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Palaeobiogeography and evolution of insular bovids: ecogeographic patterns of body mass variation and morphological changes
No full textThe study of the plants and animals that live on island has been a frequent key to understanding the processes of evolution that determine biotic diversity globally. Insular endemic mammals represent a special ground for the study of evolutionary mechanisms and speciation processes in response to the special characteristics of island environments. Endemic bovids are intriguing elements of insular faunas and offer an extensive and diversified sample for exploring patterns of insular evolution of large-sized mammals. This thesis provides the first comprehensive study on the evolution of extinct and living insular bovids, exploring the selective biotic and abiotic factors that influenced ecogeographic patterns of body mass variation and peculiar morphological changes (e.g., hypsodonty and low-gear locomotion) of these taxa.
I show that the majority of island bovids, as large mammals, do follow the main prediction of the island rule, showing a body size reduction, and that ecological release and resource limitation are the main factors influencing body size evolution of these taxa.
My results indicate that hypsodonty (increase in molar crown height), a quite common morphological trend in insular artiodactyls, is shared by the majority of insular bovids independently from the abrasiveness of the current diet. The evolution of this feature appear to result from an expansion of the dietary niche under resource limitation, although alternative, but complementary, hypotheses (e.g., increase in reproductive lifespan/longevity and changes in eating methods) cannot be excluded.
The acquisition of a low-gear locomotion or the maintaining of a cursorial aptitude in insular bovids can be explained in the light of habitat selection (niche availability) and predatory pressure (ecological release) operating on each island.
Finally, my results confirm the crucial role of time in isolation, with each of the above evolutionary phenomena becoming more developed for bovid populations with longer residence times on the islands. Another factor that needs to be mentioned is original bauplan, working as a constraint in the evolution of all the species in the study.
By integrating research into the evolution of body mass variation and peculiar morphological changes exhibited by both extinct and extant bovids, this thesis documents patterns that have often been only hinted at previously, and identifies some that appear to be entirely new, providing new insights into the phenomena of the island syndrome and bovid evolution.2012 SYNTHESYS projects GB-TAF-1787 and DE-TAF-1867 (European Union-funded Integrated Activities grant
Semidegenerate system of fermions as dark matter on galaxies and A multi-wavelength catalog of TeV candidate blazars
No full textErasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Program by
Grant Number 2010-1816 from the EACEA of the European Commissio
Studio archeometrico multianalitico del materiale ceramico proveniente dal sito archeologico di Khirbet al-Batrawy (Giordania)
No full textNel presente lavoro sono riportati i risultati di uno studio multianalitico finalizzato alla caratterizzazione archeometrica di frammenti ceramici del sito archeologico di Khirbet al-Batrawy, Giordania, datati tra il 3000 e il 2000 a.C. con lo scopo di definirne la provenienza, le tecnologie di produzione e la relativa evoluzione tecnologica nel tempo.
L’obiettivo principale è stato quello di identificare e caratterizzare dal punto di vista mineralogico-petrografico e composizionale i manufatti ceramici rinvenuti ed i materiali utilizzati nella loro produzione. Tali informazioni risultano indispensabili per uno studio approfondito sull’insieme di influenze e contatti che le popolazioni del Levante possono aver subito nel corso dei secoli. Ci si è proposto, inoltre, di contribuire a definire con maggior dettaglio il livello tecnologico raggiunto: eventuali azioni di selezione della materia prima e tipologia di rivestimento, massima temperatura e controllo delle condizioni redox durante la cottura.
A questo scopo sono stati analizzati i frammenti provenienti da quattro differenti contesti stratigrafici datati tra il 3000 e il 2000 a.C. e rappresentativi delle diverse produzioni ceramiche rinvenute nel sito: ceramica comune, ceramica dipinta, ceramica lucidata, ceramica da trasposto, ceramica da cucina, la cosiddetta ceramica metallica ed una produzione specializzata caratteristica del Levante definita Khirbet Kerak Ware. I campioni ceramici sono stati caratterizzati mediante analisi macroscopiche, micro-Raman e Spettroscopia Infrarossa (FTIR) per identificare gli inclusi, le decorazioni superficiali dei frammenti e per caratterizzare la matrice. I campioni ceramici sono stati successivamente analizzati mediante microscopia ottica in sezione sottile per definire gruppi petrografici omogenei in termini di microstruttura, massa di fondo e compo-sizione degli inclusi. Analisi micromorfologiche sono state effettuate mediante SEM-EDS per definire la struttura della pasta di fondo, la natura degli inclusi e il grado di vetrificazione della matrice. Parte dei campioni è stata analizzata mediante XRD per definire la composizione mineralogica ed identificare la possibile presenza di fasi di neoformazione originatesi in seguito alla cottura.
