Publikationer från Högskolan i Gävle
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"Jag vill inte va nån jävla fitta som folk garvar åt." : En tematisk analys av konstruktionerna av maskulinitet och gängkriminalitet i TV- serien Snabba Cash
No full textThe purpose of this study was to examine how masculinity was portrayed in the Netflix series Snabba Cash (2021), with a main focus on the connection between masculinity and gang criminality. The theoretical framework of the analysis was based on hegemonic masculinity, structured action theory and social learning theory. The study was based on a thematic analysis of the first season, focusing on five characters: Leya, Salim, Ravy, Tim and Nala. Through the analysis, three main themes were identified: stereotypical masculinity, non-stereotypical masculinity and crime as a masculine practice. The results showed that masculinity in the series was often expressed through violence, threats, power, control and status, which aligns with hegemonic masculinity. At the same time, expressions of vulnerability, fear, insecurity and doubt also appear. Finally, criminality in the series can be understood as an expression of masculinity. The main conclusion of the study was that masculinity in Snabba Cash was constructed through actions where crime is used to gain status and respect, in line with stereotypical and hegemonic masculine ideals.Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur maskulinitet porträtterades i Netflix-serien Snabba Cash (2021) med ett huvudsakligt fokus på kopplingen mellan maskulinitet och gängkriminalitet. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna för analysen var hegemonisk maskulinitet, structured action theory samt social inlärningsteori. Studien utgick från en tematisk analys av seriens första säsong med fokus på fem karaktärer: Leya, Salim, Ravy, Tim och Nala. Utifrån analysen kunde tre huvudsakliga teman identifieras: stereotypisk maskulinitet, icke-stereotypisk maskulinitet och brott som maskulin praktik. Resultatet visade att maskulinitet i serien ofta uttrycks genom våld, hot, makt, kontroll och status vilket stämmer överens med den hegemoniska maskuliniteten. Samtidigt förekom även uttryck för sårbarhet, rädsla, osäkerhet och tvivel. Till sist kunde brottsligheten i serien ses och förstås som ett uttryck av maskulinitet. Studiens huvudsakliga slutsats var att maskuliniteten i Snabba Cash konstrueras genom handlingar där brottslighet används för att uppnå status och respekt, i linje med stereotypa och hegemoniska maskulinitetsideal.
Generation Z:s syn på ledarskap : Med fokus på fastighetsmäklarstudenter
No full textTitel: Generation Z:s syn på ledarskap med fokus på fastighetsmäklarstudenter Nivå: Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Celina Langbråten och Helio Aguirre Tafur Handledare: Elena Ahmadi Datum: 2025 - Juni Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad fastighetsmäklarstudenter inom generation Zhar för förväntningar på sina framtida ledares ledarskap, samt hur de själva skulle agera somledare. Metod: Studien använder en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Totaltutfördes tolv intervjuer med tredjeårsstudenter från fastighetsmäklarprogrammet vidHögskolan i Gävle. Studien har huvudsakligen följt en induktiv ansats där det insamladematerialet kodats med hjälp av Atlas.ti, för att sedan utföra en tematisk analys. Resultat och slutsats: Studien identifierade två huvudteman. Första temat ̈En närvarandeoch stöttande ledare ̈, omfattade sex underteman: “närvaro och tillgänglighet”, “ empati”,“feedback”, “relation före hierarki”, “stödjande ledarskap”, samt “likabehandling”. Sedan ̈Hållbart ledarskap ̈, gav sex underteman:” mentorskap”, “lyhördhet”,” trygghet”,“engagemang”, “struktur ̈ och ̈tydlighet”. Slutsatsen blev att generation Z förväntar sigledare som sätter individen och relationen i centrum, vilket stämmer överens med dettjänande, transformationella och transaktionella ledarskapet. När det kommer tillgenerationen som ledare, strävar de efter att skapa hållbara organisationer genom att fokuserapå välmående, krav och prestation, vilket stämmer överens med det transformationella ochtransaktionella ledarskapet. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien visar att ledare bör sätta medarbetaren och relationen icentrum. Fastighetsmäklarkedjor uppmuntras att anpassa och påverka ledarskapsprogram motett mer mänskligt och situationsanpassat ledarskap. Dessutom används transformationellt,transaktionellt och tjänande ledarskap ur ett nytt perspektiv, nämligen generation Z inomfastighetsmäklarbranschen i Sverige. Slutligen har andra kulturella kontexter och sektorerbeaktats än vad som forskats tidigare. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vidare forskning kan rikta in sig på andra sektorer, för att seom generation Z agerar olika beroende på kontext. Vidare kan aspekter som ålder och könbeaktas. Framtida forskning kan även inkludera andra ledarskapsstilar utövertransformationellt, transaktionellt och tjänande ledarskap. Slutligen vore det intressant attundersöka hur generation Z skiljer sig från tidigare generationer, specifikt inomfastighetsmäklarbranschen. Nyckelord: “Generation Z”, “Gen Z”, “Transformationellt ledarskap”, “Transaktionelltledarskap”, “Tjänande ledarskap”.Title: Generation Z ́s view on leadership with a focus on real estate brokerage students.Level: Bachelor's level (Bachelor's degree) in Business Administration Author: Celina Langbråten och Helio Aguirre Tafur Supervisor: Elena Ahmadi Date: 2025-June Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate what expectations real estate broker studentsfrom generation Z have of their future leaders leadership, as well as how theythemselves would act as leaders. Method: The study employs a qualitative method using semi-structured interviews. A total oftwelve interviews were conducted with third-year students from the Real Estate Brokerageprogram at the University of Gävle. The study primarily followed an inductive approach,where the collected material was coded using Atlas.ti and subsequently analyzedthematically. Results and conclusions: The study identified two main themes. The first theme, “A presentand supportive leader,” included six sub-themes: “presence and accessibility,” “empathy,”“feedback,” “relationship before hierarchy,” “supportive leadership,” and “equal treatment.”The second theme, “Sustainable leadership,” also included six sub-themes: “mentorship,”“responsiveness,” “sense of security,” “engagement,” “structure,” and “clarity.” Theconclusion is that generation Z expects leaders to prioritize individuals and relationships,which aligns with servant, transformational, and transactional leadership styles. When itcomes to this generation as leaders themselves, they strive to create sustainable organizationsby focusing on well-being, demands, and performance, which aligns with transformationaland transactional leadership. Contribution of the thesis: The study shows that leaders should focus on the employee andthe relationship. Real estate brokerage chains are encouraged to adapt and influenceleadership programs toward a more human-centered and situational leadership approach.Furthermore, transformational, transactional, and servant leadership are used from a newperspective, namely, generation Z within the Swedish real estate industry. Finally, the studyconsiders cultural contexts and sectors that have not previously been extensively researched. Suggestions for further research: Further research could focus on other sectors to examinewhether generation Z behaves differently depending on the context. Additionally, aspectssuch as age and gender can be considered. Future studies may also include other leadershipstyles beyond transformational, transactional, and servant leadership. Lastly, it would beinteresting to explore how generation Z differs from previous generations, specifically withinthe real estate industry. Key words: “Generation Z”,” Gen Z”, “Transformational leadership”, “Transactionalleadership”, “Servant leadership”
An Architecture for Empowerment: Exploring How Physical Environments Co-Create Human Capacity for Sustainability Transformation
No full textThis thesis serves as an introductory exploration to the idea of how environments are, and can become, a key leverage point for change towards a sustainable future. It reframes sustainability challenges as a crisis of adaptability, where our environmental conditions—both inner psychological states and exterior physical environments— are recognised as actively constraining or enabling our capacity to create necessary change. The investigation introduces "Environments for Empowerment", proposing that physical spaces function as active co-authors of human capacity rather than passive containers, operating as "narrative infrastructures" that shape embodied experiences through both exteroceptive and interoceptive senses. Through a novel mixed-methods design combining narrative literature review with a global phenomenological survey (n=58 across 23 countries), this research demonstrates that we are more than brains transported by bodies— and thus our capacities to live, transform, and create positive change are distributed across our embodied interactions with our inner and exterior environmental conditions. The survey instrument, grounded in Theory U and Inner Development Goals frameworks and informed by Arts-Based Research, employed multiple response modalities including quantitative ratings, qualitative descriptions, visual sketching, and metaphorical completion. Key findings reveal three environmental support archetypes via K-means clustering: Spatially Constrained (20.7%), Moderately Supported (53.4%), and Spatially Empowered (25.9%). Factor analysis identified a two-factor structure comprising Transformative Empowerment (78.8% variance) and Relational Empowerment (14.5% variance). A strong correlation between multiple variables supports this structure, demonstrating that variables measured an underlying environmental empowerment construct. Universal patterns emerged across cultural contexts, suggesting environmental empowerment operates through learnable, designable principles. Significantly, 83% of participants considered environmental changes following survey completion, indicating the assessment functioned as intervention. The research identifies six mechanisms of environmental disempowerment whilst revealing spatial awareness as a master skill amplifying other capabilities. Practical applications span individual spatial literacy development, organisational environmental intelligence, and recognition of environmental conditions as missing infrastructure for sustainability transformation—offering direct leverage points for addressing our collective adaptability crisis
The need for aging-aware control methods in lithium-ion batteries: A review
