Publikationer från Stockholms universitet
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Integration through education : A comparative study of intergenerational educational mobility differences among native- and foreign background populations in Europe
No full textGroup-comparisons of intergenerational social mobility rates can speak volumes about a society’s degree of opportunity equality. In this study, the probabilities of upward- and downward mobility in tertiary education are compared between Europeans with native- and foreign-born parents, as an evaluation of integration operationalized as similarity in mobility patterns. The argument is that similar mobility rates given educational background indicate that the descendants of immigrants likely will be integrated over time. The research question is: Does the relationship between parental educational level and the probability of having a tertiary education differ between people with foreign background and those with native background? The comparisons are based on native vs. foreign background differences in the predicted probabilities of achieving high education, for those with high-educated and low-educated parents respectively, over three different age cohorts spanning the birthyears 1940-1999, in seven Western European countries. The estimates are calculated from a pooled ESS dataset using country- and cohort specific LPM models. The results show that different countries and cohorts face different integration challenges: some have foreign-background penalties in upward mobility, and others in high-status reproduction. In some countries and contexts, the foreign-background population is however integrated, or even has advantages in the mentioned aspects
Speeding Up Success: Analyzing Factors Influencing the Duration of Nonviolent Movements
No full textBackground: Resistance movements that challenge government authority appear to be on the rise. While they may use violent or non-violent tactics, non-violent movements have become the most prevalent type of government opposition mobilization, outperforming violent movements by a 2-to-1 success rate in obtaining objectives. Given this, the present study focuses intently on resistance movement duration, and specifically asks what factors predict how long it takes a resistance movement to succeed. Methods: Hypotheses related to the effect of movement unity, participant size, and external support from major powers on the duration of non-violent movements were tested on a global sample of all campaigns with maximalist goals (e.g., demanding significant institutional change, regime change, and/or territorial independence) between 1945 and 2013. Results and Conclusion: We find statistically significant support for our hypotheses, indicating lessons for organizers of resistance movements seeking to make important changes
From Policy to Practice
No full textThis thesis investigates how nine EU member states have transposed the Network and Information Security Directive’s (NIS2) cybersecurity training requirements into national legislation, focusing on the legal obligations imposed by Articles 20 and 21. The research addresses the problem of inconsistent implementation, which complicates compliance for organizations operating across borders and may undermine the directive’s goal of achieving a high common level of cybersecurity. The primary research question: How have EU member states transposed the NIS2 Directive’s cybersecurity training requirements into national legislation, and what legal obligations do these regulations impose on organizations? Using a systematic literature review and thematic analysis, the thesis identifies two primary models of legal transposition: compliance through specification and compliance through principle. Some countries have introduced detailed mandates with enforcement mechanisms, while others rely on general guidelines with minimal operational detail. The findings reveal that legal divergence affects organizational readiness, training standardization, and cross-border collaboration. The study concludes that although flexibility in implementation enables national adaptation, it also results in inconsistent application, potentially undermining collective cybersecurity. Greater EU-level coordination and clearer guidance could improve legal coherence and operational clarity. The thesis contributes to understanding the legal landscape of cybersecurity training in the EU and offers practical insights for policymakers, compliance officers, and organizational decision-makers
The relationship between parental responsivity and children’s language development : A longitudinal study of parent-child-interaction
