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L^2-de Rham-Hodge and L^2-Atiyah-Bott-Lefschetz theorems on stratified pseudomanifolds
No full textThe first part of our thesis is devoted to the L^2 de Rham and Hodge theory on a stratified pseudomanifold and to the relationships with the intersection cohomology. The second part is devoted to the Atiyah-Bott-Lefschetz theorem on a manifold with isolated conical singularities
Immunopatogenesi del diabete di tipo 1: marcatori autoanticorpali e fenomeni a livelli insulari
No full text
I rapporti culturali e commerciali nell’Oceano Indiano occidentale alla luce dei dati storici, letterari, epigrafici, numismatici, archeologici e storico-artistici (III sec. a.C. – V sec. d.C.)
No full textRole of the anisotropy in the interactions between nano- and micro-sized particles
No full textThe present Thesis focuses on the thermodynamic and dynamic behaviour of anisotropically interacting colloids by means of theoretical and numerical techniques.
Colloidal suspensions, i.e. micro-- and nano--sized particles dispersed in a continuous phase, are a topic of great interest in several fields, including material science, soft matter and biophysics. Common in everyday life in the form of soap, milk, cream, etc., colloids have been used for decades as models for atomic and molecular systems, since both classes of systems share many features like critical phenomena, crystallisation and glass transition.
Experimental investigation of colloidal systems is made easier by the large size of colloids, which makes it possible to employ visible light as an experimental probe to investigate these systems. Moreover, since the mass of the particles controls the timescales of the dynamics, relaxation times of colloidal suspensions, ranging from seconds to years, orders of magnitude larger than their atomic counterparts, are more easily experimentally accessible.
By exploiting this intrinsic slowness, with respect to molecular liquids, present day experimental techniques make it possible to follow in time trajectories of ensembles of particles with tools like confocal microscopy, thus effectively allowing to reconstruct the whole phase space trajectory of the system. In addition, it is also possible to manipulate single and multiple objects using techniques like optical tweezers, magnetic tweezers and atomic force microscopy. With single-molecule force spectroscopy one can arrange particles in ordered structures or measure properties like stiffness or mechanical responses (as in pulling experiments on RNA and DNA strands of particles and aggregates).
A remarkable difference between the molecular and the colloidal world is that in the former the interactions between the basic constituents are fixed by nature, while in the latter the effective potential between two particles can be controlled by accurately designing and synthesizing the building blocks or tuned by changing the properties of the solvent.
In the last decade many new sophisticated techniques for particle synthesis have been developed and refined. These recent advances allow for the creation of an incredible variety of non-spherically, i.e. anisotropically, interacting building blocks. The anisotropy can arise from shape, surface patterning, form of the interactions or a combination thereof. Examples are
colloidal cubes, Janus particles, triblock Janus particles, patchy particles, magnetic spheres and many others.
The recent blossoming of experimental, theoretical and numerical studies and research on the role of the anisotropy has highlighted the richness of phenomena that these systems exhibit. Relevant examples for the present Thesis are valence-limited building blocks, i.e colloids with a maximum number of bound neighbours, and non-spherical particles with an aspect ratio, i.e. the ratio of the width of a particle to its height, significantly different from .
The simplest example of valence-limited colloids is given by the so-called \textit{patchy} particles: colloids decorated with attractive spots (patches) on the surface. If the width and the range of the patches are chosen in such a way that each patch can form no more than one bond, then the total number of bound first neighbours per particle can not exceed the number of patches. For particles interacting through short-ranged isotropic potentials, . It has been shown that changing the valence has dramatic effects, both qualitative and quantitative, on the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of such systems. At high densities patchy colloids can self-assemble into a large variety of crystal structures, depending on valence, geometry and external parameters. We will mostly focus on low-density systems.
The second class of systems pertinent to the present work comprises anisotropically shaped particles that, depending on the aspect ratio and the values of the external parameters, can exhibit liquid crystal phases which may display orientational long-range order. Nematic, in which there is no translational order, smectic, in which particles are ordered in layers and thus exhibit translational order in one dimension, and columnar phases, in which particles self-assemble into cylindrical aggregates which can in turn become nematic or form two-dimensional lattices, do not exist in isotropic systems, since the anisotropy in shape is a prerequisite for the breaking of the orientational symmetry. Liquid crystals, discovered at the end of the 19th century have been thoroughly investigated for decades, leading to technological breakthroughs like LCD displays. Recently it has been suggested that liquid crystal phases occurring in dense solutions of short DNA double strands could have played a role in the prebiotic chemical generation of complementary H-bonded molecular assemblies.