La composizione chimica delle ceramiche è stata determinata mediante ICP-MS e i risultati sono stati elaborati applicando l’analisi statistica multivariata con lo scopo di distinguere se le ceramiche fossero prodotte localmente o se vi fossero elementi che potessero permettere di ipotizzare un’importazione su scala regionale.
Sulla base dei risultati dell’analisi minero-petrografica è stato possibile identificare dodici fabrics caratterizzate da inclusi di dimensione grossolana disposti nella matrice secondo una distribuzione unimodale; ciò suggerisce la mancanza di qualsiasi intervento o processo di purificazione della materia prima durante le fasi di preparazione dell’impasto ceramico. I risultati delle indagini minero-petrografiche supportano l’ipotesi di un approvvigionamento locale delle materie prime. In particolare, la presenza di inclusi di feldspato alcalino, zircone, apatite e barite è da correlare al contributo delle rocce ignee e metamorfiche del basamento cristallino Pre-Cambriano. La presenza di frammenti di rocce basaltiche è da ascriversi agli estesi affioramenti di tali rocce in prossimità del sito archeologico. Pertanto, questi risultati suggeriscono che le ceramiche di Batrawy probabilmente furono prodotte localmente. Le medesime conclusioni possono essere dedotte anche per i frammenti di Khirbet Kerak Ware, un gruppo ceramico tipologicamente differente dalle altre produzioni del sito di Khirbet al-Batrawy caratterizzato da una superficie di rivestimento lucida di colore rosso/nero.
Le analisi chimiche, e in particolare il trattamento statistico dei dati, mostrano che i frammenti ceramici appartengono ad un unico cluster, suggerendo l’impiego di materie prime composizionalmente simili, probabilmente estratte nelle medesime aree.
La presenza di calcite primaria, illite, gehlenite e diopside permette di ipotizzare che il materiale di partenza fosse un mix composto prevalentemente da illite e carbonati, cotto a temperature inferiori a 950°C. Un leggero incremento nella temperature di cottura è stato osservato nelle ultime fasi della storia di Khirbet al-Batrawy, suggerendo una possibile evoluzione delle conoscenze del processo di cottura del materiale ceramico.
Per quanto concerne l’evoluzione della produzione ceramica, non sono stati osservati significativi cambiamenti durante la lunga storia della città di Batrawy. Questi risultati supportano l’ipotesi che durante i mille anni di vita della città il background tecnologico di queste popolazioni non abbia subito variazioni significative. Tuttavia, la variabilità osservata nelle fabrics petrografiche suggerisce una certa evoluzione tecnologica nel corso del tempo. La correlazione tra fabrics e tipologia ceramica osservata nel primo periodo storico è indice della fase di start-up della produzione ceramica a Batrawy. La presenza di numerose fabrics petrografiche non direttamente correlabili ad una specifica tipologia ceramica nel secondo periodo testimonia una diffusa sperimentazione nella scelta dei materiali di partenza e delle procedure di lavorazione. Nelle ultime fasi storiche si osserva una sorta di standardizzazione degli impasti, testimoniata dal minor numero di fabrics identificate e dalla evidente correlazione tra fabrics e tipologia ceramica, ed un miglior controllo della fase di cottura. Questi segnali di lento miglioramento starebbero ad indicare anche una maggiore attenzione rivolta alla specializzazione di particolari classi ceramiche
New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of chlamydial infections
No full textChlamydiae are obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria with a unique biphasic developmental cycle, alternating between infectious elementary bodies and replicative reticulate bodies. However, when exposed to stressful conditions such as iron deprivation and IFN-gamma exposure, they fail to complete their developmental cycle generating morphologically aberrant reticulate bodies called persistent forms, which remain viable but non-infectious inside the host-cell for a long time and are difficult to eradicate with antibiotics. Chlamydiae cause a broad spectrum of diseases. Chlamydia pneumoniae causes community-acquired pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections, while Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of sexually transmitted diseases all over the world and of trachoma in developing countries. More importantly, these pathogens may cause chronic sequelae. In fact, C. pneumoniae infections may be associated to atherosclerosis, whereas C. trachomatis infections lead to ectopic pregnancy, obstructive infertility and reactive arthritis. These sequelae could result from the inflammatory state induced by the persistent