Publikationer från Stockholms universitet
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Cybersäkerhet i förändring : Kommunernas roll i civilförsvaret enligt den nya cybersäkerhetslagen
No full textCybersecurity has become a growing priority in Sweden, particularly due to several high-profile cyberattacks. For instance, Kalix municipality suffered a ransomware attack in 2021, resulting in over two million Swedish crowns in losses. Similarly, Kalmar municipality faced a cyberattack in February 2024, allegedly linked to a Russian hacker group. These incidents highlight both the economic motives behind cyberattacks and the ideological factors driving state-sponsored attacks on critical services.This thesis examines the legal requirements concerning cybersecurity that apply to Swedish municipalities, with a particular focus on the implementation of the NIS2-directive through the new cybersecurity law. As digitalization continues to transform public administration, the need for robust cybersecurity measures has become increasingly critical. The study aims to map and analyse the implica-tions of the new legislation for municipalities, which are often resource-con-strained compared to larger governmental bodies and private entities. All municipalities will be required to comply with the new cybersecurity law, which may pose challenges, especially for smaller municipalities that lack the re-sources and expertise of larger entities. The law will also expand the oversight responsibilities of various authorities, requiring regular reporting from munici-palities to ensure adequate cybersecurity measures are in place. That means the new cybersecurity law poses an infringement to the municipalities right to selfgovernance. In conclusion, while Sweden is undertaking significant reforms to enhance its civil defence and cybersecurity framework, there is considerable doubt regarding the necessity of including all municipalities in these new regulations. The require-ment for every municipality to comply with the standards set by the upcoming cybersecurity law raises concerns about the potential strain on their limited re-sources. These mandates could also threaten municipal selfgovernance by adding significant responsibilities for risk management and incident reporting, po-tentially increasing costs for taxpayers. Striking a balance between stronger cybersecurity and local autonomy is essential, prompting consideration on whether a more tailored approach for smaller municipalities might achieve these goals without undermining their independence
Systematic inquiries conducted - but what do we do with the results? : Teaching strategies for evaluating results during scientific inquiry in grades 4-6
No full textSyftet med denna studie är att få en djupare förståelse för hur NO-lärare, utifrån olika undervisningsstrategier, integrerar delmomentet att värdera resultat under systematiska undersökningar i undervisningen. Detta är av intresse då tidigare studier visar att lärare drar sig för att låta eleverna genomföra systematiska undersökningar och att värdera resultaten. Studier visar även på att elever har bristande kunskaper om systematiska undersökningar och deras syfte. Detta problematiseras ytterligare då elever riskerar att få missuppfattningar och bristande tillit till naturvetenskapen i sig när de inte ges möjlighet att genomföra systematiska undersökningar och värdera dess resultat. För denna kvalitativa studie har metoden grundad teori använts för urval, insamling, bearbetning och analys av empirin som erhållits genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem NO-lärare i åk 4-6. Resultatet visar att lärare använder olika undervisningsstrategier som ömsesidigt påverkar varandra i en dynamisk process. Genom att integrera delmomentet att värdera resultat, utifrån olika tillvägagångssätt i den handlingsinriktade undervisningen, ges eleverna förutsättningar att utveckla en naturvetenskaplig förståelse. Djupet av den naturvetenskapliga förståelsen som utvecklas hos eleverna påverkas dels av den stöttning lärarna ger och dels av den elevdelaktighet som möjliggörs genom det sociala lärandet med stöd av multimodala verktyg. Men framförallt påverkas den naturvetenskapliga förståelsen av det förhållningssätt som läraren har och som formar undervisningen. Vetskapen om det lärande som utvecklas när elever värderar resultat samt hur lärare integrerar delmomentet i sin undervisning, hoppas författarna ska ge lärare stöttning vid sin egna utformning av undervisningen. Detta med förhoppning om att lärare i större utsträckning ska möjliggöra för eleverna att utföra systematiska undersökningar och värdera resultaten så att eleverna ges förutsättningar att utveckla sin naturvetenskapliga förståelse
Quantum and Classical Perspectives on Dark Matter and Gravity : From Axion Dark Matter Squeezing to Novel Tests of Gravity
No full textThis thesis in theoretical physics explores fundamental aspects of gravity and quantum mechanics, focusing on how quantum effects arise in gravitational and cosmological contexts. Specifically, we investigate how novel quantum effects in axion dark matter models—a promising dark matter candidate with numerous ongoing experimental detection efforts—manifest and critically examine the implications of gravity-induced entanglement proposals as potential experimental tests of quantum gravity. Additionally, we propose new approaches to testing fundamental principles of gravity, particularly in identifying and constraining possible discrepancies between how gravitational fields are sourced and probed, both in the classical and quantum domains. By drawing on insights from quantum optics and cosmology while leveraging recent experimental advancements, this thesis challenges existing paradigms and proposes