The main goal of the present Thesis is to study the structural, thermodynamic and, to a lesser extent, dynamic properties of systems interacting through anisotropic potentials at low densities and temperatures. In particular, we focus on the low-density phase behaviour of valence-limited systems. We use a variegated approach, comprising state-of-the-art Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics techniques and theoretical approaches, to analyse and shed some light on the effect of the anisotropy on the phase diagram and on the dynamics of such systems.
As the effect of the valence on the phase diagram plays a major role in the models investigated throughout this Thesis, each Chapter is devoted to the study of the dynamics and thermodynamics of systems having a fixed or effective maximum valence .
In the last years a lot of effort has been devoted to the study of end-to-end stacking interactions between different strands of nucleic acids, which play an important role in both physical and biological applications of DNA and RNA. In Chapter~1, building on the experimental work of Bellini \textit{et al.}, we make use of a theoretical framework recently developed to tackle the problem of the isotropic--nematic phase coexistence in solutions of short DNA duplexes (DNADs). We compare the parameter-free theoretical predictions with results from large scale numerical simulations on GPUs of a coarse-grained realistic model and find a good quantitative agreement at low concentrations. We then predict the phase boundaries for different DNAD lengths and compare the results with experimental findings.
In Chapter~2 we investigate the structural and thermodynamic properties of systems having , that is systems that undergo an extensive formation of linear structures as temperature is lowered. We focus on bi-functional patchy particles whose interaction details are chosen to qualitatively mimic the behaviour of the low-density, low-temperature dipolar hard sphere (DHS) model by analysing the outcomes of the simulations carried out in Chapter~3. In particular, we are interested in the interplay between chains and rings in equilibrium polymerization processes in a region of the phase diagram where the formation of the latter is favoured. The very good quantitative agreement found by comparing numerical results with theoretical, parameter-free predictions calls for an extension of the theory with the inclusion of branching, in order to understand how the presence of rings affects the phase separation.
Chapter~3 is devoted to the investigation of the phase behaviour of dipolar fluids, i.e. systems interacting mainly through dipole-dipole potentials. For spheres, the lowest-energy configuration is the nose-to-tail contact geometry, and hence the ground state is an infinite chain or ring like in regular systems. For finite temperatures, on the other hand, thermal fluctuations allow for the appearance of defects like dangling ends and chain branching which, in the language of this Thesis, makes for a temperature-dependent valence. This general mechanism, under some specific conditions, can lead to a very peculiar phase separation, driven by a balance between these \textit{topological} defects rather than by the energy/entropy competition usually responsible for regular gas--liquid phase transitions. This topological phase transition has been recently observed in a model system of patchy particles but it is unclear whether such mechanism still holds in dipolar fluids in general and in the DHS model in particular. We focus on the DHS model, whose phase behaviour at low densities and temperatures has been studied for decades but still remains largely unknown. In particular, we look for the gas--liquid critical point by means of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo simulations in a region where it has long been thought to be. We find no evidence of a phase transition and we speculate that this is due to an abundance of rings, providing a remarkable example of phase separation suppressed by self-assembly.
In Chapter~4 we study the dynamics of tetravalent patchy particles in the optimal network density region. For this fixed value of density the system is able to form a fully connected random network, i.e. an ideal gel. Indeed, as the temperature is lowered, a percolating network forms and the dynamics slows down. Although the observed dynamical arrest is different from the glass case, where excluded volume interactions are
dominant, the decay of the self-- and collective correlation functions of the resulting fluid bears similarities with
that observed in glassy systems. Remarkably, comparing the characteristic decay times of density-density correlation functions with the average bond life, we find that only at very low the decay of the density fluctuations requires the breakage of bonds.
In Chapter~5 we introduce DNA as a building block that can be used to rationally design novel, self-assembling materials with tunable properties. In this Chapter, we study the phase behaviour and the dynamics
of four-armed DNA constructs at low densities. We use the coarse-grained, realistic DNA model employed in Chapter~1 and state-of-the-art simulation techniques, as presented in Chapter~6, to investigate systems composed of thousands of nucleotides undergoing a two-step self-assembling process and we quantitatively compare the outcome with experimental results obtained for a very similar system.