No full textLithium-ion batteries are among the most expensive and environmentally impactful components in energy storage solutions. Maximizing their lifetime is critical to reducing their environmental footprint and economic cost. To achieve this, battery management systems must accurately assess the state of health of the battery and dynamically adjust operating conditions to mitigate degradation. This review examines existing studies on aging-aware control methods for Li-ion batteries, categorizing their approaches, comparing their effectiveness, and identifying key research gaps. A conceptual framework for an online aging-aware control system is proposed, serving as a reference for future research. This work underscores the importance of developing robust control methods that address the degradation challenges while advancing the sustainability and performance of Li-ion battery technologies
The Influence of Temperature on Gyrotheodolite Measurements
No full textAbstract This master's thesis focuses on studying the influence of different ambient and internal temperatures on the measurement accuracy of the Gyromat 5000 gyrotheodolite. The study's primary objective was to determine the expected measurement results when performing gyroscopic measurements at varying air temperatures, to investigate the relationship between air temperature and the internal temperature of the instrument, and to examine how these factors affect the measured values. The work is based on raw data collected during a seventeen-hour continuous measurement campaign, which was thoroughly analysed through a visual and statistical correlation study using scatter plots of essential factors, such as ambient temperature, the instrument's internal temperature, and the torsion tape zero position. In the theoretical part, an attempt was made to explore and precisely describe the knowledge related to the principles of the suspended gyroscope operation. The results of scholars dealing with issues related to practical gyroscopic measurements, the development of algorithms related to the mechanics of suspended gyroscopes, and the problem of geodetic refraction and its influence on precise geodetic measurements of horizontal angles were also accessed and presented. The research part focused on conducting a measurement campaign following the principles applicable to the performance of precise geodetic measurements in variable field conditions, considering such factors as the need for perfect stabilisation of the instrument or the most accurate isolation of the station and target point from the extreme direct influence of external factors, such as direct sunlight or a strong gust of wind. The results indicate that the ambient and the instrument's internal temperatures significantly and systematically influence the measured azimuth values. The analyses confirmed that sudden temperature drifts can change the measured azimuth value. The conclusion presents the most critical observations gathered during fieldwork and while analysing the raw data
The role of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence in optimizing thermal energy systems
No full textThe growing demand for clean energy and the limitations of conventional thermal systems necessitates the integration of advanced technologies to enhance efficiency, adaptability, and sustainability. This review critically examines recent advancements in the application of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence for optimizing thermal energy systems, including solar collectors, heat exchangers, and latent heat storage units. Nanotechnology (particularly the use of nano-enhanced phase change materials and nanofluids such as Al₂O₃ and CuO) has shown to improve thermal conductivity by up to 28.8 %, accelerating energy absorption and storage rates. Concurrently, artificial intelligence algorithms, especially artificial neural networks and particle swarm optimization, enable predictive modelling, real-time system control, and fault detection, with some models achieving prediction accuracies above 97 % under complex operational conditions. The review emphasizes the synergistic potential of combining these technologies to create intelligent, self-regulating thermal energy systems. However, the paper also identifies critical challenges including computational overhead, cost of nanoparticle synthesis, lack of reproducibility in artificial intelligence implementations, and insufficient validation under extreme scenarios. Commercial deployment case studies (such as artificial intelligence-driven phase change material-based heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in smart buildings) are discussed to illustrate practical viability, reporting energy savings of up to 28 % with return-on-investment periods under three years. The paper concludes by proposing integrated research directions that combine multiscale material innovation with robust artificial intelligence training on dynamic datasets. This dual approach is essential to developing scalable, cost-effective, and resilient thermal energy systems capable of supporting global energy transitions
Exploring science teachers' approaches to facilitating student classroom talk when using a foreign language : a case of four secondary schools in Tanzania
