Publikationer från Stockholms universitet
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Metagenomic analysis for detection of pathogenic microorganisms in prehistoric human populations
No full textDisease and pathogens have affected human populations throughout history, something that the global pandemics of the 21st century can attest for. With the development of methods for DNA extraction and sequencing during the last decade, it is now possible to study ancient pathogen evolution and transmission more in depth, within the field of ancient metagenomics. However, a long-standing challenge in ancient metagenomics has been high error rates and false positive identifications. In this thesis, I have aimed to initially improve the methods for analysing ancient DNA data, and further to study the presence and evolution of pathogens in populations across human prehistory. In chapter I, I present aMeta, an accurate ancient metagenomics profiling workflow that has been designed to minimize the number of false positive identifications, as well as to streamline computer memory usage. Using simulated as well as authentic ancient DNA data, aMeta was benchmarked against an existing workflow, and its superior sensitivity and specificity in both microbial detection and authentication was demonstrated. Further, we could show its substantially lower usage of computer memory. In chapter II, the aMeta workflow was applied on a dataset consisting of 38 individuals from four Mesolithic and Neolithic Scandinavian human cultural complexes. Several species of bacteria were identified in the dataset, for example the bacterium Salmonella enterica in two individuals from the Battle Axe cultural complex. Since osteological examination did not present any physical damage to the bones, this disease may have been the cause of death for the infected individuals. Several species of the bacterial genus Yersinia were identified in individuals from the Funnel Beaker culture context, and denser populations in an agricultural context may have facilitated the transmission of these pathogens. Further, in Mesolithic and Neolithic hunter-gatherers, two pathogenic species of the genus Neisseria were identified, representing the, to our knowledge, earliest findings of the species to date. In chapter III, aMeta was applied to a dataset from Mexico, consisting of 41 individuals dated between 900 – 1800 CE. In one individual, we identified DNA from the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the causing agent of cholera. We created a phylogeny consisting of available, globally collected Vibrio genomes and concluded that our finding, the earliest of V. cholerae to date, likely belongs to a non-choleric strain and thus may not have been the cause of an epidemic. Further, the finding indicates that cholera may have arrived in the Americas decades earlier than previous research has shown. In chapter IV, we presented genomic data from 40 individuals in northeast Asia, dated between circa 16,900 and 550 years ago. Population demographics showed genetic affinity between the analysed individuals and present-day human populations in Asia and Native America. We further used the metagenomics tool Malt to identify Yersinia pestis reads in two individuals from 4,400 and 3,800 years ago respectively, representing the most northeastern ancient finding of the bacterium
Mellan skratt och förtryck : En analys av makt och humor i Isak Janssons Säga snälla saker
No full textDenna uppsats kommer att analysera Isak Janssons novellsamling Säga snälla saker (2023).Janssons författarskap inkorporerar spänning, äventyr, skräck och humor i hans noveller,romaner samt i podcast-format. Till vardags är Jansson komiker, men kanske är han mestkänd som spelledaren i podcasten Rollspelsklubben (2017–2023) där svenska komiker fickmöta det populära brädspelet Drakar & Demoner under ett fyra-timmars äventyr som släpptesvarje månad.Totalt innefattar boken fem noveller som är fristående från varandra. Teman somåterkommer i samtliga noveller är skräck och humor, vilket jag anser bildar en katalysator förmaktutövande. Maktutövande sker i rum, skapat av människan. Dessa rum kan vara fysiskamen även innehålla mänskliga föreställningar om det onaturliga, som bildar skräck.Utgångspunkten till denna uppsats grundar sig i makt- och rumsteori av Michel FoucaultsÖvervakning och Straff (1975 / 2017) samt Henri Lefebvres The Production of Space (1991).Målet är att visa hur rum bidrar till övervakning och således makt. För att bemöta denna maktanvänder jag mig av humoranalys av Katrina E. Triezenberg (2008) och Hanna Söderlund(2023) för att se hur humor kan påverka uppfattningen av makt, och hur makten påverkas.Från ett lärarperspektiv kan arbete med noveller vara en god idé då det är mindre stoff somelever behöver bearbeta, vilket leder till att tröskeln för närläsning är lägre i jämförelse meden roman. Genom att dessutom jobba med makt inom litteratur kan vi vidga eleversperspektiv gällande hur makt skapas och hur makt förtrycker, vilket kan leda till ökadförståelse för omvärlden samt belysa hur man kan kämpa emot systematiska förtryck frånstatsapparater och privatpersoner. Denna uppsats kommer alltså även inkludera ett förslag påhur novellsamlingen kan användas inom lärarprofessionen i form av en lektionsplanering medinslag av intersektionalitet. Utgångspunkten för de didaktiska inslagen är Carl-JohanMarkstedts (2022) bok Novelläsning i praktiken
Om behovet av samsyn och riktlinjer : Fokusgruppsamtal om sexualitet och sexualundervisning i förskolan
No full textOn the Need for Consensus and Guidelines: Focus Group Discussions on Sexuality and Sexuality Education in Preschool.The article is based on a discourse analysis of focus group discussions with preschool practitioners in Sweden. It explores the professional considerations made in relation to children, sexuality, and Sexuality Education. Three subject positions emerge: the consensus-seeking teacher, characterized by uncertainty and a need for guidelines; the curriculum-oriented teacher, who uses the curriculum to support children’s rights; and the (reluctant) reporting teacher, who struggles between mandatory reporting and personal judgment. The study highlights the curriculum as a tool for professional competence, but that societal norms about children’s sexuality profoundly shape preschool practitioners’ professional considerations. This emphasizes the need for education and dialogue about children’s sexuality in preschool teacher education
Analytic model reveals local molecular polarizability changes induced by collective strong coupling in optical cavities