new methods for exploring the interplay between gravity and quantum mechanics. In Paper I, we focus on squeezing of axion dark matter, a quantum effect that accompanies the standard description of axions. The commonly used mean-field treatment obscures potential quantum signatures in the system. We show that under standard assumptions, the quantum state of axions is highly squeezed. This suggests that the mean-field description of axion dark matter is incomplete, paving the way for studies beyond this approximation. Moreover, this thesis explores the decoherence of axion dark matter, assessing whether squeezing remains robust in the presence of decoherence—an essential step toward experimental probing such an effect. We demonstrate that squeezing persists under generic environmental interactions, indicating that quantum effects may be expected for dark matter. Our results stem from an interdisciplinary approach bridging cosmology, quantum optics, quantum open systems, and cold atoms. In Paper II, we explore the quantum aspects of gravity. For nearly a century, reconciling gravity with quantum mechanics has been a challenge, hindered by the lack of experimental evidence. Recent advances in quantum control of large systems have renewed interest in testing this through tabletop experiments. An influential proposal aims to test whether gravity mediates entanglement between two spatially superposed mesoscopic masses, using a quantum-information-theoretic argument based on LOCC (Local Operations and Classical Communication) to infer quantized gravitational mediators. However, there has been a heated debate about what conclusions can be drawn from such an experiment. We critically assess this proposal, its assumptions, and its implications for quantum gravity. We conclude that the LOCC argument is insufficient to unambiguously infer quantum mediators unless locality is elevated to a fundamental principle of nature. We support this claim by showing that well-known relativistic field theories, beyond their local formulations, admit equally viable non-local ones. Thus, the entanglement-generating quantum channel can be local or non-local, even within relativity. We also highlight that cosmic microwave background observations already provide evidence for the quantization of the Newtonian potential. Nevertheless, the experiment probes a new, untested regime—how quantum delocalized source masses gravitate. Paper III builds on the conclusions of Paper II, specifically examining how delocalized masses source gravity. We investigate whether it is sensible, within established theories, to distinguish between sourcing and probing gravity. To explore this, we first analyze classical Newtonian gravity, revisiting studies on violations of active and passive gravitational mass. We introduce novel parameters capturing a broader range of possible violations, including quantum mechanical ones. Using existing experimental setups, such as Cavendish and free-fall experiments, we propose new methods to constrain these parameters. Our constraints could match or surpass those from prior experiments. This work opens a new avenue for testing the fundamental principle of the equality of active and passive gravitational masses—an area that has received little attention. Additionally, we extend beyond classical tests, proposing novel quantum experiments. This stems from the intriguing possibility that, while no distinction exists between active and passive gravitational mass in classical physics, such violations could emerge, through mass-energy equivalence, in the deep quantum gravity domain
Social barnavård i (rättslig) förändring : från social tjänst och frivillighet till social kontroll och utökat tvång
No full textAldrig tidigare har den sociala barnavården, det vill säga socialtjänstensansvar för och arbete med att skydda barn från att fara illa, diskuterats så mycket som under senare år. Frågor om samhällets och särskilt socialtjänstens ansvar för att skydda barn från skadliga hemförhållanden, men också hanteringen av unga som kopplas till (gäng)kriminalitet, har under 2020-talets första hälft kommit att bli centrala frågor inom svensk politik. Många initiativ till rättsliga reformer har tagits. Något förenklat är kärnan i de förändringar som genomförs att socialtjänsten ges utökade befogenheter att utreda och ingripa till skydd för barn utan samtycke samt att placeringar utanför hemmet liksom uppföljningar efter insatser ska pågå under längre tid. Det innebär kortfattat ett skifte från frivillighet ,som varit en bärande grundprincip i socialtjänstlagen, till utökat tvång. De kommunala socialnämnderna kan därmed sägas få en förändrad roll från social tjänst till en myndighet som i ökad utsträckning kommer att syssla med social kontroll
Supply of Gender and Sexual Minority Political Candidates : A quantitative analysis of the political ambition and perceived welcomeness of gender and sexual minority political candidates
No full textThis thesis investigates how gender and sexual minority identities shape political ambition and perceptions of welcomeness. Incorporating intersectionality theory, it examines willingness to run for office and perceived welcomeness in political spheres of identity groups compared to Cisgender Heterosexual Men who were selected as a control group. This is achieved using multiple regression models with progressive inclusion of socio-demographic and political variables. Data from a large survey highlight that some groups—such as Transgender Individuals—show higher political ambition; others, including Non-Binary Individuals and Cisgender Queer Women of Color, face compounded barriers. The results reveal that demographic and political engagement factors only partially mitigate these challenges. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to foster more inclusive, representative politics. In regards to intersectionality, this thesis proves that being part of multiple minority groups reduces perceived welcomeness but could not reach a solid conclusion in regards to race being a more prevalent factor than gender and sexuality