In Chapter~6 we introduce Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) as valuable tools for present day numerical investigations. We outline both the architecture of NVIDIA GPUs and NVIDIA CUDA, the software layer built on top of the hardware required to program these devices. We then present the techniques employed to write an efficient, general Molecular Dynamics code and compare its performances with a regular CPU code. The observed performance boost allows us to tackle the analysis of the dynamics and thermodynamics of very large systems without having to resort to massive CPU clusters (see Chapters~1,~4 and~5).
Our work shows that it is possible to predict the location of thermodynamic and dynamic \textit{locii} of very complicated objects by means of numerical simulations. Since the available computational power keeps increasing at a steady pace, it will be soon possible to repeat the pioneering study presented in this Thesis on a more automated basis and for even more complicated system. For example, it will be possible to directly study the isotropic--nematic phase transition of short DNA duplexes investigated in Chapter~1 or design self-assembling DNA strands able to reproduce the behaviour of the patchy colloids or dipolar fluids studied throughout this Thesis.
Being able to carefully design the building blocks and then predict beforehand the properties of a compound will greatly simplify the process of synthesising tomorrow's materials
Elementi di sostenibilità urbana ed edilizia nell’architettura iraniana (fra XIX e XX secolo)
No full textL’osservazione, l’analisi e lo studio della casa e della città tradizionale iraniana, la sua trasformazione nel tempo e la configurazione dei suoi nuovi spazi urbani rappresentano, insieme, l’ambito di ricerca della seguente trattazione, che vede l’identità delle abitazioni e della città legate sia al senso di riconoscibilità che di appartenenza ad esse: se un’abitazione e una città sono in grado di modificarsi in ogni momento per aderire all’essere mutevole della vita, e soprattutto se consentono a chi le vive di riconoscersi in un ideale di cambiamento che lo faccia sentire parte di un progresso, allora la loro identità è riconosciuta.
L’identità edilizia e poi quella urbana contemporanea sono nell’ultimo secolo minacciate dal forte impatto della globalizzazione del settore delle costruzioni, che ha visto delegare il comfort interno alle abitazioni totalmente all’impiantistica, determinando a livello urbano la realizzazione di edifici sempre più omologati e poco relazionati al contesto climatico e culturale.
Per mezzo degli impianti di climatizzazione “si può vivere sotto soffitti bassi nei Tropici, dietro pareti sottili nell’Artico e sotto tetti non isolati nel deserto. Tutte le regole per il controllo climatico attraverso la struttura e la forma sono rese obsolete” (Benham, 1969).
La ricerca a tal fine si vogliono illustrare le soluzioni architettoniche che hanno inciso sulla forma interna e su quella esterna delle strutture abitative e conseguentemente sull’urbanistica iraniana; si vogliono altresì sottolineare gli accorgimenti che l’uomo nei secoli ha adottato per costruire edifici confortevoli e infrastrutture funzionali in territori dove appunto non è facile vivere: infatti, proprio in questi luoghi e in queste condizioni sono nate e si sono sviluppate città meravigliose con l’obiettivo principale di carattere bioclimatico.
Ciò anche perché, oggigiorno è doveroso intervenire rispetto all’uso indiscriminato di energia per mezzo di una progettazione volta al risparmio energetico e alla sostenibilità, attenta al contenimento dei consumi energetici e al comfort abitativo, che una volta recuperati incidono sul linguaggio tecnico-costruttivo e architettonico con soluzioni in grado di utilizzare le risorse naturali offerte dall’ambiente.
A tal proposito, la seguente trattazione ha scelto di riversare la propria attenzione su un territorio arido e desertico nell’Iran centrale, dove il disegno urbano delle città rispetta, in generale, i principi della progettazione sostenibile del tessuto tradizionale. Qui, nonostante la limitazione dovuta agli aspetti naturali e nonostante la mancanza di tecnologie moderne, l’essere umano è riuscito a dar vita a città in cui si è reso possibile lo svolgimento della vita umana.
La questione dell’identità urbana in Iran rappresenta un tema attuale nella progettazione di nuove città, cioè lì dove l’identità urbana rappresenta strumento essenziale per la formazione di abitazioni e città vivibili e in cui tradizione, modernizzazione e attenzione al contesto non siano più in disattese.
Il progetto di ricerca si è posto pertanto come obiettivo lo studio degli insediamenti delle regioni aride dell’Iran centrale, distintesi in passato per la gestione equilibrata del territorio e delle risorse e per l’utilizzo del patrimonio dei saperi architettonici e delle conoscenze relative agli usi locali.