No full textEngaging students in talking science in the classroom is key to their successful learning and the basis for more advanced practices such as developing critical thinking skills. Talking science, however, is challenging to many students who do not get to speak their mother tongue in the classroom. Although studies conducted in multilingual contexts like Tanzania have contributed much to the understanding of these challenges, little is known regarding which approaches teachers use to facilitate student engagement in talking science when a foreign language is used in science teaching and learning. This article investigates six teachers’ approaches to facilitating students’ science talking in a foreign language context at four secondary schools in Tanzania. The study is based on video recordings of teachers and students, and on interviews with the teachers. Thematic analysis of the collected material suggests that teacher questioning, peer reading and writing, peer and teacher evaluation and, occasionally, using students’ home language, were approaches used by the teachers to engage students in talking science. While the use of open questions and students’ home language appeared to engage learners to talk confidently in a science context, much of the teaching focused on repeating learned material. Follow-up interviews conducted with three of the participating teachers disclosed that not all of them supported open questioning techniques or the use of students’ home language. Based on these findings, recommendations for action and venues for further research are proposed
How Are Personality Tests Perceived in the Recruitment Process? : A Study on Fairness, Attitudes, and recommendation intention
No full textPersonlighetstester används allt oftare i rekrytering, men uppfattningarna om dem varierar. Eftersom kandidaters upplevelser av rekryteringsprocessen kan påverka synen på organisationer är det viktigt att förstå hur individer upplever personlighetstest som urvalsmetod. Syftet med denna studie var därmed att undersöka hur rättvist individer upplever personlighetstest i rekrytering och deras attityder gentemot det, samt om rättvisa och attityder kan predicera rekommendationsbenägenhet. För att samla in data användes en digital enkät som besvarades av 106 respondenter. Enkäten baserades på mätinstrumenten Organizational justice scale och förkortade versionen av Test Attitude Survey samt en egenkonstruerad fråga för variabeln rekommendationsbenägenhet. Resultatet visade att individer upplevde lägre rättvisa och mer negativa attityder när testet genomfördes tidigt i processen. Två multipla regressionsanalyser visade att attityder och rättvisa kan predicera rekommendationsbenägenhet. Hur rättvist själva beslutet upplevdes (distributiv rättvisa) och att individer känner tilltro till testerna (tro på tester) var det som bäst predicerade rekommendationsbenägenhet.Personality tests are increasingly used in recruitment, but perceptions of them vary. Since candidates' experiences of the recruitment process can influence their views of organizations, it is important to understand how individuals perceive personality tests as a selection method. The aim of this study was therefore to examine how fair individuals perceive personality tests in recruitment and their attitudes towards them, as well as whether fairness and attitudes can predict recommendation intentions. A digital survey was used to collect data and was completed by 106 respondents. The survey was based on the Organizational Justice Scale, the shortened version of the Test Attitude Survey, and a self-constructed question for the variable of recommendation intention. The results showed that individuals perceived lower fairness and more negative attitudes when the test was administered early in the process. Two multiple regression analyses showed that attitudes and fairness can predict recommendation intentions. How fair the decision was perceived (distributive justice) and individuals’ beliefs in the tests (belief in tests) were the best predictors of recommendation intention
Minskade orderstorlekars påverkan på produktionsplaneringen : En fallstudie av pappersmaskin 5 på Billerud i Gävle
No full textThe purpose of this study was to analyze how reduced order sizes affect the production planning of a paper machine (PM5) within Billerud, as well as suggest strategies to increase its planning flexibility and capacity utilization at varying order sizes. In this study where semi-structured interviews were conducted with key person in the planning and marketing departments as well as complementary literature studies focused on Advanced Planning Schedule (APS) systems, hybrid forecasting, lean and order size optimization. The related theories are all carefully applied to reflect the specific challenges identified in the case study. Together, they form a complex frame of reference that has enabled analysis, discussions and answers to the study's research questions in a structured and scientific manner. The study shows that PM5 today uses a twelve-campaign cycle with manual follow-ups in Excel reports and separate Gantt charts, which creates duplication of work and time delays. Since production is strictly order-driven without an inventory buffer, low order volumes result in both unused capacity and inefficient small runs, while varying forecasts require frequent manual adjustments. This leads to increased delays in planning and lost production time. The proposed measure indicates that a holistic approach