No full textTidigare studier av föräldra-barn-interaktion har visat på positiva samband mellan föräldrars responsivitet till små barns språk, och barns språkutveckling. Föräldrar har också visat sig favorisera mer ”språklika” barnyttranden och prata mer med barn som producerar ord. I denna uppsats utforskas dessa båda förhållanden, samt om ett av dessa förhållanden är mer informativt för barns longitudinella språkutveckling. Föräldra-barn-interaktion i 10 dyader analyserades vid 12 och 18 månaders ålder (m.å.), med fokus på barns yttrande- och gestproduktion och föräldrars responsivitet inom samma domäner. Interaktionsanalysen relaterades till en skattning av barnens generella språkutveckling (SCDI) vid 36 m.å. Resultaten vid 18 m.å. visar att barn som producerade fler yttranden fick mer föräldrarespons. Barn som fick mer föräldrarespons vid 18 m.å. hade också en högre poäng på generell språkutveckling vid 36 m.å. Inga motsvarande, signifikanta samband identifierades vid 12 m.å. Ett förslag till tolkning av resultaten är att barns påverkan på föräldrars responsivitet, och den påverkan som föräldrars responsivitet har på barns språk, är tätt sammanflätade. Med förbehåll för denna studies begränsningar kan detta ses understryka vikten av föräldrars responsivitet till barns språkliga utforskande i ett visst stadium av språktillägnandet. Eftersom mängden föräldrarespons är beroende av barnets yttrandefrekvens, måste betydelsen av föräldrars responsivitet förstås i kontexten av den interaktionsdynamik som förälder och barn tillsammans bygger upp.Previous studies on parent-child-interaction have identified positive correlations between parental responsiveness and children’s language development. Parents have also been shown to favor more “speech-like” child vocalizations and be more inclined to talk to children who produce words. The aim of this thesis is to explore both of these relationships, and investigate whether one of them is more informative on children’s longitudinal language development. Parent-child-interaction was analyzed in 10 dyads at 12 and 18 months of age (m.o.a.). An estimate of children’s general language development (SCDI) at 36 m.o.a served as a reference measure for the analysis. The results show that children who produced more utterances received more parental response at 18 m.o.a. Children who received more parental response at 18 m.o.a. also scored higher in general language development at 36 m.o.a. No corresponding significant correlations were found for parent-child-interaction at 12 m.o.a. One suggestion for interpretation of these results is that children’s influence on parental responsiveness and the influence that parental responsiveness has on children’s language, are closely intertwined. Subject to the limitations of this study, these results underline the importance of parental responsiveness to children’s language explorations at a certain stage of language acquisition. Crucially, the amount of parental response depends on children’s production. Therefore, parental responsiveness must be comprehended in the context of dyadic interaction, jointly constructed by the parent and child.MINT-projekte
Structure Determination of Proteins and Protein-ligand Complexes Using Electron Diffraction
No full textMacromolecular crystallography provides high-resolution structural information of proteins and protein-ligand complexes, offering essential insights for structure-based drug discovery. Electron diffraction methods, including three-dimensional electron diffraction (3D ED), also known as micro-crystal electron diffraction (MicroED), and serial electron diffraction (SerialED), enable structure determination from nanocrystals and are particularly useful for macromolecules that cannot form large crystals or require long crystallization times. However, the application of electron diffraction to macromolecular structure determination remains challenging, owing to limitations in sample preparation, beam-induced damage, and the efficiency of data processing. To overcome these difficulties, multiple methods and workflows were developed and systematically optimized in this thesis. For sample preparation, a rapid mixing protein crystallization (RaMiC) method combined with a surfactant-assisted grid preparation strategy was established. Through this method, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) grids containing well-ordered sub-micron-sized crystals suitable for electron diffraction can be reproducibly prepared. To simplify and streamline MicroED data processing, a graphical platform named Automated Real-time and Offline Batch MicroED Data Processing Graphical User Interface (AutoLEI) was developed. It enables high-throughput offline batch processing of large numbers of datasets within minutes and supports online real-time processing. To further reduce electron beam damage, a continuous SerialED (c-SerialED) method was developed, and as a benchmark, the triclinic lysozyme structure was determined at 0.83 Å resolution. From the generated difference map, potential positions for hydrogen atoms were directly identified. Based on these developments, a structure-based drug discovery workflow integrating RaMiC, rapid soaking, real-time MicroED ligand screening and high-resolution c-SerialED structure determination was established. To validate the workflow, crystals of the human protein MutT homolog 1 (MTH1) were soaked individually with four ligands, and the method was applied to determine whether they bind to the protein’s active site. With soaking times as short as 3 seconds, binding could be preliminarily evaluated by real-time MicroED within 25-50 minutes. For three ligands that passed pre-screening, c-SerialED data were collected and structures of protein-ligand complexes were solved at 1.7 Å resolution. The electrostatic potential maps clearly revealed the binding modes. In summary, this thesis establishes a practical workflow for high-resolution protein and protein-ligand complex structure determination by electron diffraction, highlighting its potential in structure-based drug discovery
Digital Sovereignty in a Multi-cloud Environment in the Health Sector