forms. In our research, we studied in vitro different aspects of chlamydial pathogenesis and treatment in C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis, achieving the following results. In C. pneumoniae, in order to investigate the atherogenic process, we set up a model of foam cell induction by means of macrophages infection. In this model, we highlighted for the first time the C. pneumoniae-dependent production of IL-17A, a cytokine recently reported as proatherogenic. Moreover, we investigated the protective effects of resveratrol, a natural polyphenol known to exert antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects. Resveratrol is able to avoid foam cell formation in macrophages exposed to high levels of lipoproteins, with possible applications in the prevention of atherosclerosis. In C. trachomatis, we assessed the antichlamydial activity of the essential oil of Mentha suaveolens, in an effort to find out new means to prevent sexually transmitted diseases
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EVALUATION OF CAPITAL SUBSIDY POLICIES
No full textEssay 1: A critical survey on capital subsidy policies. Despite the long history of capital subsidies in most developed countries and the numerous evaluations of their effectiveness, there is no comprehensive survey in the literature. This essay aims to provide a complete review of the most relevant research works in such literature highlighting their main findings. Besides, the core threats to internal validity and the main issues that a researcher has to face in order to deliver a robust evaluation work are stressed.
Essay 2: The causal impact of capital subsidies: a multiple regression discontinuity design approach. This essay analyses the impact of a policy instrument - Law 488/92 (L488), the main Italian regional policy - that allocates subsidies to private firms by a multiple ranking system. Thanks to the peculiar L488 selection process that creates the conditions for a local random experiment, we are able to assess the effectiveness of these types of incentives for a relevant subgroup of firms. We propose a nonparametric multiple rankings regression discontinuity design that exploits the sharp discontinuities in the L488 rankings and extends the regression discontinuity design (RDD) approach to a context where the treatment is assigned by multiple rankings with different cut-off points. We find that the impact of the subsidies on employment, investment, and turnover is positive and statistically significant, while the effect on productivity is mostly negligible. The new subsidised capital is additional but non-complementary with the owner-financed investment. The results are robust to different specifications and not due to intertemporal substitution.
Essay 3: Beyond the SUTVA: how policy evaluations change when we allow for interactions among firms. The shortage of studies on spatial spillovers of industrial policies is rather surprising considering that such policies are usually designed for generating spatial externalities. In Essay 3 we try to fill this gap proposing a new framework that partially relaxes the SUTVA assuming that a firm might interact only with firms having a limited economic distance from it (e.g. firms that belong to the same sector of activity) and that the intensity of these interactions is diminishing in distance and it does not extend over a certain threshold. This allows us to contrast the positive agglomeration effects with the negative cross-sectional substitution and the crowding-out effect. The global evaluation of the ATT and the spillover parameters shifts the spotlight from the policy effect on subsidised firms to the global effect of the industrial policy on the targeted territory making possible to determine if the subsidies have had a welfare-enhancing role in the underdeveloped regions. Analysing the effectiveness of the Italian L488 policy on firms located in peripheral areas, we find - in line with most of the literature - a positive and large effect of the policy on subsidised firms in terms of investment, turnover, and employment; however, the employment growth is in part determined to the detriment of affected untreated firms located in the very proximity of one or more treated firms that belong to the same sector of activity. This finding suggests that the ATT on itself is not a sufficient parameter to evaluate the effectiveness of an industrial policy and that we cannot rule out the possibility that the substitution effect (firms substitute labour with capital) might be in place
Alla ricerca di una spiegazione non circolare delle riforme economiche. Elementi per una nuova teoria individualista del cambiamento istituzionale.