From problem to potential: Conflicting constructions of youth with NDD : A Foucauldian discourse analysis of Jobba Frisk NPF ‘s advisory texts for study and career guidance
No full textMed frågeställning ”Hur kan du jobba frisk med NPF?” positionerar projektet Jobba Frisk NPF:s rådgivande texter för studie- och yrkesvägledning gruppen unga med NPF i spänningsfältet mellan en medicinskt beteendevetenskaplig diskurs och en arbetsmarknadsdiskurs. Texternas överförande av samtida politiskt vetenskapliga sanningsanspråk på unga med NPF till vägledningspraktiken gör problemområdet relevant för kritisk analys. Studien utgörs av en diskursanalys med Foucaults teoretiska perspektiv på biomakt/biopolitik med de analytiska begreppen subjektskonstruktioner och (själv)styrningstekniker. Syftet är att bidra med kunskap om vad de rådgivande texterna problematiserar, hur det problematiseras, samt med vilka effekter. Bacchis metod ”What’s the problem represented to be?” (WPR) tillämpades för att granska underliggande antagen som ligger till grund för texternas framställning av unga med NPF som problem och studie- och yrkesvägledning som lösning. Studien bidrar med ett kritiskt kunskapstillskott till ett forskningsområde som främst utgörs av förklaringsinriktade perspektiv på gruppens föreställda problem och risker. Resultatet visar att medicinsk och/eller kompensatorisk studie- och yrkesvägledning formuleras som disciplinära och normaliserande (själv)styrningstekniker av biopolitisk karaktär för främjandet av ett hälsosamt och hållbart arbetsliv. Gruppen positioneras i riskzonen för potentiella problem i det framtida arbetslivet, vilket ligger till grund för tolkningen av ett dominerande hållbarhetsproblem och konstruktionen av ett ohållbart subjekt. De rådgivande texterna bygger på ett komplext nätverk av diskursiva logiker som konstruerar objekten hållbarhet, hälsa, matchning och inkludering som en del av problemet, men även som en del av lösningen. Analysen identifierade även en problembild av motstridiga konstruktioner då unga med NPF paradoxalt framställs som såväl problem som potential. Unga med NPF medikaliseras och kategoriseras i hierarkiskt binära positioner underordnade samhällets och arbetsmarknadens krav på önskvärda färdigheter, lämpligt beteende och levnadssätt. Utsagor som gör den unga med NPF ansvarig för sin hälsa, matchning och inkludering med potential att konstrueras som ett önskvärt subjekt. Strukturella och sociala faktorer lämnas till stor del oproblematiserade, då ansvar för både problem och lösningar placeras hos de unga med NPF själva.With the question ”How can you work healthy with NDD?” the project "Jobb Frisk NPF's" advisory texts for study and career guidance positions the group of youth with NDD in the field of tension between a medical-behavioral science discourse and a labor market discourse. The texts' transmission of contemporary political scientific truth claims of youth with NDD to the guidance practice, makes the problem area relevant for critical analysis. The study consists of a poststructural discourse analysis using Foucault's theoretical perspective on biopower/biopolitics with the analytical concepts of constructions of subjects and (self-)control techniques. The aim of the study is to contribute with knowledge about what the advisory texts problematize, how it is problematized, and with what effects. Bacchi's method "What's the problem represented to be?" (WPR) was applied to scrutinize underlying presuppositions which produces career guidance as a potential solution and youth with NDD as a potential problem. The study contributes with critical knowledge to the research area, which mainly consists of explanatory perspectives on the group's imagined problems and risks. The results show that medical and/or compensatory study and career guidance are formulated as disciplinary and normalizing (self-) governance techniques of biopolitical nature for the promotion of a healthy and sustainable working life. The group is positioned at risk of potential problems in the future working life, which is the basis for the interpretation of a dominant sustainability problem and the construction of an unsustainable subject. The advisory texts are based on a complex network of discursive logics that construct the objects of sustainability, health, matching and inclusion as a part of the problem, but also as a part of the solution. The analysis also identifies a problem shaped by conflicting constructions as youth with NDD are paradoxically presented as both a problem and a potential. Youth with NDD are medicalized and categorized into hierarchically binary positions subordinate to society's and the labor market's demands for desirable skills, appropriate behavior and way of life. Statements that make youth NDD responsible for their health, matching and inclusion with the potential to be constructed as a desirable subject. Structural and social factors are largely left unproblematized, which places the responsibility for both problems and solutions with the youth with NDD themselves
Supergenes and mating system evolution in plants