No full textAs cloud computing becomes more prevalent, healthcare organisations are increasingly adopting multi-cloud strategies to enhance system resilience, flexibility, and performance. However, this shift raises concerns about the ability to manage and protect sensitive data, systems, and decision-making processes in environments controlled by various foreign cloud providers. This study investigates the central research question: How can healthcare organisations maintain digital sovereignty when utilising multi-cloud environments? A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews with healthcare IT professionals and quantitative data from structured surveys to strengthen validity. The findings reveal that, while multi-cloud adoption delivers strategic and technical benefits, it also introduces significant risks related to data localisation, vendor lock-in, regulatory compliance, and security governance. To address these challenges, the study identifies key enablers of digital sovereignty: strong data governance frameworks, well-crafted contractual agreements, regulatory alignment, and emerging technologies such as confidential computing and sovereign cloud infrastructures. The research concludes that with deliberate planning and investment in governance and innovation, healthcare organisations can achieve a balance between leveraging multi-cloud benefits and preserving digital autonomy. Limitations include a modest qualitative sample and regional focus, suggesting a need for broader, cross-national studies. This work contributes actionable insights to guide healthcare stakeholders in safeguarding sovereignty within a complex and evolving digital ecosystem
The Role of Annotation Methods and Segmentation in Machine Learning for AR Object Detection
No full textAccurate object detection is critical for enabling real-time interaction in Augmented Reality (AR) applications. This thesis examines how annotation strategies, specifically bounding boxes and instance segmentation, impact the performance of machine learning (ML) models for AR object detection. The study focuses on Rune, a mobile AR app designed to detect six-sided dice during tabletop gaming. Two datasets were created using Roboflow’s AI-assisted annotation tools: one annotated with bounding boxes and one with segmentation masks. Each dataset was used to train a YOLOv11 model. The models were evaluated based on detection accuracy (mAP), localization precision (IoU), inference speed, and performance in occluded or complex scenes. The results show that the bounding box model achieved higher mAP scores and faster inference times, making it more suitable for real-time mobile deployment. However, the segmentation model demonstrated better robustness in challenging scenes involving occlusion and overlapping objects. The findings highlight a trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency, suggesting that bounding boxes are optimal for latency-sensitive AR experiences, while segmentation offers benefits in precision-critical contexts. This research contributes to optimizing annotation strategies for ML-driven AR applications, especially those deployed on resource-constrained mobile platforms
Excluding unlaughter : Humor as affective practice in a youth detention center for boys
No full textAhmed has suggested that refusing to laugh may be used as a political strategy for oppressed groups. But what happens when it becomes a tool of discipline and exclusion? Drawing on a video ethnographic study of incarcerated boys and their staff in detention home treatment, this paper focuses on one of the boy's struggle for inclusion. Despite formal equal treatment, his exclusion was maintained by the others' refusal to laugh at his attempts to be funny. We thus aim to study, in interactional detail, how unlaughter may work as a subtle yet powerful affective practice.Ahmed har diskuterat potentialen i den feministiska glädjedödarens vägran att skratta med som en politisk strategi. Men vad händer när icke-skrattet blir ett verktyg för exkludering? Med utgångspunkt i en videoetnografisk studie på ett ungdomshem undersöker artikeln ett fall där en pojke fick anstränga sig för att bli inkluderad i ungdomshemmets gemenskap. Formellt behandlades han på samma sätt som de andra, men hans exkludering manifesterades genom de andras frånvaro av skratt som svar på hans försök att skämta. Artikeln ger därmed ett bidrag till hur icke-skrattet kan förstås som diskursiv/affektiv praktik för disciplinering och exkludering i social interaktion
Evolutionary pathways to trait diversity and specialisation
No full textPlant traits shape the distribution, environmental tolerances and evolutionary histories of species. In this thesis, I focus on the evolutionary history and diversity of key traits in the grass family (Poaceae), one of the most globally distributed and ecologically diverse lineages of flowering plants. This thesis addresses fundamental questions related to the evolutionary history and diversity of traits in grasses, including the rates and patterns of their evolution, relationships among them and methodological considerations for inferring the above. Using comparative phylogenetic approaches, I address four main aims: (1) determine if drought tolerance acted as a precursor to frost and/or severe winter tolerance; (2) test whether variation in germination rates among temperate grasses is shaped by life history strategy, growing season length and seed size; (3) assess how trait lability can be quantified at macroevolutionary scales and investigate the lability of life history; and (4) test whether evolutionary