La ricerca si può inserire all’interno dell’ attuale dibattito culturale sulla sostenibilità ambientale e sullo sviluppo di modelli responsabili per la progettazione architettonica e la pianificazione territoriale, urbana ed edilizia. Occorre, quindi, approfondire la conoscenza delle soluzioni urbanistico-edilizie e tecnico-costruttive sviluppate in più contesti, in cui le condizioni sfavorevoli e la scarsa disponibilità delle risorse hanno determinato l’adozione di soluzioni e strategie sostenibili di grande efficacia, sia per costruire abitazioni e città sia per creare condizioni di fertilità dei suoli e di disponibilità idrica in zone notoriamente caratterizzate da siccità e assenza di corpi idrici superficiali, specialmente in quelle desertiche.
E’ d’obbligo menzionare tra le tecniche costruttive adottate, anticipandone una breve descrizione, una serie di componenti architettoniche quali ad esempio porticati, iwan (ambienti coperti che si aprono verso l'esterno o che affacciano sul cortile) utilizzati per creare ambienti esterni ombreggiati e freschi; oppure cortili interni alle case con giardini, vasche e fontane utilizzati per raffreddare e umidificare l’aria circostante. E ancora componenti architettoniche come torri del vento (badghir) e speciali “ambienti frigorifero”, le prime utilizzate come espediente per il raffrescamento naturale degli edifici, i secondi per la produzione e la conservazione del ghiaccio; oppure canali sotterranei (qanat) utilizzati per l’approvvigionamento dell’acqua; e infine, ma non meno importante, la realizzazione di fabbricati costruiti in terra cruda, ottimo isolante naturale.
Del vasto territorio dell’altopiano iranico la porzione su cui si pone maggiormente attenzione è quella centrale corrispondente alla regione di Isfahan, compresa tra i Monti Zagros e i Monti Rud e attraversata dal fiume Zindah, scelta perché, per la presenza sia del deserto, che delle montagne che del fiume, questa regione presenta differenti zone climatiche, ognuna con delle caratteristiche architettoniche proprie. Tuttavia, oltre a ciò, la scelta dell’area è legata anche alla sua ricchezza di esemplari architettonici islamici, risalenti alla dinastia Safavide (1501-1736) e successivamente a quella Qajar (1781-1925) che ancora oggi conservano abbastanza intatta la tradizione passata, grazie anche al fatto che questa è la parte meno sismica dell’intero Iran.
Gli esempi di abitazioni prese in esame corrispondono alle case signorili della città di Kashan, scelta dovuta al fatto che quelle appartenenti ai ceti più bassi per quanto più interessanti perché formano il tessuto urbanistico del centro storico e perché molto più antiche, sono molto alterate e rovinate rispetto alle prime, risalenti invece al secolo scorso, e quindi più facili da trovare intatte.
La ricerca parte da un inquadramento generale del territorio iraniano in generale, e se ne descrive nel primo capitolo la situazione geografica, politica, economica e storica e se ne illustra, sinteticamente, l’evoluzione architettonica accennando ai diversi stili.
Nel secondo capitolo l’attenzione si focalizza sull’altopiano iranico di cui si analizzano i fattori naturale, geografico, politico e climatico in relazione alla loro evidente influenza, ad ampia scala, sull’assetto urbano della città tradizionale e, a piccola scala, sulla casa tradizionale iraniana, facendo in particolare uno “zoom” sui quattro principali climi, quello mite-umido, quello freddo, quello caldo-umido e infine quello caldo-secco al fine di mettere in luce le principali differenze edilizie.
Partendo da queste esperienze, si è quindi cercato di delineare un quadro generale e di effettuare una valutazione critica sui modelli diffusi, evidenziando filoni culturali diversi, alcuni dei quali tendono a circoscrivere il concetto di sostenibilità al solo contesto ambientale, mentre altri tendono ad ampliare questo concetto sul piano sociale, politico, economico e culturale.
Attraverso fotografie, piante e disegni esplicativi viene illustrata l’architettura tradizionale, ma oggi più che mai attuale dal punto di vista della sostenibilità e della bio-climaticità.