No full textRational-choice explanations of institutional change are generally considered the prototype of the individualistic research programme. The first aim of the paper is to demonstrate that this claim is not warranted. It is not so if the phenomena to be explained are defined from the external point of view of social efficiency: in this case, individualism is transformed into functionalism and the notions of its toolbox are turned into elements of an objective teleology. When considered from the point of view of the individuals involved in their construction, institutions can be conceived as repeated cooperation schemes devised by some of these individuals (the proposers) as the best means to tackle the mutual dependences in which they find themselves and achieve some of their goals, and adopted in mutual agreement with their counterparts (the receivers) because convenient for them too, given their own particular interests. The second aim of the paper is to develop a bargaining model based upon this idea. The proposed model shows, among other things, that when bargaining concerns the adoption of repeated cooperation schemes (i.e. of institutions, according to my definition), it is in the interest of the proposers to get to correct (or so considered) beliefs and to communicate them to the counterpart sincerely. Moreover, when bargaining consists in choosing one scheme among others, it is possible that some will agree to it despite the fact that they are not better-off with respect to the initial situation. The third aim of the paper is to show that the model proposed can highlight the process that has led to adopt important institutions such as the European Monetary System
Architettura di recinti e città contemporanea, vitalità del processo evolutivo dell'abitazione a corte
No full textPartendo dalla considerazione che il mondo antropizzato è frutto di un processo di trasformazione che ha origine nella definizione dei gesti tettonici elementari ed arriva fino alle contemporanee trasformazioni dello spazio urbano e non, si riconosce nell’organismo architettonico a corte un esempio in grado di percorrere tale processo nella quasi totalità dei sui momenti. Tale struttura antropica è stata in grado di aggiornarsi e rispondere di volta in volta alle domande della società in crescita e costituisce probabilmente l’unico esempio di tipo edilizio in grado di percorrere tutte le tappe evolutive del mondo antropizzato.
Per questa ragione la ricerca si è sviluppata proprio a partire dallo studio di tale processo, analizzandone le espressioni in diverse aree geografiche. L’analisi si è rivolta, in una prima fase, ai momenti del processo dell’organismo a corte derivati da trasformazioni di tipo spontaneo, quelle cioè legate alla naturale attitudine dell’uomo a riconoscere e a ripetere norme e regole derivate dalla realtà costruita. Il mondo “spontaneo” però, soprattutto dopo la rivoluzione industriale, cessa di definire, perlomeno nel mondo occidentalizzato, la maggior parte dei prodotti del ambiente urbano, lasciando spazio ad esperienze costruttive sempre più intenzionalmente concepite e legate cioè all’apporto critico del progettista.
Mediante tale intenzionalità critica, durante il movimento moderno, l’organismo a corte si aggiorna per trasformarsi nel tipo a patio, anch’esso frutto di un processo di trasformazione che si muove sulla base di nuovi progetti frutto di necessità che cambiano.
Tale organismo rinnovato viene studiato in quanto elemento in grado di generare tessuti urbani, analizzandone le diverse modalità di aggregazione e le relative possibilità funzionali ed insediative.
Con l’analisi dei tessuti di case a patio si conclude la parte analitica della ricerca.
Da tale studio si è in grado di formulare delle ipotesi riguardanti l’andamento del processo, in parte già elaborate nelle ricerche della scuola muratoriana, estraendone gli esiti che a nostro avviso oggi possono contribuire al progetto urbano. Tali risultati vengono messi a sistema all’interno di un modello, “la città dimostrativa”, che mira a simulare la realtà costruita mediante una serie di semplificazioni. Tale modello definisce uno strumento in grado di mettere in relazione la selezione dei momenti del processo studiato, in modo da verificarne la congruità all’interno di un sistema urbano con una struttura contemporanea. La “città dimostrativa” pertanto non va considerata come un progetto ma come uno strumento in grado di simulare la realtà urbana e definire un tavolo di prova per l’elaborazione di un processo sincronico del tipo a corte e a patio.
La definizione di tale strumento risulterà propedeutica all’eventuale verifica progettuale vera e propria, avendo elaborato un sistema costituito da un insieme di casi che possono essere applicati a numerosi contesti urbani.