where APS, forecasting and Lean principles interact not only increases flexibility in case of varying order sizes but also ensures a more predictable and cost-effective planning and production. The results and conclusions of the study show that the proposed measures can create a more coherent and efficient planning and production flow. By replacing manual routines with automated data updates every day, the need for manual adjustments can be reduced or eliminated, freeing up planners' time and reducing the risk of planning errors. In parallel, digital SMED tools contribute to shorter changeover times, which directly increases capacity utilization and lowers costs per order. Syftet med denna studie var att analysera hur minskade orderstorlekar påverkar produktionsplaneringen för en pappersmaskin (PM5) inom företaget, samt föreslå strategier för att öka dess planerings flexibilitet och kapacitetsutnyttjande vid varierande orderstorlekar. För att realisera studiens syfte genomfördes en fallstudie på Billerud, där semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med nyckelpersoner inom planerings- och marknadsavdelningarna samt kompletterande litteraturstudier som inriktades på APS-system, hybridprognoser, lean och orderstorleksoptimering. De valda teorierna är alla noggrant utvalda för att spegla de specifika utmaningar som identifieras i fallstudien. Tillsammans bildar de en sammansatt referensram som strukturerat och vetenskapligt har möjliggjort analys, diskussion och svar på studiens forskningsfrågor. Studien visar att PM5 använder idag en tolvkampanjcykel med manuella uppföljningar i Excel-rapporter och separata Gantt-scheman, vilket skapar dubbelarbete och tidsfördröjningar. Eftersom produktionen är strikt orderstyrd utan lagerbuffert, uppstår det vid låga ordervolymer bade outnyttjad kapacitet och ineffektiva småkörningar, samtidigt som varierande prognoser kräver frekventa manuella justeringar. leder detta till ökade utamningar i planerinmgen och förlorad produktionstid. De föreslagna åtgärderna visar att ett holistiskt tillvägagångssätt där APS-system, prognostisering och Lean-principer samverkar inte bara ökar flexibiliteten vid varierande orderstorlekar, utan också säkerställer en mer förutsägbar och kostnadseffektiv planering och produktion. Studiens resultat och slutsatser visar att de föreslagna åtgärderna kan skapa ett mer sammanhållet och effektivt planerings- och produktionsflöde. Genom att ersätta manuella rutiner med automatiserade datauppdateringar varje dag kan behovet av manuella justeringar minskas eller elimineras, vilket frigör tid för planerare och minskar risken för planeringsfel. Parallellt bidrar digitala SMED-verktyg till kortare omställningstider, vilket direkt ökar kapacitetsutnyttjandet och sänker kostnaderna per order
Effekten av köldbryggor och termisk massa i stomkonstruktioner : En energianalys av CLT och betongsandwich
No full textThis project aims to compare prefabricated cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures with concretesandwich structural frames with regard to thermal bridges and thermal mass, in order to analyse theirimpact on the energy use of buildings. By maintaining the same U-value for both structures, the studyinstead investigates how these factors are affected by external climate conditions. The study is relevantbecause energy efficiency is a central issue in the construction industry, where the choice of structuralmaterials can have long-term consequences for both energy use and indoor climate.The study investigates how linear thermal bridges in residential buildings affect the U-value, andwhether Boverkets claim that they normally increase the buildings overall U-value by 15-20% iscorrect. A comparison is made between timber and concrete constructions with the same U-value, toanalyse how the thermal bridge proportion differs, and its impact on the building’s energy use.Furthermore, the interaction between thermal bridges and thermal mass is examined to assess theircombined effect on the total energy performance, providing a deeper understanding of how the choiceof structural material affects energy efficiency. This project is based on previous research in building physics and energy performance, where fiverelevant articles have been analysed to provide a theoretical basis. Data is collected through acombination of literature reviews, numerical calculations and simulations. Thermal bridges areanalysed in Comsol Multiphysics, while their impact, together with the thermal mass, is evaluatedusing calculations and simulations in IDA ICE. The project was carried out from February to the end of May 2025, and is limited to linear thermalbridges at the junctions of exterior wall - floor slab, exterior wall - balcony, and exterior wall -window in residential buildings. The study is expected to provide deeper insight into how thestructural frame influences energy performance, potentially contributing to more energy-efficientbuilding solutions. The results obtained in this study highlight measurable differences between CLT and concretesandwich elements, depending on structural material and climate. These differences are small butsignificant. The findings indicate, among other things, that CLT generally has slightly lower thermalbridge factors and slightly better energy performance in colder climates, but lacks the thermal masseffect of concrete, which can store and release heat during cold snaps