Da qui, e rimanendo appunto nell’area dell’altopiano iranico a clima caldo-secco, si passa nel terzo capitolo all’analisi delle due città oggetto di uno studio approfondito: Kashan e Nain, scelte per aver entrambe mantenuto nel tempo la loro integrità architettonica, sia a livello edilizio che urbano. Se ne individueranno sia gli elementi architettonici urbani che quelli edilizi ideali per riconoscere l’architettura sostenibile degli esempi ancora oggi attuali.
Il quarto capitolo illustra una proposta progettuale sia pure a livello schematico per recuperare il materiale analizzato in una esemplificazione edilizia contemporanea. Il tutto viene schematizzato attraverso schede esemplificative relative ad un complesso di case al fine di riprendere anche in chiave contemporanea elementi della tradizione iraniana con soluzioni che entrino in sinergia con le tipiche caratteristiche ambientali e climatiche della città di Kashan.
Alla fine di questa ricerca si dovrebbe dare risposta alle seguenti domande:
- in che modo l’architettura della casa tradizionale può trovare una nuova con temporanea espressione sia dal punto di vista organizzativo che strutturale che ecosostenibile
- quali sono le caratteristiche organizzative spaziali della casa e del contesto urbano in relazione al clima e, conseguentemente, all’orientamento.
Quindi, lo studio edilizio ed urbano è un modo di dare “sviluppo” al tema di cui possono beneficiare tutte le popolazioni del Mondo, in cui le tutele di natura sociale si integrano con le esigenze di conservazione delle risorse naturali e che pone le sue basi su tre fondamentali dimensioni - ambientale, economica e sociale - proponendo una visione di società più rispettosa del prossimo e delle risorse del Pianeta. Questi tre fattori sono dipendenti l’uno dall’altro: infatti, tutte le sfide della sostenibilità, tra cui la questione dei cambiamenti climatici, non sono relative in modo univoco al settore ambientale, bensì presentano rilevanti ricadute anche sul sistema economico e sociale.
Da qui scaturisce appunto la necessità, nonché la curiosità, di capire ed analizzare le interessanti soluzioni di architettura sostenibile in territori come l’Iran in cui l’essere umano, con il suo ingegno e con la sua abilità, ha dovuto integrarsi ed adattarsi ad una situazione ambientale naturale per lui alquanto sfavorevole sviluppando tecnologie costruttive che permettessero una vita confortevole in territori apparentemente inospitali alla vita.
Pertanto, nel momento storico che viviamo in cui il problema del sostentamento energetico e dell’inquinamento acquisisce sempre maggior importanza, l’architettura non può prescindere dallo studio di sistemi costruttivi del passato relativi, per di più, alla climatizzazione, alla ventilazione, all’impiego di materiali naturali ed ecocompatibili, e dal reinterpretarli riproponendoli in chiave moderna con l’uso di nuove tecnologie
Questioning how knowledge acts: the relationship between the performer's pedagogy and cognitive neuroscience
No full textThe thesis addresses these questions: Can the actor’s pedagogy contribute to the scientific investigation of human cognitive processes? If yes, how? The dissertation affirmatively stated that the actor’s pedagogy could bring an important scientific contribution to studies in human cognition, given that theatre research grounded on pedagogy, as opposed to a training which is merely functional to acquiring specific acting skills, originated and continued to be strongly characterized by a scientific investigation of action, which cognitive neuroscience recognizes as the fulcrum of human knowing. Thus the actor’s pedagogy could contribute to scientific research into human cognition already at a fundamental theoretical level, which is basic to all research, in addition to lending instances of actor training to the analytic instruments of cognitive science. For the scientific exchange between the performer’s pedagogy and cognitive neuroscience to reach its full potential, therefore, important epistemological questions had to be addressed. The dissertation thus produced strong arguments against the still widespread dichotomy between art and science, and identified general complexity theory as a common epistemological ground upon which the performer’s pedagogy and cognitive neuroscience may dialogue to enhance the research into the essential relationship between knowledge and action
La funzione del diario come elemento strutturante dell'archivio di persona. I diari di Isabella Quarantotti De Filippo
No full textLa ricerca è stata improntata sulla sistematizzazione dei dati raccolti, relativi alle problematiche degli archivi di persona contemporanei, esplorando in particolare gli archivi delle donne. Lo studio consente di analizzare il diario non come genere letterario ma come tipologia archivistica, come elemento strutturante di un fondo. L'indagine è stata portata avanti anche grazie al lavoro di riordinamento dell’archivio di Isabella Quarantotti De Filippo
Mutual localization from anonymous measurements in multi-robot systems
No full textRecently, the problem of controlling multi-agent (in particular, multi-robot)
systems has attracted increasing attention in view of their pervasive application potential, increased performances and robustness with respect to a single-robot solution. However, their application usually requires a good knowledge of the mutual position and orientation of the components of the system. A great number of techniques have been developed to achieve this