Bisogna precisare però che tale modello, primo risultato di una ricerca aperta, contiene al suo interno vari limiti determinati dal concetto stesso di “modello scientifico”, inteso in quanto riproduzione di una realtà semplificata. Nel caso specifico la semplificazione ha riguardato sia il sistema ambientale che quello delle infrastrutture, entrambi aspetti fondamentali del tessuto urbano, concentrandosi solo sui dati insediativi e funzionali legati al concetto di organismo basato sulla nozione di recinto.
La verifica progettuale sulla realtà urbana, pertanto, contribuirà a valutare l’applicabilità di tale modello ma a sua volta potrebbe costituire lo strumento in grado di ampliarne i caratteri e ridurne i limiti, consapevoli, già da ora, che un modello non potrà mai definire un progetto ne tanto meno rappresentare la realtà nella sua totale complessità.La Sapienza, Università di Roma, DiAP Dipartimento di Architettura e Progett
Prophecy of a New Architecture Empathy I
No full textPer-Oscar Östrell
DIAP PhD: Architettura e Costruzione-Spazio e Società Ciclo XXVI.
Main advisors: Professor Benedetto Todaro and Professor Stefano Catucci.
PROPHECY OF A NEW ARCHITECTURE Empathy
Università Degli Studi Di Roma La Sapienza Dipartimento Di Architettura e Progetto.
My unique idea,
is to open the minds of the people who read the book make them open
for the beauty in the world and for fellowman.
Yes this is a topic that is popular at the moment but my approach is not for self- promotion or jump the bandwagon. The book is written for scholars and ordinary man.
If you want a PDF of the thesis please contact,
[email protected]
Synopsis.
Life architecture is a screenplay for all of us who has an open heart imagination and see the world as a newborn every day with open eyes and open minds and not get stopped by how to behave norms that is standard norms decided by people afraid of living.
I have made this journey into understanding architecture, it is a personal and a bumpy road my individual road. not hidden under pretense of something else. To make architecture with empathy, beauty, compassion not defined by the archi-stars of today a phenomenon just as superficial as all other mass media frenetic.
I ground my proposal on my beliefs in architecture, it is a personal journey, exemplified as a marathon race with kilometer points and breaks for water and minerals, the point of departure is myself my body memories, my education and professional career as an artist sculptor and free performing artist and my job as an architect.
I have mainly used my eyes-pictures, from my own walks in different parts of the world and some examples of my own art.
My thesis is in some ways personal, as it is based on my experiences in a way
this is normal, almost all thesis are motivated by personal experiences but hidden under layers of theory, as Shlomo Sand wrote in “The invention of the Jewish People”, they serve as a launch pad for an elusive conclusion, my approach is out in the open.
I would like to already now underline that my case studies are not from the most recent years. I believe that the case studies are well chosen for my thesis, the reason for this I ground it on that the so much noticed flash-branding architecture of the recent decades has not landed yet, we don’t have the distance to it yet, the overwhelming media coverage, the press information from the architects, the out spoken architects themselves, the architects biographers make things hard if not impossible to break down and analyze in a more or less objective way. We have come to a stage that some of the well- repudiated architects more act like Lady Ga Ga.
I have chosen the cases in an attend to look for architects who tries, tried to make an architecture based on sensitivity, a search for inner beauty- empathy- phenomenological, in some cases organic and personal approach to architecture and to make an architecture for the user.
The icons I have chosen have stopped making noise and now speak in clear voices.
I take the opportunity to here also proclaim that my approach to the subject of architecture is an eternal one I have mixed theory from some time ago with theory of today and the visions from my two distinguished professors and the contribution from myself.
I have decided to use my tutor’s presentation of my book, to get a more clear idea of my method and point of departure.
From the presentation by my tutor Dean Professor Benedetto Todaro,
Università Degli Studi Di Roma La Sapienza Dipartimento Di Architettura e Progetto;
I consider it a privilege to have had the opportunity to attend, as a tutor, work done by Per Östrell for his doctoral thesis. This is for two reasons, linked together, which concern both the author and the atypical nature of the research conducted by him, rather than the irregular practices and the prevailing methods in the doctoral courses; other reflections that follow on the nature of the doctorate, or rather doctorates, in terms of architectural design.
