pilot study examined the utility of a practice-based coaching (PBC) intervention in Swedish elementary schools designed to support the classroom climate and benefit students. The intervention involved activities, self-assessment, observation, and coaching to the teachers, with the aim of improving the classroom climate and students’ self-concept, prosocial behavior, well-being, and academic achievement. The design was a cluster randomized trial with the school as the assignment unit. Participants in the intervention were 66 students in four classes, and in the control, four classes with 77 students. The duration of the intervention was five months. An autoregressive structural equation model was estimated. The correlations between the latent variables at pre-test ranged from low to high. There were significant standardized path coefficients concerning all the latent variables pre- and post-test. The estimates of the intervention at the post-test were non-significant. The results suggested a longer duration of the intervention with more frequent coaching sessions, which may enhance its effect.Samspel i samklang med elevers beho
A Validation Study of the Extended Relevance Scale using the D3mirt Package for R
No full textThis paper reports a validation study based on descriptive multidimensional item response theory (DMIRT), implemented in the R package D3mirt by using the ERS-C, an extended version of the Relevance subscale from the Moral Foundations Questionnaire including two new items for collectivism (17 items in total). Two latent models are created and investigated in two large samples (N = 1560 and N = 1380 US citizens). The internal investigation indicates a presence of two unidimensions, Compassion and Conformity, and a third within-multidimension of Collectivism in both samples. The external investigation show that Republicans are the highest on Conformity in the models, followed by Independents, and lastly Democrats. Democratic followers are the highest on compassion, followed by Independents and Republicans. No difference between groups on Collectivism were found. Lastly, the models succeeded in correctly identifying the Republican and Democratic voters but struggled to correctly classify the Independent.Research funded by Stiftelsen Elisabeth och Herman Rhodins Minne (SU FV-0045-21 and SU FV-4334-21), recipient Erik Forsberg.</p
Neuromarknadsföringens etiska gränser
No full textSyftet med denna studie är att undersöka forskningsfrågan: Hur skiljer sig Generation Z:s och Generation X:s attityder till etiska risker inom neuromarknadsföring, med fokus på integritet och insamling av hjärndata via bärbar teknik?. I en tid av snabb teknologisk utveckling och ökande användning av hjärndata i marknadsföringssammanhang är det avgörande att förstå hur olika generationer upplever dessa praktiker – särskilt ur ett etiskt perspektiv. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. Data samlades in genom semistrukturerade djupintervjuer med tio deltagare från båda generationerna. Denna metod valdes för att möjliggöra en fördjupad förståelse av individers attityder, resonemang och värderingar kring komplexa frågor som etik och personlig integritet. Resultaten visar tydliga generationsskillnader i synen på neuromarknadsföringens etiska risker. Generation Z uppvisade hög teknisk vana och en större öppenhet för ny teknik, men betonade samtidigt vikten av personlig kontroll och transparens. Generation X visade större skepsis och framhöll behovet av yttre reglering och statlig tillsyn. Trots dessa skillnader hade båda generationerna en begränsad förståelse för vad informerat samtycke innebär, och uttryckte oro för potentiella integritetskränkningar kopplade till insamling och användning av hjärndata. Studien visar att neuromarknadsföring utgör en legitimitetsutmaning när den bedrivs utan tydlig transparens, och understryker behovet av etiska ramverk som anpassas efter olika generationers förväntningar. För att möta dessa utmaningar krävs både tekniska lösningar och utveckling av tydligare etiska riktlinjer.The aim of this study is to explore how individuals from Generation Z and Generation X perceive the ethical risks of neuromarketing, with a particular focus on privacy and the use of brain data collected through wearable technologies. In an era of rapid technological advancement and increasing use of brain data in marketing contexts, it is crucial to understand how different generations perceive such practices, especially from an ethical standpoint. To investigate this, a qualitative research strategy was employed. Data was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with participants from both generations. This approach was chosen to gain a deeper understanding of individuals’ attitudes, reasoning, and values related to the complex topics of ethics and privacy. The results reveal distinct generational contrasts in attitudes toward the ethical risks of neuromarketing. Generation Z exhibited greater technological fluency and openness to emerging tools, yet also emphasized the value of personal control and transparency. In contrast, Generation X responded with greater skepticism, underscoring the importance of external regulation and governmental oversight. Despite these differences, both generations demonstrated a limited understanding of informed consent and voiced concerns about potential privacy infringements stemming from the collection and use of brain data. The study concludes that neuromarketing poses a legitimacy challenge when used without transparency, and highlights the need for differentiated ethical frameworks tailored to generational expectations. Addressing these challenges will require both technological solutions and the development of clearer ethical guidelines
Automatiserad klassificering av frågor utifrån svenska intonationsmönster
No full textQuestion specific intonation patterns in Swedish are often described as having a phrase-final rise. The use of this marker is optional, and some studies link it to certain question types. This study investigates how often such patterns occur in interview dialogues, and their impact on how machine learning models trained on different features can predict questions in speech. The models were trained on sequences of normalized f0-values from 1522 sentences. They were also trained on the semantic embeddings of each sentence using a Swedish Sentence-BERT model. A phonetic analysis investigating the frequency of a perceptible rise in the phrase-final syllable of 189 questions from the same data found that it only occurs in 8.6% of questions, with no significant difference in frequency between question types. In the computational analysis, none of the models accurately classified questions based on intonation alone. The Logistic Regression model achieved the highest accuracy at 54.5%, marginally above the chance level. Models trained on semantic embeddings achieved better accuracy (66-72.4%), but were not optimal. These findings suggest that question-specific intonation patterns are rare in Swedish, limiting machine learning models’ ability to predict questions from intonation alone. Det intonationsmönster som ofta förknippas med frågor i svenska beskrivs i form av en final tonstigning. Användandet av detta intonationsmönster i frågor är frivilligt och kopplas delvis till specifika frågetyper. Denna studie undersöker hur frekvent detta intonationsmönster används i frågor, samt hur det påverkar maskinell klassificering av frågor utifrån intonationsmönster. Tre maskininlärningsmodeller tränas på sekvenser av normaliserade f0-värden från totalt 1522 meningar, samt separat på deras semantiska inbäddningar genererade med en svensk Sentence- BERT-modell. En fonetisk analys av uppfattbara stigningar i den sista stavelsen visar att ett finalt stigande intonationsmönster endast förekommer i 8.6% av frågor i materialet, utan sig- nifikanta skillnader mellan frågetyper. I den datorlingvistiska analysen lyckades ingen av mod- ellerna klassificera frågor korrekt enbart utifrån intonationsmönster. Den logistiska regression- smodellen hade det högsta noggrannhetsvärdet på 54.5%, vilket endast marginellt överstiger chansnivån. Modellerna som tränades på semantiska inbäddningar uppvisade högre, men inte optimala noggrannhetsvärden (66-72.4%). Resultaten tyder på att intonationsmönster specifika för frågor sällan används i svenska, vilket försvårar maskininlärningsmodellers förmåga att identifiera frågor endast utifrån intonationsmönster.