result, mainly based on recursive filters, and most of them assume the knowledge of the identity of the measured robots. A still open problem is the data association between measurements and current estimates,
i.e., assuming that at a given time a robot has an estimate on the pose of each of its mates and some measurements, the problem of associating each measurement to the originating robot. This problem arises when the robots are equipped with sensors
unable to discriminate among different robots, such as range finders, or in adverse environmental conditions. Its impact is reflected in all aspects concerning multi-robot localization, from the formulation of the problem to its solution. For example, the presence of false positives
measurements (measurements of obstacles mistaken for robots) is allowed only by this assumptions. Moreover, we will see how the
static problem of reconstructing the state of a multi-robot system from the measurements gathered from all its components admits in some particular configurations more than one solution due to the anonymity of the measurements. Last, the filtering itself using the odometry measurements of each robot cannot be performed without reconstructing the identity of the robots. In fact, the knowledge of the identity of the robot sending a given odometry would be useless without the knowledge of the identities of the current estimates. This work will focus mainly on a 2D scenario and a team of
differential drive robots modeled as unicycles with the ability of sensing
each other's positions. Since we want to design methods suitable for real world implementation, we will assume the presence of false positive and negatives measurements and limited field of view of the sensors. Despite the system being decentralized, we will not discuss synchronization issues, assuming that the robots move slow enough to
avoid the introduction of significant error during the delay times. We will explore a number of different possibilities to solve the data association problem, from the more classical ones such as maximum likelihood criterion, to more sophisticated systems based on geometrical considerations or multi-tracking tools. An extensive experimentation will highlight the pros and cons of each method, as well as some extensions of the proposed methods dealing with different types of measurements or models will give rise to interesting considerations
La pianificazione energetica urbana nei processi di trasformazione della citta'
No full textThis thesis talks about relationships between energy and urban planning, and so it’s a collection of theories and practices (mostly of them in progress) about local energy managment and instruments of urban planning.
The treatment about “energy and settlements”, i.e. connections between energy systems and morphological and functional aspects of settlement, is essential to the sustainability goal, above all after the gradual process of administrative devolution, that has permitted possible conditions for energy and urban planning and in particular attentions to “conscientious” territorial development.
According to that and because of lack in research and specific testing on it, this thesis wants to give a contribution to the study about opportunities of energy in urban planning, in term of physical and functional city’s transformation.
The research, in particular, deals with different implications and meanings of energy in urban planning and so reviews various declinations of “energy and settlement” frame, focusing on Italian planning instruments because they represent a startup to change territorial transformation process and (partially) to define “Piano Energetico Urbano”, my own expression that synthesizes the particular process of energy integration (or just an approach) in the ordinary planning process.
In particular, in the first part, the thesis talks about general connections between energy aspects and the territorial planning, emphasizing the gap and the unexpressed potentialities of two matters that don’t collide, to focus on the city, a common object of intervention.
The second part of the thesis rebuilds the disciplinary background: it analyses the specific Anglophone literature, i.e. “urban sprawl vs. compact city” debate and the settlement and behavioural alternative model ones (New Urbanism, Smart Growth, Car Free Cities, Low Carbon Cities, Post Carbon Cities and Transitions Towns), and finally environmental and energy community politics, programmes and initiatives, that are the first promoter of stakeholders energy interest.
The third part draws characteristics of the energy plan, first of all the main regulatory and methodological reference, Ln. 10/91, that has introduced the urban and energy plan (Piano Energetico Comunale, PEC) and the regional one (Piano Energetico Regionale, PER).
After the analysis of some selected experiences (most of all from Emilia Romagna, because it has a specific regional energy and planning regulation), the thesis underlines how, through sustainability settlement and development strategies against energy and urban complexity, sectorial energy planning is under restyling.
As conclusion, there is a general and explanatory frame about best practices, thanks to, it’s possible to define some up- and-coming themes of Piano Energetico Urbano, such as: territorial and conformable dimension (dimensione conforme), territorial partitions, directions of sectorial cancellations, and public and private relationships in energy and planning transformation process