I mean - without pretending to deepen now - the question of the role that is never dormant fair to attribute project experience in doctoral courses in design. The perception that the project cannot be bypassed or otherwise neglect even if the inescapable character purposeful "concluded" that brings with it conflicts with the open attitude of the research. It would seem - in this sense - having to draw a distinction between the specificity of the search, that is, the act and the ways of the search (which, although a final objective should aim) and those of retrieval (project) that maybe is not derived from a linear process of research, retaining the character of what other expression (also) other processes. For Ostrell, his method of analysis, its references and its modes of expression, gentle, non-disruptive, almost subdued, they could - for their very being - to shake some provisional evidence on which to linger more than a few doctoral
programs in design.
For the fact is that he is an artist. He experienced the figurative expression even before this ambiguity promiscuous and expressive practice that we call architecture. The structure of his thought - as I was given to understand - is intimately poetic rather than analytical. His work begins with a sort of ill- concealed impatience with aspects of contemporary architecture, which he considers insufficiently empathetic, which create an environment in which more typically human faculties have no place to exist and develop. In short, a sort of complaint lack of artistry surrogates from undue interference and frequent performing but ineffectively mask this deficiency.
Part way for a path - he calls it "Marathon", and in fact the various marathons around the world is also dedicated as an athlete - in search of those affinities which identifies the work of authors with their studies: from Sitte to Jacobs, a Gehl, and Cullen Lynch - to name a few - and with their works: from Asplund and Tavora, from Ponti and Ridolfi, Scarpa - among others - show that he had sought in the direction that his initial diagnosis the guide.
It is a path in which the multidimensional analysis makes use of short circuits activated by aphorisms, choice of evocative images, suggestions, fragments and flashes conceptual type of non-linear, however, but coherent, that require the reader considerable empathy - in fact - to be read and appreciated. A project.
The result is now available for evaluation and, returning to the topic in the opening of this paper, is delivered as a project of thinking about architecture, with all the limitations and potential of the project, consisting of a proposal preserves inside placing considerable degree of subjectivity - in return - as a result of which it can be predicated anything usable.
Benedetto Todaro
Beauty.
A theory must be based on beauty if it’s supposed to explain the searching for the truth in life.
Empathy, this includes sustainability.
The word empathy was coined in the early 20th century: from Greek empatheia (from em- ‘in’ + pathos ‘feeling’) translated in German as Einfühlung. The

theme was researched by Theodor Lipps in the 19th century.1. Empathy means, understanding and entering into another’s place and feelings, desires ideas, and actions this goes also for our empathy for animals and other living creatures, sentient someone that is able to feel perceive or be conscious or to have subjective feelings this includes animals.
You have to have certain amount of empathy to feel compassion. It is also the capacity to recognize feelings that are being experienced by another sentient. The term is often used in reference to aesthetic experience.2
Emotional architecture. Phenomena, experience, perception and conception.
Beauty is all around us it’s up to us to be open to the world to let it in. I believe there is beauty almost everywhere we have to stop look and dare to take it in.
Phenomenology, perception- space.
Perception and the awareness of things is a combination of the world of objects
and the world of subjects
User oriented architecture. Connect.
Connection with our stories, fellow passengers and the world. My zero square in hopscotch.
Empathy in contradistinction to Abstraction in architecture.
Body-Mind, Empathy and the innate response to architectural forms and spatial arrangements: Matters of the body, of metaphor, ways of thinking, and the aesthetic experience of works of architecture.
User oriented architecture in contradistinction to branding - archi–star architecture, Genius Loci. Man’s slow development in contradistinction to the rapidly changing society machine.
There has been a lot of literature for many years now about the emptiness in architecture the loss of spiritual and emotional richness in architecture. If it was so much better in the good old days I don’t believe so, it’s just that the tempo nowadays is like a hurricane running down the road.