No full textMating system transitions are common in flowering plants and have profound effects on genetic diversity, adaptation, and speciation. This thesis investigates the evolution of the S-locus supergene governing distyly, a floral polymorphism promoting outcrossing, and examines how mating system shifts and demography shape genome evolution. In Chapter I, we generated genome assemblies and annotations for two wild flax species, the distylous Linum perenne and style length polymorphic Linum grandiflorum. Based on these assemblies, we characterized S-locus architecture and compared it to that of the previously described S-locus in the distylous Linum tenue. Analyses revealed that the dominant S haplotype was longer than the recessive s haplotype, resulting in hemizygosity in the short-styled floral morph. Comparing the S-locus of all three species, we found extensive gene turnover, yet conservation of two candidate genes for distyly, TSS1 and WDR-44, which are likely to regulate style and anther filament length and thus morph differentiation. Molecular dating placed the likely origin of the supergene near the root of Linum (~33 Mya). In Chapter II, we investigated distyly breakdown using comparative genomic, population genetic and transcriptomic analyses of L. tenue and its homostylous, self-compatible relative L. trigynum. The S-locus region is homozygous in L. trigynum, and downregulation of WDR-44 likely enables autonomous selfing. Expression patterns and crossing experiments confirmed WDR-44 as a candidate for male self-incompatibility control, providing a molecular explanation for distyly breakdown. In Chapter III, we conducted a comparative genomics and phylogenomic study across repeated shifts from distyly to homostyly and tested whether repeated transitions to self-compatibility showed consistent genomic signatures. Nuclear and chloroplast data revealed relaxed purifying selection and elevated nonsynonymous substitution rates in homostylous species, although the magnitude differed between clades. An investigation in the homostylous self-compatible Linum leonii revealed that loss of distyly was not associated with a shift to high self-fertilization. Demographic history inference nevertheless suggested that L. leonii has undergone population size reductions, reinforcing the genomic effects of self-compatibility. In Chapter IV, we assessed how mating system and demographic history interact to shape patterns of genomic variation and selection efficacy within Arabis alpina, a crucifer species exhibiting intraspecific mating system variation from outcrossing to predominant selfing. By combining population genomic analyses and demographic history modelling, we showed that while increased selfing rates can explain most of the observed patterns, in Scandinavia reduced nucleotide diversity is a combined result of the mating system transition and demographic history. Across study systems, self-compatible species or populations exhibited reduced nucleotide diversity, effective population sizes, and efficacy of selection, supporting theoretical predictions of reduced evolutionary potential under selfing. Collectively, my findings demonstrate that a hemizygous S-locus supergene underlies distyly in Linum, that genetic changes affecting expression of S-locus genes are associated with loss of distyly, and that transitions to selfing leave genomic signatures of reduced diversity and selection efficacy across evolutionary scales
Thor/Hector, Freyja/Aphrodite, Odin/Athena, Thiazi/Zeus : A comparative survey of Eddic and Homeric characters
No full textJoseph Fontenrose and Mark-Kevin Deavin have established syntheses of a great number of parallels between seemingly antithetical narratives about Troy/Asgard and Odysseus/Odin. In other words, versions of the same characters and narratives seem to be common to Homeric and Eddic poetry. Furthermore, a number of scholars have also suggested that Athena/Odin in the Iliad and Gullveig/Freyja in Vǫluspá are intratextual versions of the same traditional character.When encountering highly similar characters and narratives in a single or several literary works, a dialectical literary theory and method, advocated by M. R. A. Habib, can help grasp similarity as a very concrete synthesis of identity and difference. Furthermore, a reader-centered intertextuality allows recognition of meaningful connections between characters and narratives without presupposing the influence of actual texts.A dialectical literary theory and method will not seal off Eddic and Homeric poetry from other literary works. On the contrary, interpreting possible Norse-Greek correspondences can be facilitated by turning several theses/antitheses—similar characters and narratives from other literary traditions—into a synthesis where each literary work highlights particular and universal traits in the others, paving the way for new interpretations not just of Eddic and Homeric poetry
Trading at Toi Market as a Form of Living : Moral Obligations in the Trade of Second-Hand Clothing
No full textThis study examines how social and moral norms and obligations influence everyday practices of trade and relationships at Toi Market, Nairobi, Kenya. This is done by analyzing empirical material collected during a seven-week period in early 2025, as well as drawing on anthropological theoretical concepts, such as moral economy and obligations, informality as a form of living, and mistrust. The empirical material is primarily collected through participant observation at Toi Market, an ‘informal’ second-hand clothing market. By examining three types of relationships, the study shows how they are influenced by social and moral norms and obligations in varying ways. Moral obligations are expressed through these relationships, and the study shows how working in the ‘informal sector’ can be seen as a form of living through understanding these norms and obligations, as well as how mistrust has a certain role in the social fabric. Illustrating the social and moral dimensions of trading, this study sheds light on the more-than-economic aspects of a marketplace in Nairobi