Publikationer från Mälardalens högskola
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A Comparative Study of Manual and Automated Testing in Industrial Embedded Software
No full textTesting is an important activity in engineering of industrial embedded software. In certain application domains (e.g., railway industry) engineering software is certified according to safety standards that require extensive software testing procedures to be applied for the development of reliable systems. Mutation analysis is a technique for creating faulty versions of a software for the purpose of examining the fault detection ability of a test suite. Mutation analysis has been used for evaluating existing test suites, but also for generating test suites that detect injected faults (i.e., mutation testing). To support developers in software testing, we propose a technique for producing test cases using an automated test generation approach that operates using mutation testing for software written in IEC 61131-3 language, a programming standard for safety-critical embedded software, commonly used for Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs). This approach uses the Uppaal model checker and is based on a combined model that contains all the mutants and the original program. We applied this approach in a tool for testing industrial PLC programs and evaluated it in terms of cost and fault detection. For realistic validation we collected industrial experimental evidence on how mutation testing compares with manual testing as well as automated decision-coverage adequate test generation. In the evaluation, we used manually seeded faults provided by four industrial engineers. The results show that even if mutation-based test generation achieves better fault detection than automated decision coverage-based test generation, these mutation-adequate test suites are not better at detecting faults than manual test suites. However, the mutation-based test suites are significantly less costly to create, in terms of testing time, than manually created test suites. Our results suggest that the fault detection scores could be improved by considering some new and improved mutation operators (e.g., Feedback Loop Insertion Operator (FIO)) for PLC programs as well as higher-order mutations.ITS-EASY Post Graduate School for Embedded Software and SystemsTOCSYC - Testing of Critical System Characteristics (KKS)AGENTS - Automated Generation of Tests for Simulated Software Systems (KKS
Direct and diffuse shading factors modelling for the most representative agrivoltaic system layouts
No full textAgrivoltaic systems are becoming more popular as a critical technology for attaining several sustainable development goals such as affordable and clean energy, zero hunger, clean water and sanitation, and climate action. However, understanding the shading effects on crops is fundamental to choosing an optimal agrivoltaic system as a wrong choice could lead to severe crop reductions. In this study, fixed vertical, one-axis tracking, and two-axis tracking photovoltaic arrays for agrivoltaic applications are developed to analyse the shading conditions on the ground used for crop production. The models have shown remarkably similar accuracy compared to commercial software such as PVsyst® and SketchUp®. The developed models will help reduce the crop yield uncertainty under agrivoltaic systems by providing accurate photosynthetically active radiation distribution at the crop level. The distribution was further analysed using a light homogeneity index and calculating the yearly photosynthetically active radiation reduction. The homogeneity and photosynthetically active radiation reduction varied significantly depending on the agrivoltaic system design, from 91% to 95% and 11% to 34%, respectively. To identify the most suitable agrivoltaic system layout dependent on crop and geographical location, it is of fundamental importance to study the effect of shadings with distribution analysis
idPeo a Multidisciplinary Approach to Innovative Product Realization
No full textThe need for effectiveness and efficiency in product development is increasing and learning organizations need to deliver knowledge and people with the right mindset to society. IdPeo is a suggested model to support innovative product realization. The model focuses on a collaborative approach of needed expertise knowledge, key activities, and decisions
Rethinking Cognition: Morphological Info-Computation and the Embodied Paradigm in Life and Artificial Intelligence
No full textThis study aims to place Lorenzo Magnani’s Eco-Cognitive Computationalism within the broadercontext of current work on information, computation, and cognition. Traditionally, cognition was believed to beexclusive to humans and a result of brain activity. However, recent studies reveal it as a fundamental characteristicof all life forms, ranging from single cells to complex multicellular organisms and their networks. Yet, the literatureand general understanding of cognition still largely remain human-brain-focused, leading to conceptual gaps andincoherency. This paper presents a variety of computational (information processing) approaches, including aninfo-computational approach to cognition, where natural structures represent information and dynamical processeson natural structures are regarded as computation, relative to an observing cognizing agent. We model cognitionas a web of concurrent morphological computations, driven by processes of self-assembly, self-organization, andautopoiesis across physical, chemical, and biological domains. We examine recent findings linking morphologicalcomputation, morphogenesis, agency, basal cognition, extended evolutionary synthesis, and active inference. Weestablish a connection to Magnani’s Eco-Cognitive Computationalism and the idea of computational domesticationof ignorant entities. Novel theoretical and applied insights question the boundaries of conventional computationalmodels of cognition. The traditional models prioritize symbolic processing and often neglect the inherentconstraints and potentialities in the physical embodiment of agents on different levels of organization. Gaining abetter info-computational grasp of cognitive embodiment is crucial for the advancement of fields such as biology,evolutionary studies, artificial intelligence, robotics, medicine, and more