My project tries to pick up the fallen pins and from my standpoint put them back in a new order. Issues that are contemplated are an architecture that unite body and mind, architecture for the senses and also for all that is hidden and goes around in our brains knowingly or un-knowingly. I have chosen the cases in an attend to look for architects who tries, tried to make an architecture based on sensitivity, a search for inner beauty- empathy- phenomenological, in some cases organic and personal approach to architecture and to make an architecture for the user. The examples are not from today but architecture is an universal language and the views and standpoints of the creators can be applied to the architecture in the 21th century it must be, or not? If we today do deconstructed fragmented architecture the inner message of the creation is still the same.
Precedents and newer approaches in architecture are studied. It has many
times been said that architecture is seen as mainly a visual field- this I think is just an opportunistic statement that goes well in a world of New Age dominated scholars, when the rest of the world is passing by, everything is filled with emotions the moment you put the first shovel in the ground and start digging you change the world of perception in all senses it’s just that today we more dissect the “body” into small fragments of understanding or not understanding.
My Goal-Dream-Architecture.
The ultimate goal for me is to create sacral-empathy-sensitive architecture, to make a “dreaming architecture”, a fragmented story with no ends or beginnings.
Architecture as the night when we loose our directions and see no boundaries and objects clearly. When for example the world of clea.n and articulate objects is abolished as Maurice Merlau Ponty puts it, our perceptual being is cutoff from this world and evolves spatiality without things. This is what happens in the night, Night has no outlines; it is itself in contact with me.
2,5 K.
The Beginning.
© Per-Oscar Östrell
My research started very early when I opened my green eyes.
Empathy/intuition was my only tool to survive in a hostile world when I grew up in a very disturbed family. I always felt connected to living or not living objects.
Life is a fairytale told by many voices. I was a very imaginative child and half lived in a fantasy world I felt much more connected to animals, books than
humans. But now I’m here writing this Marathon PhD.
Empathy and intuition
for me goes hand in hand (intuition: instinctive knowing without the use of rational processes, acquiring beliefs in ways that bypass ordinary justification an immediate a priori knowledge or experienced belief).
System 1.
Here perhaps I go wrong or trust to much in System one as I recently been listening to Daniel Kahnmen’s book “Thinking, fast and Slow”. Random House Audio, New York. 2011. I have got a little bit new perspective to intuition, or as hopefully everyone understands that intuition can fool you, it takes the easy way out, the gut-feeling. Making a tree out of figs. A plausible answer comes fast and it’s hard you have to work with your brain to change it and by that you also find its easier to accept arguments that underline the argument even if they are false.
You can try and discipline your intuition. Discipline intuition? How do you change your mind by using evidence?
Intuitive impression of diagnostic information is often exaggerated.
We tend to believe in the stories we spin for ourselves if we follow associative thinking.
Example: Anchor your probability of an outcome of a plausible base rate. Question the diagnosis of your evidence.3.
System one or two?
Thoughts in the brain.
In the book's first section, Kahneman describes the two different ways the brain forms thoughts:
System 1: Fast, automatic, frequent, emotional, stereotypic, and subconscious. System 2: Slow, effortful, infrequent, logical, calculating, conscious.
The problem here is also that system two is lazy a slow starter, but when it acts it has superiority over system one.
I am not really sure how it deals with empathy if its logical perhaps it emphasizes yourself first, as I read that money-people those who set money before fellowman are those who are more individualistic more have a prospect of making success in society, if success is claiming the ladder.
System one is also more disposed to take the easy answer or re-formulate the question to fit the easy answer, to make patterns out of nothing to not see the unique in every new problem making halo effects, for example if you like someone you give that person many good attributes without knowing any thing about it as for example this person is generous because you like her/him.
Priming.
Association of ideas and patterns of movements. Example an experiment, students who associated some words with old people were so influenced as when the researchers asked them to move to another room they walked slower than the group who hasn’t not associated the words with elderly this can also be shown if you feel aversion to elderly you walk faster and vice versa.4.
Ingredients in a soup.
Could this mean, I wonder, if we do monumental beautiful houses and that this is a image of “money”-success, we are unconsciously submitted to associate money beautifulness as something good that the people who owns this artifacts are good beautiful clever more worthy then us, like the church in the old days the people who are associated with that are good a link so we built a society of conformance.
If we instead build distorted fragmented buildings pictures then perhaps the associations between the fractals can help people develop their own world.Architecture, Art, sustainability, user, beaut