No full textDespite recent numerical evidence, one of the fundamental theoretical mysteries of polaritonic chemistry is how and if collective strong coupling can induce local changes of the electronic structure to modify chemical properties. Here we present nonperturbative analytic results for a model system consisting of an ensemble of harmonic molecules under vibrational strong coupling (VSC) that alters our present understanding of this fundamental question. By applying the cavity Born-Oppenheimer partitioning on the Pauli-Fierz Hamiltonian in dipole approximation, the dressed many-molecule problem can be solved nonperturbatively and analytically in the dilute limit, i.e., a self-consistent solution with the mean-field Hartree-product wave function becomes exact. We discover that the electronic molecular polarizabilities are modified even in the case of vanishingly small single-molecule couplings. Consequently, this nonperturbative local polarization mechanism persists even in the large- limit. In contrast, a perturbative calculation of the polarizabilities based on the uncoupled ensemble wave function leads to a qualitatively erroneous scaling behavior with vanishing effects in the large- limit. Nevertheless, the exact (self-consistent) polarizabilities can be determined from single-molecule strong coupling simulations instead. Our fundamental theoretical observations demonstrate that hitherto existing collective-scaling arguments are insufficient for polaritonic chemistry and they pave the way for refined single- (or few-)molecule strong-coupling ab initio simulations of chemical systems under collective strong coupling
Administrative tools for balancing societal and individual interests : Data protection safeguards and administrative procedural guarantees in secondary use in the European Health Data Space
No full textThe fragmented and divergent administrative governance systems for health data in the member states have been identified as an obstacle in the creation of the European Health Data Space (EHDS). One of the aims of the EHDS is therefore to create a legal framework of trusted governance mechanisms within the EU and the member states. In order to ensure access to electronic health data for the benefit of the society, the EHDS regulation introduces advanced administrative governance structures to be applied at the national level. The societal interest of access to health data must however be balanced against the rights and interests of the individual concerned. This chapter analyses the efficiency of the governance structures from the perspective of protecting rights and interest of the individuals concerned via two sets of administrative tools for balancing the competing interests. The first set of tools are legal, technical and organisational safeguards to protect the right to informational privacy. The second set consists of general administrative guarantees for protecting individual interests in the handling of their matters before a public administration, the right to good administration
Are Entrepreneurs More Upwardly Mobile?
No full textEntrepreneurship is often hailed as a path to upward intergenerational mobility, but few studies have explicitly tested this belief. Drawing on insights from the literature on entrepreneurial heterogeneity and returns, we compare the extent and direction of mobility across generations among Swedish entrepreneurs and employees. We study intergenerational income rank mobility using high-quality lifetime income measures for 215,000 father-son pairs. Entrepreneurs are drawn disproportionately from both poorer and richer families, but the patterns we uncover hold across the entire paternal income distribution. Sons who own incorporated businesses are more upwardly mobile across generations than employees; sons who own unincorporated businesses are more downwardly mobile. Selection on (un)observable traits fully explains incorporated sons’ moves up, but only a small share of unincorporated sons’ moves down. Income underreporting and, crucially, lower returns to human capital explain the remaining downward mobility. Unincorporated ventures appear to use entrepreneurs’ human capital inefficiently
Sensemaking of Integrity-basedTrust Through Adoption andImplementation of Generative AI inthe Public Vs. Private Sector : A Comparative Study
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Exclusive norm-setting rules for peacetime crises? : An analysis of the proposal of a new 16th chapter in the Instrument of Government.
No full textThis essay on Swedish constitutional law aims to compare two alternative ways of regulating how the parliament and government set out norms before and during peacetime crises. Based on severity, a peacetime crisis is defined as a situation that occurs between an accident and war. Initially, the essay examines how the two norm-setting actors establish norms in the event of a peacetime crisis today. The Instrument of Government (1974:152) does not contain any possibility to declare a general state of emergency. In order to manage the crisis, the Swedish parliament and government is dependent upon the ordinary norm-setting rules. Thus, the norm-setting rules as they appear in the 8th chapter of the Instrument of Government, are applicable during both normal times and peacetime crises. The essay then continues to examine how the constitutional conditions in this regard is proposed to be changed by the state investigation SOU 2023:75. The committee which framed out the proposal suggests that a new 16th chapter should be introduced in the Instrument of Government. When certain preconditions are met, the 16th chapter would give both the parliament and the government power to declare a state of emergency through which it will be possible to set aside the ordinary norm-setting rules as they appear in the 8th chapter of the Instrument of Government. Ultimately, the government would have the power to give itself the right to set out norms which according to the current order are reserved only for the parliament. A central aim for the proposal is to enable a more flexible and effective peacetime crisis management. Though, this type of expansion of the government’s norm-setting power does not come without risk. Peacetime crises have a history of being utilized for misuse by opportunistic governments. In order to enable an effective crisis management as well as ensuring fundamental values of the rule of law, the European Commission for Democracy Through Law (the Venice Commission), has modelled out principles of states of emergency. Consequently, the main question that is analyzed in this essay is how the two constitutional alternatives relate to the Venice Commission’s principles. One conclusion is that the proposal better fulfills the principles of states of emergency than the current order. Though, during the final discussion, it is argued that several questions remain unanswered when isolating the analysis to the Venice Commission’s principles. There is no definite answer to questions concerning the actual effectiveness of a declaration of a state of emergency. Other unanswered questions are how the 16th chapter would in fact influence the protection of the human rights as well as how perilous the normalization of the state of emergency would be.