transitions in life history strategy are correlated with changes in photosynthetic pathway. Trait data were compiled from large-scale databases such as GrassBase, while abiotic stress tolerances were inferred by linking occurrence records (GBIF) to the climates a species occupies using Köppen-Geiger climate zones. Analyses were performed using multiple phylogenetic trees representing different data sources and taxon sampling, together with a range of evolutionary models, including Pagel’s correlation, hidden Markov models and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models. This thesis challenges several assumptions about trait evolution. Drought tolerance has long been thought to have facilitated evolution of frost and severe winter tolerance, but chapter I only finds limited evidence for this. Instead, many lineages are specialised in either drought or cold, suggesting possible constraints to adapting to both traits. Chapter II found that germination rate evolves towards consistently faster optima in annuals. Chapter III revealed frequent transitions from perennial to annual, but the classification of clades as “labile” or “stable” depends strongly on the analytical approach used. Finally, Chapter IV showed that while annuality and C4 photosynthesis are both prevalent in hot, dry environments, these traits evolve independently rather than correlated. Overall, this thesis advances our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of key traits in grasses and demonstrates the value of thoughtful methodological choices to accurately infer macroevolutionary patterns and processes
Sprachlandschaft(en) im öffentlichen Bildungsbereich : De facto Sprachpolicy in Kölner Stadtteilbibliotheken
No full textDiese Arbeit untersuchte die Mehrsprachigkeit in Kölner Stadtteilbibliotheken und ist als ein Beitrag zur Sprachlandschaftsforschung zu verstehen. Fokus lag auf Beschilderung außerhalb des ausleihbaren Materials, um die de facto Sprachpolicy und präsenten Sprachideologien bezüglich der Mehrsprachigkeit in diesem öffentlichen und amtlichen Raum besser zu verstehen. Kölns diverse Bevölkerung stellte den gesellschaftlichen Kontext dar und mit Hilfe der VaLLS-Methode wurden drei Stadtteilbibliotheken in Stadtteilen verschiedener Bevölkerungsstruktur untersucht, in denen Aspektewie Sprachauswahl, Urheber:innen und sprachliche Funktionen dokumentiert wurden. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass die untersuchte Sprachlandschaft stark von bestehenden Sprachideologien in ähnlichen sowie naheliegenden Umgebungen beeinflusst wird. Die herrschende Dominanz der Amtssprache Deutsch und fast komplette Abwesenheit von Sprachen örtlicher allochtonen Minderheiten spricht für die Anwesenheit einer in Europa häufig anwesenden Ideologie von sprachlicher Assimilation aus amtlicher Richtung, während die relativ starke Anwesenheit des Englischen, v.a. aus imagebezogenen Gründen und als eine Art Lingua Franca, mit der Gestaltung in anderen naheliegenden öffentlichen Umgebungen und mit der globalen Tendenz übereinstimmt. Die untersuchte Sprachlandschaft scheint sich in einem westeuropäischen sprach- und kulturgeschichtlichen Kontext zu befinden, weil andere westeuropäischen Sprachen in Bezug auf vermutete Sprachbenutzer:innen relativ große Anwesenheit besitzen und allgemeinere Botschaften kommunizieren, als Sprachen allochtoner Minderheiten. Die Sprachlandschaften jeweiliger Stadtteilbibliothek ähneln sich stark und erscheinen nicht im größeren Maße von ihren Umgebungen beeinflusst zu sein, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Stadtteilbibliotheken sich als eigenständige Einheiten unabhängig von ihren Umgebungen halten.This study examined multilingualism in Cologne's district libraries and should be understood as a contribution to linguistic landscape research. The focus was on signage outside of the borrowable material to better understand the prevailing de facto language policy and language ideologies regarding multilingualism in this public and official space. Cologne's diverse population provided the social context, and with the help of the VaLLS method, three district libraries in neighbourhoods with different population structures were examined, documenting aspects such as language choice, originators and linguistic functions. This study shows that the examined linguistic landscape is strongly influenced by existing language ideologies in similar and neighbouring environments. The prevailing dominance of the official language German and the almost complete absence of languages of local allochthonous minorities points to the presence of an ideology of linguistic assimilation from official sources that is common in Europe, while the relatively strong presence of English, mainly for image-related reasons and as a kind of lingua franca, is consistent with the form in other nearby public environments and with the global trend. The linguistic landscape examined appears to be situated within a Western European linguistic and cultural-historical context, because Western European languages have a relatively large presence in terms of presumed language users and communicate more general messages than the languages of allochthonous minorities. The linguistic landscapes of respective district library are very similar and do not appear to be influenced to any great extent by their surroundings, which suggests that the libraries consider themselves to be independent entities separate from their surroundings